跨文化商务沟通英文版教学课件第3章

1、Chapter 3Contrasting Cultural ValuesChapter 3Contrasting Cultura*TopicsSemantic DifferencesAttribution and PerceptionAttitudes Toward WomenWork AttitudesAttitudes Toward EthicsReligious InfluencesIndividualism and Collectivism*TopicsSemantic Differences*What are Values?Values are the social principl

2、es, goals, or standards accepted by persons in a culture. Values are learned by contacts with the family, teachers, and religious leaders. The media also may influence ones value system.*What are Values?Values are th*Cultural Contrasts in ValuesAmericansJapaneseArabs1. FreedomBelongingFamily securit

3、y2. IndependenceGroup harmonyFamily harmony3. Self-relianceCollectivismParental guidance4. EqualityAge/SeniorityAge5. IndividualismGroup consensusAuthority*Cultural Contrasts in ValuesASocietal ClustersSocieties that are Charismatic/Value Based from Higher to Lower:AngloLatin AmericaSouthern AsiaGer

4、manic EuropeNordic EuropeSub-Sahara ArabsLatin EuropeEastern EuropeConfucian AsiaMiddle East*Societal ClustersSocieties thaSocietal ClustersTeam Orientation from High to Low:Latin AmericaEastern EuropeSouthern AsiaNordic EuropeAngloSub-Sahara ArabsGermanic EuropeConfucian AsiaMiddle East*Societal Cl

5、ustersTeam OrientatSocietal ClustersParticipative from Higher to Lower:Germanic EuropeNordic EuropeAngloLatin AmericaLatin EuropeSub-Sahara ArabsEastern EuropeSouthern AsiaConfucian AsiaMiddle East*Societal ClustersParticipativeSocietal ClustersHumane Oriented from Higher to Lower:Southern AsiaSub-S

6、ahara ArabsAngloConfucian AsiaLatin AmericaEastern EuropeGermanic EuropeLatin EuropeNordic Europe*Societal ClustersHumane OrientSocietal ClustersAutonomous Cluster from Higher to Lower:Eastern EuropeGermanic EuropeConfucian AsiaSouthern AsiaNordic EuropeAngloMiddle EastLatin EuropeSub-Sahara ArabsLa

7、tin America*Societal ClustersAutonomous ClSocietal ClustersSelf-Protective from Higher to Lower:Southern AsiaMiddle EastConfucian AsiaEastern EuropeLatin AmericaSub-Sahara ArabsLatin EuropeAngloGermanic EuropeNordic Europe (House, Hanges, Javidan, Dorfman, & Gupta, 2004, p. 682)*Societal ClustersSel

8、f-Protecti*Semantic DifferencesSemantics - the study of the meaning of words; involves the way behavior is influenced by words and nonverbal means of communication.Example: A U.S. American, while traveling in Bolivia, observed that drivers rarely stopped at the red octagonal sign with the word “alto

9、,” the Spanish word for “stop.” A local Bolivian explained that in that country, the stop sign is more a recommendation than a traffic law.*Semantic DifferencesSemantics*Attribution and PerceptionAttribution - the ability to look at social behavior from another cultures viewAttribution training - in

10、volves making people aware of their own cultural context and how it differs from that of the host countryPerception - the learned meaning of sensory images Uncertainty-reduction theory - “involves the creation of proactive predictions and retroactive explanations about our own and others behavior, b

11、eliefs, and attitudes.” (Gudykunst & Ting-Toomy, 1988, p. 22)*Attribution and PerceptionAtt*Uncertainty AvoidanceUncertainty avoidance is defined as the extent to which the members of a culture feel threatened by uncertain or unknown situations.Creates uncertaintyCreates anxiety Is reinforced by fam

12、ily, school, and government*Uncertainty AvoidanceUncertai*Uncertainty AvoidanceHigh uncertainty avoidance culturesLatin AmericaSome European CountriesJapanSouth Korea*Uncertainty AvoidanceHigh unc*Uncertainty AvoidanceCountries with low or weak uncertainty avoidanceUnited States of AmericaIndiaUnite

13、d KingdomDenmarkSingapore*Uncertainty AvoidanceCountrie*Differences Between Weak/Strong Uncertainty Avoidance SocietiesWeak Uncertainty AvoidanceStrong Uncertainty AvoidanceCitizen protest acceptableCitizen protest should be repressedCivil servants positive towardCivil servants negative toward polit

14、ical process political processPositive attitudes toward youngNegative attitudes toward young people peopleOne groups truth should not beThere is only one truth - ours imposed on othersHuman rights: nobody should beReligious, political, ideological persecuted for their beliefs fundamentalism and into

15、leranceScientific opponents can beScientific opponents cannot be personal friends personal friends*Differences Between Weak/Stro*GLOBE Uncertainty AvoidanceDefined as tendency towards orderliness, consistency, structure, and regulationRelated to societal, economic, and organizational valuesHigher va

16、lues found with higher team orientation, humane orientation, and self-protective leadershipLower values found with lower participative and charismatic leadership values*GLOBE Uncertainty AvoidanceDe*Attitudes Toward WomenInfluenced by cultural rootsU.S. women are supposed to have the same rights as

17、men. Kenya women are considered subordinate to men.Gender differences in the U.S. workplace are de-emphasized - women are accepted at higher levels in government and in many companies.*Attitudes Toward WomenInfluen*U.S. women have taken two-thirds of new jobs created; they are starting new businesse

18、s at twice the rate of men. In France, one-fifth of small businesses are owned by women; in Canada, the rate is one-third.The U.S. and Canada lead the world in the number of women in executive positions; Northern and Western Europe, Australia, and New Zealand also have high numbers of women managers

19、.*U.S. women have taken two-thi*Percentage of Women in Top Management PositionsThe Russian Federation42%European Union30%Australia23%United Kingdom21%United States20%Japan 7%*Percentage of Women in Top Ma*Work AttitudesWork ethic - hard work is applauded and rewarded; not working is viewed negativel

20、y.U.S. persons value work; executives work56 hours per week.take 14 days of vacation a year.European persons work36 to 41 hours per week.take 4 to 6 weeks of vacation a year. *Work AttitudesWork ethic - ha*2009 Weekly Hours WorkedCountry Weekly Working HoursSingapore47.3India46.9China46.8Mexico44.5S

21、outh Korea43.4United States42.3Switzerland42.0Brazil41.3Japan40.7United Kingdom40.7Germany40.3*2009 Weekly Hours WorkedCount*Cultural Attitudes Toward WorkEuropeansRelaxedVacation during month of AugustDo not work weekends or holidays (The French take longer vacations than people of any other countr

22、y.)Australians Value free time Value short work weekJapanese Work Monday through Friday, often 18 hours a dayWork until their boss leaves*Cultural Attitudes Toward Wor*Attitudes Toward EthicsEthical behavior means acting with integrity, honesty, competence, respect, fairness, trust, courage, and res

23、ponsibility.Ethical standards are guidelines established to convey what is perceived to be correct or incorrect behavior by most people in a society.*Attitudes Toward EthicsEthica*Ethics: The Four-Way TestIs it the truth?Is it fair to all concerned?Will it build goodwill and better friendships?Will

24、it be beneficial to all concerned?*Ethics: The Four-Way TestIs *Personal vs. Societal EthicsPersonal ethics may vary from person to personoften influenced by religious beliefs, cultural backgrounds, or personal experienceSocietal ethics rules of conduct shared by most people in a cultureagreed-upon

25、standards of behavior*Personal vs. Societal EthicsP*Global View of EthicsEthical relativism ethical principles vary with the culture.Ethical universalism certain values are universal across cultures regardless of race, gender, culture, or religion.*Global View of EthicsEthical *Suggested Approach to

26、 International Business EthicsIdentify in writing individual and corporate ethical values.Involve all employees in the development of a corporate code of ethics.Assure that all workers understand the companys ethical values.Monitor compliance with the code of ethics.*Suggested Approach to Intern*Rel

27、igious InfluencesIn the U.S., Australia, and Europe, lifestyle and religion are separate. In northern Africa and southern Asia, religion is a lifestyle and directly affects work.The separation of church and state is followed in the U.S.In Islamic countries religion affects all aspects of life.*Relig

28、ious InfluencesIn the U.*Individualism and CollectivismIndividualism - attitude of valuing ourselves as separate individuals with responsibility for our own destinies and actionsCollectivism - emphasizes common interests, conformity, cooperation, and interdependence The Hofstede and GLOBE studies Hofstede uses a linear scaleGLOBE has multiple levelsIn-group collectivismInstitutional collectivism*Individualism and Collectivis*Power DistanceInequality within societyPower, wealth, status,