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1、Human / Medical Parasitology(人体/医学寄生虫学)Cheng Yanbin (程彦斌)chengybDepartment of Immunology & Pathogenic Biology,School of Medicine, Xian Jiaotong University.Human / Medical Parasitology(参考资料殷国荣. 医学寄生虫学. 第二版. 北京:科学出版社, 2010殷国荣.医学寄生虫学实验指导. 第二版. 北京:科学出版社, 2010Wang Shiping and Ye Siying. Textbook of medic

2、al microbiology and parasitology. Beijing: Science press. 2006 He Shenyi. Human parasitology. Shandong: Shandong university press. 2011 .参考资料殷国荣. 医学寄生虫学. 第二版. 北京:科学出版社Websites for parasitolgy ¶sitic disease/DPDx/HTML/iMAGE_Library.htm/DPDx/Default.htm/tdr/.au/.Websites for parasitolgy ¶Intro

3、duction to Medical Parasitology (简介)人体寄生虫学的定义及研究内容寄生虫病的流行及危害相关的概念寄生虫和宿主的相互关系寄生虫病流行的基本环节寄生虫病的防治原则.Introduction to Medical ParasiMedical Parasitology是一门研究与医学有关的寄生虫及其与宿主关系的科学。主要研究寄生虫的形态结构、生态规律,着重研究寄生虫与人体及外界因素的相互关系、从病原学角度揭示寄生虫病发病机制、寄生虫病的流行规律和防治措施,达到控制与消灭寄生虫病的目的。Definition of Medical Parasitology.Medical

4、 Parasitology是一门研究与医学有关Medical ParasitologyParasites Parasitic diseasesMorphologyLife CyclePathogenesisDiagnosisTreatmentTransmissionPreventionDefinition of Medical Parasitology.Medical ParasitologyMorphology寄生虫病的危害及现状 世界范围主要寄生虫流行情况(WHO,2011) 虫名 感染人数 死亡人数/每年 疟原虫 2.16亿 70 万 血吸虫 2.4亿 1.5万 利什曼 120万 5万

5、丝虫 1.2亿 锥虫 250万 5万Epidemiology of parasitic diseases.寄生虫病的危害及现状 世界范围主要寄世界范围肠道寄生虫流行情况(WHO,2011) 虫名 感染人数 阿米巴 1% 贾第虫 2亿 钩虫 7.4亿 蛔虫 10亿 鞭虫 7.95亿Epidemiology of parasitic diseases.世界范围肠道寄生虫流行情况(WHO,2011) 虫我国建国前后寄生虫病流行情况 病名 建国前后 疟疾 3000万 血吸虫病 1160万 丝虫病 3000万 黑热病 53万 钩虫感染者 2亿 (五大寄生虫病)Epidemiology of parasi

6、tic diseases.我国建国前后寄生虫病流行情况Epidemiology of 我国寄生虫病流行现状黑热病(1958)及丝虫病(1994)相继达到基本消灭标准,血吸虫病人32万(2010),疟疾患者7855例(2012)。全国(2005)土源性线虫平均感染率19.56%,其中蛔虫和鞭虫感染人数分别为0.8593亿和0.2909亿 ,而钩虫感染率为17%,感染人数为0.393亿(6.12%)。Epidemiology of parasitic diseases.我国寄生虫病流行现状黑热病(1958)及丝虫病(1994)相与寄生虫相关的基本概念(Conceptions related to

7、medical parasitology)共生关系( Symbiosis - Commensalism / Mutualism / Parasitism* )寄生虫及其类别宿主及其类别寄生虫的生活史及其基本阶段寄生虫生活史的类别Conceptions related to medical parasitology.与寄生虫相关的基本概念(Conceptions relate共生(Symbiosis)-两种生物共同生活在一起,这种现象称为共生。根据相互之间的利益关系分为三种;共栖(Commensalism)互利共生( Mutualism)*寄生(Parasitism )Conceptions r

8、elated to medical parasitology.共生(Symbiosis)-两种生物共同生活在一起共栖(Commensalism)- 两种生物共同生活,一方受益,另外一方既不受益,也不受害。Fig. A female pea crab in the mantle cavity of its mussel host. The crab does not damage the mussel and uses its shell purely for protection.共栖(Commensalism)- 两种生物共同生活,MusselMussel.MusselMussel. Rem

9、ora sharks(印鱼)are endowed with an adhesive disk on the dorsal surface of their heads. They use this adhesive disk to “hitch a ride” on larger animals, usually whales(鲸), which tend to be sloppy eaters. When food floats away from the whales mouth, the remora (印鱼) can unhitch itself and collect the sc

10、raps of food floating by. . Remora sharks(印鱼)are endowe互利共生/共生(Mutualism)- 两种生物共同生活,双方均受益,生理上互相依赖。Fig. A selection of ciliates (纤毛虫) from the rumen (前胃) of cattle or sheep. The rumen contains enormous numbers of ciliates that break down cellulose in the feed.Conceptions related to medical parasitolo

11、gy.互利共生/共生(Mutualism)- 两种生物共Red-billed oxpeckers(红嘴牛椋鸟) are feed on an impala(羚羊),a practice that benefits both animals. .Red-billed oxpeckers(红嘴牛椋鸟) ar寄生(Parasitism)- 两种生物共同生活,一方受益,另外一方受害。受益的一方称为宿主(人或动物),受害的一方称为寄生物(病毒、细菌、寄生虫) ,其中属于低等动物的寄生物称为寄生虫。 Human / HookwormConceptions related to medical parasi

12、tology.寄生(Parasitism)- 两种生物共同生活,一Conceptions related to medical parasitology.Conceptions related to medical.寄生虫及其类别(Parasites and their classification) 依靠寄生关系生活的低等动物称为寄生虫。 原虫 吸虫 体内寄生虫寄生虫 蠕虫 绦虫 线虫 节肢动物 - 体外寄生虫*专性寄生虫,兼性寄生虫,偶然寄生虫,长期寄生虫,暂时性寄生虫及机会致病性寄生虫。Conceptions related to medical parasitology.寄生虫及其类别

13、(Parasites and their cNEMATODES(线虫): vermiform, cylindrical, bilaterally symmemtrical in structure and taper towards their anterior and posterior ends. Adult are diecious (sexes are separate;雌雄异体)Conceptions related to medical parasitology.NEMATODES(线虫): vermiform, cyliTREMATODES(吸虫): typically flat

14、tened and leaf-shaped. There are male and female system in a fluke (吸虫) body.- Hermaphroditism,hermaphroditic(雌雄同体的)Conceptions related to medical parasitology.TREMATODES(吸虫): typically flatCESTODES(绦虫): long, ribbon-like in shape. Their ribbon-like chain of segments(节片). Each mature segment bear a

15、complete male and female reproductive system.Conceptions related to medical parasitology.CESTODES(绦虫): long, ribbon-likPROTOZOA(原虫): unicellular animals. It is very small and range in size from 2 to more than 100m. They have cell membrane, cell plasma, nucleolus. Conceptions related to medical paras

16、itology.PROTOZOA(原虫): unicellular anim其他分类(Other classification)Parasites may be classified according to different ways.专性寄生虫(Obligate parasite): 生活史中有一个阶段或整个生活史过程营寄生生活的寄生虫。兼性寄生虫(Facultative parasite): 可以自由生活,但如有机会侵入宿主,也可以过寄生生活的寄生虫。Conceptions related to medical parasitology.其他分类(Other classificatio

17、n)Para偶然寄生虫(Accidental parasite ):因偶然机会侵入非正常宿主体内寄生。长期寄生虫(Permanent parasite ):成虫必须过寄生生活。暂时性寄生虫(Temporary parasite ):只在取食时侵袭宿主,取食后即离去。机会致病寄生虫(Opportunistic parasite ):人体受感染后并没有明显临床表现,只有当宿主免疫功能低下时,这些寄生虫异常繁殖,致病力增强。.偶然寄生虫(Accidental parasite ):因偶寄生虫的分类(动物分类系统) 动物界扁形动物门- 吸虫纲(Trematoda)、绦虫纲(Cestoda)线形动物门-

18、 线虫纲(Nematoda)棘头动物门节肢动物门- 昆虫纲(Insecta)、蛛形纲(Arachnida) 、甲壳纲、唇足纲、倍足纲.寄生虫的分类(动物分类系统) 动物界. 原生动物亚界肉足鞭毛门- 动鞭纲(Zoomastigophorea) 、叶足纲(Lobosea)顶复门- 孢子纲(Sporozoa)纤毛门- 动基裂纲(Kinetofragmino-phorea). 原生动物亚界.宿主及其类别(Hosts and their classification)宿主是指被寄生虫寄生的人或动物。 寄生虫不同发育阶段所寄生的宿主包括:中间宿主(Intermediate host ) : 指寄生虫的幼

19、虫期或无性生殖期所寄生的宿主 (第一、第二中间宿主)。终末宿主(Final host ) : 指寄生虫成虫期或有性生殖期所寄生的宿主。Conceptions related to medical parasitology.宿主及其类别(Hosts and their classi保虫/储蓄宿主(Reservoir host ) : 某些寄生虫除寄生于人体外,还可寄生于某些脊椎动物 (传染源),在流行病学上,这些动物称为保虫宿主。(人兽共患性寄生虫病)转续宿主(Paratenic / transport host ):某些寄生虫的幼虫侵入非正常宿主后,不能发育为成虫,长期保持幼虫状态,当此幼虫期

20、有机会再进入正常宿主后,才可继续发育为成虫,这种非正常宿主称为转续宿主。Conceptions related to medical parasitology.保虫/储蓄宿主(Reservoir host ) : 某些寄Conceptions related to medical parasitology.Conceptions related to medical.寄生虫的生活史及其基本阶段(Life cycle and its basic stages)寄生虫的生活史是指寄生虫完成一代的生长发育、繁殖的全过程。一般都包括下列五个基本阶段。Conceptions related to med

21、ical parasitology.寄生虫的生活史及其基本阶段(Life cycle and 生活史基本阶段 感染人体阶段 (感染期及感染方式) 外界发育 体内移行 (环境/中宿主) (幼虫移行症?) 排离人体 定位寄生Conceptions related to medical parasitology. Conceptions rel寄生虫生活史的类别(Types of life cycle) 根据是否需要中间宿主分为:直接型生活史: 不需要中间宿主就能完成生活史的寄生虫。具有直接型生活史的蠕虫称为土源性蠕虫,人的感染来源于外界环境。间接型生活史: 必需有中间宿主才能完成生活史的寄生虫。具

22、有间接型生活史的蠕虫称为生物源性蠕虫, 人的感染来源于外界生物(中间宿主)。Conceptions related to medical parasitology.寄生虫生活史的类别(Types of life cycle.寄生虫对宿主的作用(Effects of parasites on the host )掠夺营养 Hookworm Suck blood Anemia (贫血)机械性损害 Ascaris Perforate/Obstruction (ileus/肠梗阻)毒性作用和超敏反应 E.h Proteolytic enzyme Necrosis (溶组织内阿米巴) (蛋白水解酶) (

23、坏死) Parasite antigen Immune system e.g Anaphylaxis (超敏反应)Immune response Allergy/ Hypersensitivity.寄生虫对宿主的作用(Effects of parasiteThe hookworms, feeds by biting plates deeply into the mucosa and sucking blood. Hookworm infection cause anemia due to simple blood loss.Relationships between parasites and

24、 hosts.The hookworms, feeds by biting机械性损害(Mechanical effects of parasites )原虫在细胞内繁殖,引起细胞破裂;蠕虫幼虫在宿主体内移行,造成损伤;蠕虫幼虫不断长大,造成压迫。蠕虫成虫寄生,造成损伤。Relationships between parasites and hosts.机械性损害(Mechanical effects of pRelationships between parasites and hosts.Relationships between parasiteRelationships between

25、parasites and hosts.Relationships between parasiteRelationships between parasites and hosts.Relationships between parasiteRelationships between parasites and hosts.Relationships between parasiteToxic and hypersensitivityToxin: Many parasites can introduce or secret toxin and cause damage to host. Hy

26、persensitivity: The metabolites, secretion, excretion or other products of parasites or dead worms may act as foreign antigen, to stimulate the immune system of host to produce immune response or hypersensitivity. Hypersensitivity is harmful to host, which may lead to severe or even fatal reaction.T

27、oxic and hypersensitivityToxiRupture of hydatid cysts (棘球蚴囊) with sudden release of large amounts of fluid can produce severe allergic reaction (anaphylaxis), sometime lead to shock or dead of patients.Relationships between parasites and hosts.Rupture of hydatid cysts (棘球蚴囊宿主对寄生虫的作用 (Effects of the

28、host on the parasites) -The host can produce certain degree resistance to parasites in human body or re-infection. The resistance (Immunity) is not very strong. In general, It dont wipe out parasites completely, but may limit the number of parasites and establish balance with parasites.Innate immuni

29、ty(固有免疫)Acquired immunity(获得性免疫)Relationships between parasites and hosts.宿主对寄生虫的作用 (Effects of the hosInnate immunityBarrier(生理屏障) : Prevent parasites to invade in certain degree. Skin / Mucous membrane / Placenta.Acid in skin or stomach can cause damage of the parasites.Phagocytosis(吞噬作用) of phago

30、cyte(吞噬细胞).-Non-specific/effective against a wide range of parasitic infection/controlled by genetic factors. But not very strong!.Innate immunityBarrier(生理屏障) :Acquired immunity消除性免疫(Sterilizing immunity ): Wipe out the parasites completely, meanwhile get a long-term specific resistance to re-infec

31、tion. Rare!非消除性免疫(Non-sterilizing immunity ): Wipe out most of the parasites, but not completely. Common! No parasite, no immunity!.Acquired immunity消除性免疫(Sterili 非消除性免疫:最常见。 带虫免疫(premunition),机体感染原虫后产生的免疫力,只将其数量降到低水平,体内原虫消失,免疫力也消失。 伴随免疫(concomitant immunity),机体感染蠕虫后产生的免疫力仅对再感染(童虫的侵入)有一定抵抗力,而对体内成虫不发

32、生影响,体内成虫消失,免疫力也消失。Relationships between parasites and hosts. 非消除性免疫:最常见。Relationships bet寄生虫感染与寄生虫病的特点带虫者、慢性感染与隐性感染多寄生现象幼虫移行症和异位寄生.寄生虫感染与寄生虫病的特点带虫者、慢性感染与隐性感染.带虫者、慢性感染与隐性感染带虫者(carrier):人体感染寄生虫后没有明显的临床表现,但可传播病原体,成为传染源。慢性感染(chronic infection):人体感染寄生虫后若未经治疗,症状较轻者尤其容易被忽视而发展为慢性感染。慢性感染是寄生虫病的重要特点之一。.带虫者、慢性感

33、染与隐性感染带虫者(carrier):人体感染带虫者与慢性感染者在流行病学上有重要意义。隐性感染(suppressive infection):是指人体感染寄生虫后,仅诱导机体产生特异性免疫应答,但没有出现明显临床表现,也不能用常规涂片方法检测出病原体的现象。只有当免疫功能不全时,例如使用抗肿瘤药物、免疫抑制剂或艾滋病者,这时寄生虫大量增殖,致病力大为增强,严重者可使患者死亡。.带虫者与慢性感染者在流行病学上有重要意义。.多寄生现象多寄生现象(polyparasitism):人体同时有2种以上虫种寄生。这在消化道中相当普遍。不同虫种生活在同一个微环境中,相互之间可互相制约或促进。.多寄生现象多寄生现象(polyparasitism):人体同幼虫移行症和异位寄生幼虫移行症(larva migrans):一些蠕虫幼虫侵入非正常宿主人后,不能发育为成虫,长期以幼虫状态存在,在皮下、组织、器官间窜扰,造成局部或全身的病变。 根据幼虫侵犯的组织器官及症状,幼虫移行症大致上可分为两种类。.幼虫移行症和异位寄生幼虫移行症(larva migrans)内脏幼

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