科胡特1期35讲27第二十七课

1、Question:Whatdowe meanby“aggres?A nswer: Originally Freud was preoccupied mainly with the vicissitudes of the libidinal drives; but as he came to investigate the more regressive forms of pathology, he encountered more and more hostile and destructive impulses, urges, or drives. The aggressiveimpulse

2、shadsomeofthequalitiesofthesexualdrives:asimilarurgencyor intensity,theirbeingdirectedatobjects,theirproducings,andbeingdefended against. As we discuss more about the gradual acquisition of structure and the neutralization of drives, we shall find that the nature of this other kind of drive (aggres)

3、 and the degree of its neutralization are cru l issues.Question:Whatisintrojectedintheprocessofintrojection,anobjectoranA nswer: The objeitisexperienced.Whenwespeakofthebabyintrojectingthebreast as a “part object, we must remember that from thebabysstandpoint the breastis not a“partobjectbutthewhole

4、world.Itisa“partobjectonlytous,asadultobservers. Furthermore,ifthewishfratificationfromanobject(e.g.,thebreast)isfrustrated, what is introjected is not the whole object (as seen by an observer) but only that part of the mother which is experienced as frustrating.Introjectionisintimayasso tedwithobje

5、ctloss.Ifobjectlossesaregradual,as in the case of optimalfrustration, the result is small introjectionsmemories of only mildly frustrating objects. In the case of traumatic frustrations, on the other hand, the result is massive introjection of intensely frustrating experiences with objects. Many sma

6、ll object losses (frustrations) produce correspondingly small introjections, whichexerttheireffectsthroughneutralizedenergy.Majorobjectlosses(frustrations) produce massive introjections that exert their effects through nonneutralized energy. Massive introjections tend to be phase-specific: That is,

7、during certain periods of childhood, when particular drive demands are espelly strong, the frustrations experienced during those periods are correspondingly intense and the resulting introjections are inevitably more massive.Q uestion:Whatis the differencebetween introjection and Answer:Thereisnouni

8、form,accepteddefinitionofthoseterms.ayofdifferentiating them is to define introjection as a process and identification as the result of that 回答：这些词汇还没的定义。一个不同是把内摄定义为一个过程，而认同作为这个过程的结果TheChildhood Object”Theconceptofchildhoodobjecthasgivenrisetomuchconfu.Underlyinganeurotic objectchoiceisalwaysalibidi

9、nalobjectofchildhood.Such astructureoccursinthat partofthepsychicapparatuswhichisseparatedbya barrierofrepresanddefensive mechanisms. But what about object choices in the sphere of the psyche thies outside of structural s, the sphere of -free, neutralizing structure? If a man marries a woman who res

10、embles the loved mother of his childhood, for example, is that necessarily a transference phenomenon? The answer is no; it may represent an object choice determined by neutralized structure from the past.As a matter oct, in the case of neurotic object choices based on transference from the past, the

11、 man is more likely to marry a woman who is not like his mother. The transference wouldtendtoinhibit hischoiceofawomanwhoremindedhim ofhismother. The whose object choice is influenced only minimally bysuch a transference, but is based mainly on - free, neutralized experiences, tends naturally to cho

12、ose love objects who resemble the (s) with whom he had gratifying experiences in the The same distinction applies to a patients feelings toward his yst. Not all such feelingsarenecessarilytransferencefeelings.Somesuchfeelingscomefromthe- free part of the ego and therefore are not transferences, whic

13、h is one of the reasons that ysis tends to be facilitated by the the and patient having east some similarities of background. Thetherutic alliance depends largelyon the patientand yst being able to have a -free, nontransference type of relationship within which transferences can occur and be yzed. E

14、ither extreme of too much transference, overwhelming thewhole relationship, or too much friendly alliance which does not allow transferences to develop, can interfere with the ytic process.Q uestion:Whydoesit take transferences so long todevelopinA nswer: It doesnt. They begin to develop very soon,

15、but initially are so veiled (i.e., defended against) that they cannot be observed clearly or worked with interpretively until later in the ysis.The Sup e r eg Freuddescribed the superegoasanintegralpartoftheego,havingtodowithwholesale introjections of frustrating experiences with objects. Why did he

16、 call it superego, “abovetheego?Becausethattermexpressesthechildhoodrealityoftheparentsbeing biggerthanthechildabovethechild.Thesuperegocontainsimagesoftheintrojected, prohibiting (frustrating), ding parents, and the “voice of conscience (as in dreams) always seems to come from above the ego.Thesupe

17、regocontainsseveralmajorcomponents:prohibitionsandcensures,theegoideal, andapproval.Inaddition,ithasseverallayers.Accordingtothestructuralm,only a small part of the superego is preconscious the part that people call their “conscience. The superego dips deeply into the Unconscious, however, because i

18、t is based on introjections from various developmental levels.Letusconsiderthedevelopmentofthepartofthesuperegothatcontainstheegoideal. Freudconceivedoftheinfantbeginninginastateofobjectless,omnipotentnarcissism: “WhateverIwant,Iget.Thenextphaseofdevelopmentattemptstopreservethatstate in the face of

19、 realistic contradictions. In the phase called the “Purified Pleasure Ego, anything unpleasant is attributed to the outside. Some narcissism of that kind alwaysremainsinus,sometendencytoseethebestinourselvesandtheworstinothers. This can be a difficult ther utic problem in the ysis of character, and

20、it is espelly important in the ysis of future psychoysts, who otherwise might tend to see their own “bad impulses and feelings in their patients.设来考虑一下超自我理想部分的发展。 想婴儿开始于一个无客体全能自恋的状态： 设Thenextphaseisoneinwhichtheomnipotenceisprojectedtotheparents:idealization of the parents, which the child then part

21、icipates in, or shares, as a recipient of the parentsfantasiedomnipotence.Thisstagecomesaboutbecauseeventuallytherealityof thechild ualweaknesscannolongerbedenied.Tosavewhathecanofhisphantasied omnipotence,thechildprojectsthenarcissismtohisparents,looksuponthemasgodlike, andattemptsto“regainhisearli

22、erfeelingofnarcissisticperfectionbyclosenesshisparents.Somepeoplenevergetoverthatstageofnarcissism,butmustalwaysremain close to some “omnipotent parent figure. Because the parents during this phase are believed to have alers, the child imagines that they must be dealt with by al devicesfor example,

23、by “charming the parent-gods with “al words and gestureslikesmiling(seeFerenczis1913“Stages in theDevelopmentoftheSense The narcissism projected to the parents is then lost, which is brought about once again byrealityforexample,bythechildssurpriseddiscoverythathecanliesuccessfully, that his parents

24、cannot actually read his thoughts. As the wish to have omnipotent and omniscientparentsisfrustrated,theimagesofthelostperfectparentsarereintrojected,ing that part of the superego which is called the ego ideal. From then on, if the doesnotliveuptohissuperegostandards(egoideal),heexperiencessomedegree

25、of narcissistic injury (a feeling of inferiority), because the ego ideal derives from the original narcissism. It is important to note that the seeminglyitivecontentsof the ego ideal, ouritiveaspirationsandgoals,arederivedfundamentally,andsomewhat paradoxically,from(negative)prohibitionsagainstgrati

26、fyinginfantilesexualityand . The original narcissism was assoted with the phantasied omnipotence of the childs wishes. In the later phase, the drive-prohibiting parents are seen as omnipotent. The narcissistic balance then depends not on successful wish-fulfillment, but on the successful curbing of the drives in compliance with t