高三英语议论说明文之结构分析

1、 高三议论说明文之结构分析一、专题精讲 说明文结构分析说明文是用平实的语言客观地解说事物、阐明事理的文体。说明文实用性很强，它包括广告、说明书、内容提要、规则章程、解说词、科学小品等。掌握说明顺序：时间顺序、空间顺序、逻辑顺序及说明方法：举例子、作比较、分类别、因果、列数字、作诠释、打比方、下定义、列图表、作引用等对理解说明文体有着重要的作用。一、说明文的大体结构有：1总体叙述 + 细节或过程说明 + 概括评述；下面具体看看两篇说明文ADo you know how it is when you see someone yawn and you start yawning too? Or ho

2、w hard it is to be among people laughing and not laugh yourself? Well, apparently its because we have mirror neurons (神经元）in our brains.Put simply, the existence of mirror neurons suggests that every time we see someone else do something, our brains imitate (模仿)it，whether or not we actually perform

3、the same action. This explains a great deal about how we learn to smile, talk, walk, dance or play sports. But the idea goes further： mirror neurons not only appear to explain physical actions y they also tell us that there is a biological basis for the way we understand other people.Mirror neurons

4、can undoubtedly be found all over our brains, but especially in the areas which relate to our ability to use languages, and to understand how other people feel. Researchers have found that mirror neurons relate strongly to language. A group of researchers discovered that if they gave people sentence

5、s to listen to ( for example ：The hand took hold of the ball ) , the same mirror neurons were triggered as when the action was actually performed (in this example, actually taking hold of a ball).Any problems with mirror neurons may well result in problems with behavior. Much research suggests that

6、people with social and behavioral problems have mirror neurons which are not fully functioning. However, it is not yet known exactly how these discoveries might help find treatments for social disorders.Research into mirror neurons seems to provide us with ever more information concerning how humans

7、 behave and interact(互动）.Indeed, it may turn out to be the equivalent (相等物）for neuroscience of what Einsteins theory of relativity was for physics. And the next time you feel the urge to cough in the cinema when someone else does-well，perhaps youll understand why.70.What is the passage mainly about?

8、A.Ways to find mirror neurons. B. Problems of mirror neurons.C. Existence of mirror neurons. D.Functions of mirror neurons.【考点】解释微笑说明类【文章大意】你知道别人打呵欠你也跟着打呵欠，在众多正在大笑的人群中而你很难不笑吗？这是你的神经元起作用，本文主要讲述神经元对于人类的行为和人类互动的作用。【文章结构分析】本文采取了总分总的文章架构方式，文章一开始一个疑问句形式提出问题：Do you know how it is when you see someone yawn

9、and you start yawning too?并在第一段的段尾提出文章的主题：apparently its because we have mirror neurons (神经元）in our brains.（神经元对我们的行为起作用）然后文章通过说明、举例等方法从不同层面说明了神经元对人类的行为和人类的互动的作用，在文章的结尾部分作者进一步深化了文章的主题Research into mirror neurons seems to provide us with ever more information concerning how humans behave and interact

10、(互动）。70. 【答案】D【试题解析】主旨大意题。根据第一段的疑问句引出神经元和下文解释神经元对于人类行为和互动提供更多的信息可以知道本文主要告诉我们mirror neurons的作用，D项能概括文章大意。 B You cant always predict a heavy rain or remember your umbrella. But designer Mikhail Belvacv doesnt think that forgetting to check the weather forecast before heading out should result in you g

11、etting wet. Thats why he created umbrella, a lamp post with its own rain sensing umbrella.The designer says he come up with the idea after watching people get wet on streets in Russia. “once, I was driving on a central Saint Petersburg street and saw the street lamps lighting up people trying to hid

12、e from the rain. I thought it would be appropriate to have a canopy(伞蓬)built into a street lamp.” he said. The lampbrella is a standard-looking street lamp fitted with an umbrella canopy. It has a built-in electric motor which can open or close the umbrella on demand. Sensors(传感器)then ensure that th

13、e umbrella offers pedestrians shelter whenever it starts raining. In addition to the rain sensor, theres also a 360motion sensor on the biberglass street lamp which detects whether anyones using the lampbrella. After three minutes of not being used the canopy is closed. According to the designer, th

14、e lampbrella would move at a relatively low speed, so as not to cause harm to the pedestrians. Besides, it would be grounded to protect from possible lighting strike. Each lampbrella would offer enough shelter for several people. Being installed at 2 meters off the ground, it would only be a danger

15、for the tallest of pedestrians. While there are no plans to take lampbrella into production, Belyacv says he recently introduced his creation one Moscow Department, and insists this creation could be installed on any street where a lot of people walk but there are no canopies to provide shelter. 69.

16、 What does paragraph 5 mainly tell us about the lampbrella?A. Its moving speed B. Its appearance C. Its installation D. Its safety 【考点】本文是一篇说明文【要点综述】本文介绍了设计者Mikhail Belvacv所设计的lampbrella（路灯雨伞）。介绍了设计lampbrella的灵感来源、基本构造和工作原理等。【文章结构分析】本文采取了总分总的文章架构方式，文章一开始作者通过You cant always predict a heavy rain or re

17、member your umbrella引出文章的主题：Thats why he created umbrella, a lamp post with its own rain sensing umbrella.（Mikhail Belvacv 设计lampbrella的原因），作者接下来介绍了带来制作这种雨伞的灵感、这种雨伞的工作原理、特点等方面，文章最后作者提出了推行这种雨伞的前景Belyacv says he recently introduced his creation one Moscow Department, and insists this creation could be

18、 installed on any street where a lot of people walk but there are no canopies to provide shelter.起到了画龙点睛的作用。69.【答案】D【解析】主旨概括题。根据本段“so as not to cause harm to the pedestrians”“ to protect from possible lighting strike”“ Being installed at 2 meters off the ground, it would only be a danger for the tal

19、lest of pedestrians”可以得知，这是lampbrella的人性化设计，为避雨的行人在安全方面的作了充分考虑。故选D。2现象或变化 + 细节或原因阐述 + 引发的后果和相关启示。 A Medical drugs sometimes cause more damage than they cure. One solution to this problem is to put the drugs inside a capsule, protecting them from the bodyand the body from themuntil they can be releas

20、ed at just the right spot. There are lots of ways to trigger(引发) this release, including changing temperature, acidity, and so on. But triggers can come with their own risksburns, for example. Now, researchers in California have designed what could be a harmless trigger to date: shining near-infrare

21、d light (NIR,近红外线) on the drug in the capsule.The idea of using light to liberate the drug in the capsule isnt new. Researchers around the globe have developed polymers (聚合物) and other materials that begin to break down when they absorb cither ultraviolet (UV,紫外线) or visible light. But tissues also

22、readily absorb UV and visible light, which means the drug release can be triggered only near the skin, where the light can reach the capsule. NIR light largely passes through tissues, so researchers have tried to use it as a trigger. But few compounds(化合物)absorb NIR well and go through chemical chan

23、ges.That changed last year when Adah Almutairi, a chemist at the University of California, San Diego, reported that she and her colleagues had designed a polymer that breaks down when it absorbs NIR light. Their polymer used a commercially available NIR-absorbing group called o-nitrobenzyl (ONB). Wh

24、en they catch the light, ONB groups fall off the polymer, leading to its breakdown. But ONB is only a so-so NIR absorber, and it could be poisonous to cells when it separates from the polymer.So Almutairi and her colleagues reported creating a new material for capsules thats even better. This one co

25、nsists of a long chain of compounds called cresol groups linked in a polymer. Cresol contains reactive(易反应的) components that make it highly unstable in its polymeric form, a feature Almutairi and her colleagues use to their advantage. After polymerizing the cresols, they cap each reactive component

26、with a light-absorbing compound called Bhc. When the Bhcs absorb NIR light, the reactive groups are exposed and break the long polymer into two short chains. Shining additional light continues this breakdown, potentially releasing any drugs in the capsule. Whats more, Almutairi says, Bhc is 10 times

27、 better at absorbing NIR than is ONB and is not poisonous to cells.64.Why in ONB unsatisfactory?A.It breaks down when it absorbs NIR light.B.It falls off the polymer and triggers drug release.C.It has not come onto the market up till now.D.It is not effective enough and could be poisonous.【考点】日常生活类说

28、明文【文章大意】。本文围绕“怎样使用胶囊，让我们生病吃药更加安全、而且疗效好”这个主题展开研究，来展开话题的。【文章结构分析】本文一开始作者提出了一种现象：Medical drugs sometimes cause more damage than they cure.一些药物对人体会产生副作用，那么如何解决这一问题呢？于是作者提出了一种方法，即文章的主题：One solution to this problem is to put the drugs inside a capsule, protecting them from the bodyand the body from themun

29、til they can be released at just the right spot.利用胶囊可以阻止药物对人体的直接伤害。然后作者陈述了这种药物的原理，这种药物在临床的使用等方面内容，最后进一步说明了这种胶囊药物对人体的更安全，疗效也更好Bhc is 10 times better at absorbing NIR than is ONB and is not poisonous to cells.64.【答案】D【试题解析】推理判断题。根据第三段中“ONB groups fall off the polymer, leading to its breakdown”和“and it

30、 could be poisonous to cells”可知，应选D项。 BYour glasses may someday replace your smartphone, and some New Yorkers are ready for the switch. Some in the city cant wait to try them on and use the maps and GPS that the futuristic eyewear is likely to include. Id use it if I were hanging out with friends at

31、 3 a. m. and going to the bar and wanted to see what was open, said Walter Choo, 40, of Fort Greene.The smartphone-like glasses will likely come out this year and cost between $250 and $600, the Times said, possibly including a variation of augmented(增强的) reality, a technology already available on s

32、martphones and tablets (平板电脑) that overlays information onto the screen about ones surroundings. So, for example, if you were walking down a street, indicators would pop up showing you the nearest coffee shop or directions could be plotted out and come into view right on the sidewalk in front of you

33、. As far as a mainstream consumer product, this just isnt something anybody needs, said Sam Biddle, who writes for G. Were accustomed to having one thing in our pocket to do all these things, he added, and the average consumer isnt gonna be able to afford another device (装置) thats hundreds and hundr

34、eds of dollars. 9to5Google publisher Seth Weintraub, who has been reporting on the smartphone-like glasses since late last year, said he is confident that this type of wearable device will eventually be as common as smartphones.Its just like smartphones 10 years ago, Weintraub said. A few people sta

35、rted getting emails on their phones, and people thought that was crazy. Same kind of thing. We see people bending their heads to look at their smartphones, and its unnatural, he said. Theres gonna be improvements to that, and this a step there. 63.We can learn from the last two paragraphs that the s

36、martphone-like glasses _.A. may have a potential marketB. are as common as smartphonesC. are popular among young adultsD. will be improved by a new technology【考点】本文是一篇说明文【文章大意】本文介绍了一种新型的智能眼镜，会给人们带来更多的方便。【文章结构分析】本文一开始提出了一种新型的眼镜，可以取代smartphone, Your glasses may someday replace your smartphone, and som

37、e New Yorkers are ready for the switch.有很多人们想不到的功能，然后通过举例子，原理陈述，以及引用专家的解释来说明这种新型的眼镜如同导航仪，给人们带来了诸多的方便，Theres gonna be improvements to that, and this a step there. 达到了水到渠成的效果。63.【答案】A【解析】推理判断题。根据倒数第二段最后一句可以推测出，这种像智能手机的眼镜可能有潜在的市场。 议论文结构分析议论文也就是说理性的文章，通常由论点、论据、论证过程和结论组成。议论文都要提出论题、观点、提供充分的证据(evidence)，使用

38、一定的逻辑方法证明观点或得出结论。为了突出写作目的，作者常在文章开头就提出论点，以便读者对作者观点有一个比较清晰的了解。提出论点之后，作者就会提供论据来论证论点是否正确。论证的方法较多，最为常见的方法是正反论证，这样的论证思路清晰，观点明确，说服力强，震撼度高。论证结束之后，作者就论点是否正确提出明确结论，它体现作者的写作目的和文章的现实意义。也就是说，议论文一般会按提出问题分析问题、解决问题的逻辑顺序来安排层次。阅读议论文我们要抓住论题、抓住作者提出的观点、给出的例证及最后得出的结论。抓住了论题和观点，我们就把握了中心，再结合作为论据的诸多事例和理由之间以及它们和观点、结论之间的内在联系，我

39、们就能理解文章的结构。因此，阅读议论文的关键是：抓论题、抓观点。而作者提出论题或观点多在文首或文尾、段首或段尾，这些都是阅读的重点部分ATwo friends have an argument that bleaks up their friendship forever, even though neither one can remember how the whole thing got started. Such sad events happen over and over in high schools across the country. In fact, according

40、to an official report on youth violence, In our country today, the greatest threat to the lives of children and adolescents is not disease or starvation or abandonment, but the terrible reality of violence. Given that this is the case, why arent students taught to manage conflict the way they are ta

41、ught to solve math problems, drive cars, or stay physically fit?First of all, students need to realize that conflict is unavoidable. A report on violence among middle school and high school students indicates that most violent incidents between students begin with a relatively minor insult (侮辱). For

42、 example, a fight could start over the fact that one student eats a peanut butter sandwich each lunchtime. Laughter over the sandwich can lead to insults, which in turn can lead to violence. The problem isnt in the sandwich, but in the way students deal with the conflict.Once students recognize that

43、 conflict is unavoidable, they can practice the golden rule of conflict resolution (解决) stay calm. Once the student feels calmer, he or she should choose words that will calm the other person down as well. Rude words, name-calling, and accusation only add fuel to the emotional fir On the other hand,

44、 soft words spoken at a normal sound level can put out the fire before it explodes out of control.After both sides have calmed down, they can use another key strategyfor conflict resolution; listening. Listening allows the two sides to understand each other. One person should describe his or her sid

45、e, and the other person should listen without interrupting. Afterward, the listener can ask non-threatening questions to clarify the speakers position. Then the two people should change roles.Finally, students need to consider what they are hearing. This doesnt mean trying to figure out whats wrong

46、with the other person. It means understanding what the real issue is and what both sides are trying to accomplish. For example, a shouting match over a peanut butter sandwich might happen because one person thinks the other person is unwilling to try new things. Students need to ask themselves quest

47、ions such as these: How did this start? What do I really want? What am I afraid off As the issue becomes clearer, the conflict often simply becomes smaller. Even if it doesnt, careful thought helps both sides figure out a mutual solution.There will always be conflict in schools, but that doesnt mean

48、 there needs to be violence. After students in Atlanta started a conflict resolution program, according to Educators for Social Responsibility, 64 percent of the teachers reported less physical violence in the classroom; 75 percent of the teachers reported an increase in student cooperation; and 92

49、percent of the students felt better about themselves. Learning to resolve conflicts can help students deal with friends,. teachers. parents, bosses, and coworkers. In that way, conflict resolution is a basic life skill that should be taught in schools across the country.50.This article is mainly abo

50、ut_.A. the lives of school childrenB. the cause of arguments in schoolsC. how to analyze youth violenceD. how to deal with school conflicts【考点】日常生活类议论文【文章大意】 学生在学校和同学发生冲突在所难免，那么究竟该如何应对呢？本文进行了分析并给大家提供了一些有效的应对策略。【文章结构分析】文章的开头提出了论题：友谊。并且在第一段的段尾作者提出了本文的主旨：why arent students taught to manage conflict the

51、 way they are taught to solve math problems, drive cars, or stay physically fit? 然后作者展开分析：First of all, students need to realize that conflict is unavoidable；然后作者提出了Once students recognize that conflict is unavoidable, they can practice the golden rule of conflict resolution (解决) stay calm. After bo

52、th sides have calmed down, they can use another key strategyfor conflict resolution; listening.最后作者总结全文：There will always be conflict in schools, but that doesnt mean there needs to be violence.50.【答案】D【试题解析】主旨大意题。根据文章第一段最后一句Given that this is the case, why arent students taught to manage conflict t

53、he way they are taught to solve math problems, drive cars, or stay physically fit?和整体理解，可知答案D符合文意。BAccording to sociologists（社会学家）, every modern industrial society has some form of social stratification（阶层）. Class, power and status are important in deciding peoples rank in society. Class means a per

54、sons economic position in society. A commonly used classification is lower class, middle class and upper class. While sociologists disagree on how these terms should be exactly defined, they do describe societies like the United States quite well. One study shows that 53% of Americans belong to the

55、lower class, 46% the middle class, and 1% the upper class. Interestingly, a surgeon earning 500,000 a year and a bus driver earning 50,000 a year both regard themselves as the middle class! Power refers to the amount of control a person has over other people. Obviously, people in positions of great

56、power (such as governors) exercise（行使）big power, but people who take orders from others have less power. Power and class do not always go hand in hand, however. For example, the governor of a state has great power, but he or she may not belong to a corresponding （相应的）economic class. Generally, howev

57、er, there is a relationship between power and class. To our knowledge, there arent too many people who arent millionaires in the U.S. Senate!Status is the honor or respect attached to a persons position in society. It can also be affected by power and class, but not necessarily so. For example, a un

58、iversity professor may have a high status but not belong to a high social class or have a lot of power over others.55. According to the text, we know that _. A. power and class do not always correspond with each other B. status refers to a persons economic position in society C. people with high sta

59、tus have a lot of control over others D. class is less important in deciding a persons social rank56. Which of the following shows the structure of the whole text? eq oac(,P1) eq oac(,P1) eq oac(,P1) eq oac(,P1) eq oac(,P2) eq oac(,P3) eq oac(,P2) eq oac(,P4) eq oac(,P2) eq oac(,P3) eq oac(,P2) eq o

60、ac(,P3) eq oac(,P4) eq oac(,P4) eq oac(,P3) eq oac(,P4) A. B. C. D.【考点】本文是一篇议论文。【要点综述】本文体裁为议论文，社会类阅读理解，谈到关于社会等级权利地位的话题。社会学家研究了美国社会阶层中的权利与阶层关系问题。【文章结构分析】文章的一开始作者提出论点：every modern industrial society has some form of social stratification（阶层）. Class, power and status are important in deciding peoples r