医学英语写作写作chapter课件

1、医学英语写作写作chapter幻灯片医学英语写作写作chapter幻灯片医学英语写作写作chapter幻灯片contents人体器官、血液和细菌的形状和特征的描述人体各器官位置的描述方式人体各系统、器官、组织和细胞构造的描述医学中常见计量和单位的表达方式投稿信(cover letter)的写作医学英语写作写作chapter幻灯片医学英语写作写作chapcontents人体器官、血液和细菌的形状和特征的描述人体各器官位置的描述方式人体各系统、器官、组织和细胞构造的描述医学中常见计量和单位的表达方式投稿信(cover letter)的写作contents人体器官、血液和细菌的形状和特征的描述人体器

2、官、血液和细菌的形状和特征的描述 人体器官、血液和细菌的形状和特征的描述 1表示形状的句型：1名词+be+shaped like +名词表示某器官或物体的形状“象，或“呈形。例：The heart is shaped like a cone. 心脏呈圆锥形。1表示形状的句型：1名词+be+shaped like2名词+be +名词-shaped + 名词表示某个器官或物体“是个形状的器官或物体。例：The diaphragm is a dome-shaped organ. 膈是一个圆顶状的器官。2名词+be +名词-shaped + 名词表示某个器官3名词+be+a,an+形容词+organ也

3、表示某器官或某物体“是形状的器官或物体。例：The small intestine is a long, tubular organ. 小肠是长管形器官。3名词+be+a,an+形容词+organ也表示某器官或2表示特征的句型： 名词+be+形容词表示某器官或某物体“具有特征或作用。例：Monocytes are phagocytic. 单核细胞具有吞噬作用。Some tissues are elastic. 一些组织具有弹性。2表示特征的句型： 名词+be+形容词表示某器官或某物3用于比较和对照的连接词： 1bothand例：Both erythrocytes and leucocytes

4、are flexible. 红细胞和白细胞都具有伸缩性。2neithernor例：Neither erythrocytes nor leucocytes are adhesive. 红细胞和白细胞没有粘着性。3用于比较和对照的连接词： 1bothand例：3but; whereas例：Platelets are adhesive but/whereas erythrocytes are not. 血小板具有粘着性而红细胞那么没有。4however; on the other hand例：Leucocytes are phagocytic, erythrocytes, however/on th

5、e other hand, are not. 白细胞具有吞噬作用，而红细胞那么没有。3but; whereas例：Platelets are4用于进一步说明同一事物的短语及略语： In other words; i.e. 例：Some cells and molecules can pass through capillary walls, in other words, capillaries are permeable. 有些细胞和分子能通过毛细血管壁，换句话说，毛细血管具有通透性。Arteries are long, tubular blood vessels which can ben

6、d and stretch, i.e. they are flexible and elastic. 动脉是长管形血管，能弯曲，能伸展，也就是说，既柔韧又有弹性。4用于进一步说明同一事物的短语及略语： In other5用于例证的短语和略语： for example; e.g.例：The white cells include a number of various types. Some of them, for example, have nuclei which are irregular in shape. 白细胞包括许多类型，如，某些白细胞具有不规那么的核。The gonococcu

7、s and meningococcus, for example, are coffee-bean shaped. 例如，淋球菌和脑膜炎球菌都呈咖啡豆形。5用于例证的短语和略语： for example; e.6用于表述事物名称的短语： be called; be known as例：The red cells, which are called erythrocytes, are rather small and have no nuclei. 红细胞，也叫做红血球，很小而无核。The cylindrical bacteria are known as bacilli. 圆柱形细菌被称为杆菌

8、。6用于表述事物名称的短语： be called; be 人体各器官位置的描述方式人体各器官位置的描述方式 1be + 介词短语表示某器官或物体在什么地方。例：The gallbladder is below the liver. 胆囊在肝脏下面。2lie + 介词短语表示某器官或物体在什么地方。例：The stomach lies between the liver and the spleen. 胃位于肝和脾之间。 1be + 介词短语表示某器官或物体在什么地方。例：3be + located (或situated)也表示某器官或物体位于什么地方。例：The cervical verteb

9、rae are located at the top end of the vertebral column. 颈椎位于脊柱的顶端。The heart is situated immediately behind the sternum.心脏紧靠在胸骨之后。3be + located (或situated)也表示4be related to + 名词；be in contact with + 名词表示某器官与另一器官相接触或相邻。例：The transverse colon is related anterosuperiorly to the liver. 横结肠的前上方与肝脏相接触。4be

10、related to + 名词；be in con5extend + from + 名词 + to + 名词表示某器官从某处开场一直延伸到另一个器官。例：The small intestine extends from the stomach to the colon. 小肠从胃延伸到结肠。5extend + from + 名词 + to + 名词6be + inferior/superior + to + 名词表示某器官在另一个器官的下/上面。例：The rectum is inferior to the small intestine. 直肠位于小肠之下方。The stomach is s

11、uperior to the transverse colon. 胃在横结肠的上面。6be + inferior/superior + to 7be + anterior/posterior + to + 名词表示某器官在另一个器官的前/后面。例：The heart is anterior to the esophagus. 心脏在食管的前面。The heart is posterior to the sternum. 心脏在胸骨的后面。7be + anterior/posterior + to8be + proximal/distal + to + 名词表示某器官离另一器官近/远。例：The

12、 shin is distal to the thigh. 胫骨在大腿的远侧。The ankle is proximal to the foot. 踝在脚的近侧。8be + proximal/distal + to + 9be + medial/lateral + to + 名词表示某器官在另一器官的中间/侧面。例：The heart is medial to the lungs. 心脏在两肺的中间。The kidneys are lateral to the vertebral column. 肾脏位于脊柱的两侧。10限制性定语从句也可用来描述某个器官的位置。例：The heart is a

13、n organ which lies in front of the esophagus. 心脏是位于食道前面的一个器官。9be + medial/lateral + to + 名人体各系统、器官、组织和细胞构造的描述 人体各系统、器官、组织和细胞构造的描述 1表达人体构造的常用动词句型：1consist of, be made up of, be composed of 这三个动词短语，虽然都表示“由构成的意思，但 consist of 多用于提到所有参与构成的成分时；而 be made up of 那么多用于细分一种构造或该构造的某一局部时；be composed of 常用于提到构成某一

14、构造的材料时，或用于参与构成的局部没有数量限制时。1表达人体构造的常用动词句型：1consist of,例：The respiratory tract consists of the mouth, nose, pharynx, trachea and lung. /呼吸道由口、鼻、咽、气管和肺构成。The intestines are made up of the small intestine and the large intestine。/肠道由小肠和大肠组成。Tissue is composed of cells/组织是由细胞组成的。例：The respiratory tract co

15、nsis2make up; compose 表示哪些局部组成了某个构造。 例：The forebrain, the midbrain and the hindbrain make up of the brain. /前脑、中脑和后脑组成了大脑。The pons, the cerebellum and the medulla oblongata composed the hindbrain. /脑桥、小脑和延髓组成了后脑。2make up; compose 表示哪些局部组成了某个3be filled with 和 contain都表示某构造内含有什么或充满了什么。但，前者与不可数名词物质名词连用

16、，而后者那么与可数名词连用。例：The tissue space is filled with tissue fluid/组织间隙充满了组织液The mediastinum contains the heart, esophagus, trachea, etc/纵隔包含有心脏、食管、气管。3be filled with 和 contain都表示某4be covered with 表示某器官或构造为所覆盖。例：The body is covered with skin and hair/人体外表覆盖着皮肤和毛发。5be attached to 表示某器官连接在或附着在另一器官上。例：The sk

17、in is attached to the subcutaneous tissue. /皮肤连接在皮下组织上。4be covered with 表示某器官或构造为6be lined with 表示某器官由衬贴。例：The mediastinum is lined with the pericardium/纵膈由心包所衬贴。 7be divided into 表示某构造可分为。例：The thorax is divided into three compartments/胸腔分为三个局部。8be surrounded by表示某器官为另一器官所围绕。例：The heart is surround

18、ed by the lungs/心脏由两肺遮盖。6be lined with 表示某器官由衬贴。9be separated from by 表示某器官与另一器官为第三者所隔开。例：The thorax separated from the abdomen by the diaphragm/胸腔与腹腔由膈分开。10be supported by 表示某器官由所支持。例：The lens is supported by the ciliary muscles. /晶状体由睫状肌支持。9be separated from by 表示某2表达人体构造常见的定语从句和后置定语短语： 关系代词which引

19、出的定语从句和分词短语常被用来描述人体某器官由 组成。例：This is a membrane which is made up of two layers这是由脏层和壁层两个层组成的膜。 The thorax is a large conical cavity consisting of three compartments. /胸腔是一个由三局部组成的大锥形腔。2表达人体构造常见的定语从句和后置定语短语： 关系代词w医学中常见计量和单位的表达方式 医学中常见计量和单位的表达方式 1计量单位的一般表示方式：l/m2litres per square metre 表示“升/平方米。l/minl

20、itres per minute 表示“升/分。mm/Hgmillimetres of mercury 表示“毫米汞柱。g/100mlgrams per hundred milliliters 表示“克/100毫升。1计量单位的一般表示方式：l/m2litres p2表达计量差异和变化的词语：1range betweenand/range fromto/vary fromto表示某数值在什么范围之间。例：The normal diastolic blood pressure ranges between 65 and 85 mm/Hg. /正常舒张压在65与85毫米汞柱之间。Normal te

21、mperature in the rectum ranges from 36.3 to 37.6./正常直肠温度在36.3与37.6摄氏度之间。The normal lymphocyte count for a male varies from 1500/cu.mm to 3000/cu.mm./男性正常淋巴细胞值在1500/立方毫米与3000/立方毫米之间。2表达计量差异和变化的词语：1range betwee2increase 表示某数值上升或增加。 例：Systolic b.p. increases more rapidly than diastolic b.p ./收缩压比舒张压上升快

22、。3decrease表示某数值的下降或减少。例：Between the 10-14 and 20-24 age groups, the average systolic b.p. in females decreases from about 119 to about 117 mm/Hg. /在10-14岁和20-24岁年龄组之间，女性的平均收缩压从119毫米汞柱下降为大约117毫米汞柱。 2increase 表示某数值上升或增加。 例：Syst3表示量的极度与平均的词语：1maximum表示最大值或量。例：The maximum value for fat in the human body

23、 is 26%./在人体中，脂肪最多占百分之二十六。2minimum 表示最小值或量。 例：The minimum amount of water in the human body is 50% ./在人体中，水至少占百分之五十。3表示量的极度与平均的词语：1maximum表示最大值3average和 mean例：The average lymphocyte count is 2100/cu.mm. /平均淋巴细胞计数是2100/立方毫米。4表示计算，测量的方法： be measured in + 量词例：Blood pressure is measured in millimetres o

24、f mercury./血压是以毫米汞柱计算的。3average和 mean例：The average 5用来表示曲线图的句型：1The graph shows“此曲线图表示。例：The graph shows the effect of age on blood pressure./此曲线图表示年龄对血压的影响。 2The vertical axis represents“垂直轴代表。 例：The vertical axis represents arterial pressure./垂直轴代表动脉压。5用来表示曲线图的句型：1The graph show3The horizontal axi

25、s represents“水平轴代表。例：The horizontal axis represents age in years./水平轴代表年龄。4The continuous line represents“实线代表。例：The continuous line represents blood pressure for females./实线代表女性血压。5The dotted line represents“虚线代表。例：The dotted line represents b.p. for males./虚线代表男性血压。 3The horizontal axis represenCh

26、apter 1Medical correspondence1.1 introductionLetters for diagnostic consultationLetters for referring patientsLetters for applying for a medical post, curriculum vitaeLetters for submitting a paper for publicationChapter 1Medical correspondenc1.2 formatThe heading: full address of the sender and the

27、 date of the letterThe inside address: name and full address of the addresseeThe salutationThe bodyThe complimentary closeThe signatureThe enclosureThe full-block type: more formalThe indented-block type: less formal1.2 format1.3 sample lettersEnclosed please could you find a copy of my resume.随信附上我

28、的简历表。Awareness training1.4 letters for diagnostic consultation1.4.1 language featuresPresent tense, present prefect tense or past tense1.4.2 special language struturesDisagree on Doubt thatAppreciate it if you Be grateful if you1.3 sample letters1.4.3 A sample letter of diagnostic consultationCorpus

29、 pancreatisEasy formatting1.5 letters for referring patientsA recommendation (to a specialist)A replying letter 1.5.1 language featuresPresent tense, present perfect tense, past tensec/o: complain of 1.5.2 special language structuresDescribing the complain of a patientExpressing request for further

30、diagnosis and treatment1.4.3 A sample letter of diagnDescribing examinations and results of examinationsIVP: intravenous pyelographyPresenting suggestions for treatment 1.5.3 sample letters for referring a patientOn bendingA five day religious1.7 letters for applying for a medical post IntroductionQ

31、ualificationsAcademic record, certain English language examinationsProfessional experiencePublicationsRequest for an interviewenclosures Describing examinations and re1.8 curriculum vitae1.8.1 formatpersonal dataWork experienceEducationSpecial skillsScientific researchachievementsHonors and referenc

32、esThe work objective, personal interests, commandof languagesChronological curriculum vitaeFunctional curriculum vitae1.8 curriculum vitae投稿信(cover letter)的写作150-5318-8596 投稿信(cover letter)的写作150-5318-1.How to write a cover letterkeep it simple and professional and dont worry about redundancy. Your

33、cover letter should be prepared in a standard business format (block or modified block).461.How to write a cover letterk2.The information in a Cover Letter (1)The correspondence information of the correspondent;(2)The title of the manuscript, the numbers of tables, figures, charts, and so on;(3)The

34、statement that this manuscript has never been partly or wholly published in or submitted to any other journals;(4)The statement that all authors in the manuscript have agreed to submit it to this journal and its better to have each ones signature;472.The information in a Cover (5)The statement that

35、the research in the manuscript has been conducted under the guidance of international ethical standards if the research uses animals as experimental materials;(6)Suggested reviewers you think that are appropriate for this manuscript;(7)The statement on the inappropriate reviewers for this manuscript

36、, and its better to state the reasons in concise words;(8)Some journals require the authors to briefly introduce his research purposes, methods and results.Concise and clear, less than one page.48(5)The statement that the reseDepartment of Publication, NSFC 83 Shuangqing Road, Haidian DistrictBeijin

37、g 100083, P R ChinaJuly 18, 2001Professor T. Braun, Editor-in-Chief of ScientometericsInstitute of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry Etvs Lornd University H-1443 Budapest-70, P.O. Box 123 HungaryDear Editor:This is a manuscript entitled “International visibility of Chinese scientific journals (中国科技

38、期刊的国际知名度) by Shengli Ren and Ronald Rousseau. It is submitted to be considered for publication as an “Article in your journal. All authors have read and approved this version of the article, and due care has been taken to ensure the integrity of the work. Neither the entire paper nor any part of its

39、 content has been published or has been accepted elsewhere. It is not being submitted to any other journal.49Department of Publication, NSFWe believe the paper may be of particular interest to the readers of your journal as it Correspondence should be addressed to Shengli Ren at the following addres

40、s, phone and fax number, and email address: Thank you very much for your attention to our paper. Sincerely yours,Shengli Ren (签名)Ronald Rousseau (签名)50We believe the paper may be of写作的格式有两种：齐头式full block 和缩进式(indented block)。 heading：信笺抬头 Department of Publication, NSFCNatural Science Foundation of China 83 Shuangqing Road, Haidian DistrictBeijing 100083, P R Ch