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1、翻译的比喻Metaphors of Translation 隐喻作为一种悠久而普遍的文化现象,最初是以其独特的修辞功能而引起人们关注的。如果以亚里士多德(前384前322年)的隐喻理论为起点,那么,隐喻的修辞学研究的历史至少已有两千三百多年。两千多年以来,中外学者对隐喻本质的认识总体上没有超越亚里士多德的理论樊篱。表面看来,隐喻只是一种语言现象和文体现象它是润饰词藻的一种修辞手段,是以言示意的表达方式。深层次看,它是更为广泛和重要的文化现象。隐喻具有其内在的思维逻辑,它规范着人类对于世界的感知、理解、体验、想象与把握。 亚里士多德的隐喻理论包含这样几个要点:其一,就存在形式看,隐喻是以词汇为本

2、位的一种语言现象。其二,就运行工作机制看,隐喻是一种语词替换现象。其三,就存在条件看,隐喻构成的条件是本体与喻体之间的相似性。 四点认识:翻译的不同比喻,是翻译文化和翻译研究文化中一个现实的、历史的现象,是帮助我们认识翻译,尤其是文学翻译的一个窗口。翻译本质上是一种具有多面特性的活动。中西翻译史上对翻译的比喻,至少有270种。梳理翻译比喻的使用语境和文化意蕴翻译比喻的研究,是构成译学研究的一个有益课题,不仅有助于增进对翻译本质的认识,同时也对翻译学学科领域的扩大和充实具有独特意义。翻译的比喻 所谓“翻译比喻”,就是关于翻译的比喻,是指把 翻译或译者比作另类事物,例如把翻译比作“绘画” “临画”

3、,把译者比作“先知”、“启明星”、“媒婆”,把 不抠字面意义的灵活译本,比作“美而不忠的女人” 等。翻译比喻以类比和形象的手段来界定翻译的意 义,刻画翻译的功能和方法,其表达效果往往优胜于平铺直叙的解释;而使用类比的、形象的手段来描述 或解释翻译,即是“翻译比喻”的意义所在。(4) Translation is a kind of drawing after the life. (Dryden, John. Preface to Sylvae: Or, the Second Part of Poetical Miscellanies, 1685. Reprinted in Schulte et

4、 a.l, 1992. 23.) (5) Translation is precisely what the copying of a given model is to a beginner in the art of painting. (Gottsched, Extract from the Critische Dichtkunst (Critical Poetics, 1743. Translated and reprinted in Lefevere, 1992. 57.)(6) Scientific translations are manifestly paralleled by

5、 the work of the photographer, and contain, perhaps, about the same proportion of art, as the artist understands the word. Yet both translation and photography are affected by the technical knowledge of the operator. (Savory, Theodore. The Art of Translation. London: Jonathan Cape, 1968, 32)(3) Will

6、ard Trask(1900-1980) says “I realized that the translator and the actor had to have the same kind of talent. What they both do is to take something of somebody elses and put it over as if it were their own.translation involves something like being on stage. (4). he the translator had to translate on

7、ly what appealed to him. No actor would normally be expected to attempt a role that is in opposition to his character, physical appearance, or age. (Nossack, Hans Erich. Translating and Being, 1965. Translated by Sharon Sloan, and reprinted in Schulteet al., 1992. 229) (3)有些译本不免是“说谎的媒婆”,青年们上过一次当,遂以神

8、经过敏起来真正精妙的翻译,其可宝贵,实不在创作之下;而真正精妙的翻译,其艰难实倍于创作。“处女”固不易得,“媒婆”亦何尝容易做呀! (茅盾“媒婆”与“处女”, 1934. 罗新璋翻译论集,1984. 350.)(4) they. speak of the authors .i e., the 72 translators of the Old Testament not as translators but as prophets and priests of my mysteries, whose sincerity and singleness of thought has enabled

9、 them to go hand in hand with the purest of spirits, the spirits of Moses. (Philo Judaeus. The Creation of the Septuagint ( from The Life of Moses, Robinson, 1997. 14. )(5) He the translator shall be the morning star of a new day in our literature. (Herder, Johann Gottfried von. The Ideal Translator

10、 as Morning Star)(6) That is how we should look upon every translator: he is a man who tries to be a mediator in this general spiritual commerce and who has chosen it as his calling to advance the interchange. (Goethe. Extract from Writings on Literature, 1824. Translated and reprinted in Lefevere,

11、1992. 25.)四、奴隶、镣铐类(共23条:中文6,英文17) (1) 除了翻书之外,不提倡自由创造,实际研究,只不过多造些鹦鹉名士出来罢了!译诗不是鹦鹉学话,不是沐猴而冠。 (郭沫若小序,1923. 罗新璋翻译论集,334.)(2) 法耶夫特夫人 把愚蠢的译者比作仆人被女主人打发去恭维某某人。女主人要讲的恭维话一到他口里,便变得粗暴而残缺不全;越是恭维话中的美妙词句越被这个仆人横加歪曲。 (谭载喜西方翻译简史(增订版). 商务印书馆, 2004. 86.)(3).slaves we are, and labor on another mans plantation; we dress t

12、he vineyard, but the wine is the owners: if the soil be sometimes barren, then wear sure of being scourged; if it be fruitful, and our car succeeds, we are not thanked; for the proud reader will only say, the poor drudge has done his duty. (Dryden, Steering Between Two Extremes, 1697, Reprinted in R

13、obinson, 1997. 175)(4) Translating is much like dancing on rope with fettered legs. (Dryden, Preface to Ovids Epistles, 1680. Reprinted in Robinson, 1997. 172)五、叛逆、投胎转世类(共33条:中文14;英文19) (1) 真有灵感的译文,像投胎重生的灵魂一般, 令人觉得是一种“再创造”。 (余光中翻译和创作,1969. 罗新璋翻译论集,商务印书馆, 1984. 742) (2) 十七世纪有人赞美这种造诣的翻译(“化境”翻译),归化式翻译,

14、比为原作的“投胎转世” (the transmigration of souls), 躯壳换了一个,而精神姿致依然故我。 (钱钟书林纾的翻译) (5) Traduttore,traditore./ The translator is a traitor/betrayer. (意大利谚语) (6).it seems to me that translating from one tongue in to another.is like viewing Flemish tapes tries from the wrong side, for although you see the picture

15、s, they are covered with threads and obscure them so that the smoothness and the gloss of the fabric are lost. (背、面俱花) Cervantes Saavedra, Miguel de. Viewing Flemish, Tapestries from the Wrong Side ( from Don Quixote, Part II) 1615. Translated by Walter Starkie, and reprinted in Robinson, 1997. 149.

16、六、 商人、乞丐类(共13条:英文11,中文2) (1) 最好的翻译总是通过了译者全人的存在而凝成果实的。在凝的时候, 首先却要结合着爱。缺乏高度的爱,把本来是杰作的原作,译成劣质商品,丢在中国读者面前。读者大公无私,拂袖而去,译者的精力就全浪费了。 (李健吾翻译笔谈,1951 .罗新璋翻译论集,商务印书馆, 1984. )七、酒水、味觉类(共19条:中文18,英文1) (1) 改梵为秦,失其藻蔚,虽得大意,殊隔文体,有似嚼饭与人,非徒失味,乃令呕秽也。(鸠摩罗什为僧睿论西方辞体,罗新璋翻译论集,商务印书馆, 1984. 32.) (2) 诸出为秦言,便约不烦者,皆葡萄酒之被水者也。 (道安比

17、丘大戒序,罗新璋翻译论集,商务印书馆, 1984. 28.) (3) 如来去世,后人不量愚浅,抄略此经,分作数分,随意增损,杂以世语,缘使违失本正,如乳之投水。(道朗大涅盘经序,1984. 43.)(4) 一杯伏特卡酒不能换成一杯白开水,总要还他一杯汾酒或茅台,才算尽了责。假使变成一杯白开水,里面还要夹杂些泥沙,那就不行了。 (郭沫若谈文学翻译工作, 1954. 翻译研究论文集(1949-1983),外研社, 1984. 24.) (2) 苹果一烂,比别的水果更不好吃,但是也有人卖的,不过我们另外还有一种相反的脾气:首饰要“足赤”,人物要“完人”。一有缺点,有时就全部都不要了。爱人身上生几个疮

18、,固然不至于就请律师离婚,但对于作者、作品、译品,却总归比较的严紧,萧伯纳坐了大船,不好;巴比塞不算第一个作家,也不好;译者是“大学教授,下职官员”,更不好。好的又不出来,怎么办呢?我想,还是请批评家用吃烂苹果的方法,来救一救急罢。 (鲁迅关于翻译(下), 1933,罗新璋翻译论集,商务印书馆,1984. 295-296.) (3) 拿种子的譬喻来说,虽然“桔逾淮北而为枳”,但毕竟不会变为苹果、柿、梨,要紧的是不能蕃殖谬种,易言之,译诗的起码的,但也是首要的要求,是传达原作的境界,要入神,这也可以说是译诗的“极致”。 (王科一从雪莱论译诗谈起,1962. 罗新璋翻译论集,商务印书馆, 1984

19、. 675)(4) How many poetic works, reduced to prose, that is, to their simple meaning, become literally nonexistent! They are anatomical specimens, dead birds! .Verse is put into prose as thrown into its coffin. (Valry, Variations on the Eclogue,1953. Translated by Denise Folliot, and reprinted in Sch

20、ulte et a.l, 1992. 116.)九、竞赛、游戏类(共16条:英文15,中文1) (1) . I would not have our paraphrase to be a mere interpretation, but an effort to vie with and rival our original in the expression of the same thoughts. ( Quintilian. 96? AD. Institutes of Oratory Excerpted in English translation by John Selby Watso

21、n in Robinson, 1997. 20.) (2) I consider it to be the duty of a poetical translator, never to suffer his original to fall. He must maintain with him a perpetual contest of genius. (Tytler, Alexander F. Essay on the Principles of Translation. London: Dent & Sons Ltd.; NewYork: Dutton & Co. Inc., 1907

22、. 45 -46 )十. 比喻本身及其他类(共28条:英文26,中文2) (1) A word is nothing but a metaphor for an object or. for another word, and that translation is a form of adaptation, making the new metaphor fit the original metaphor. ( Rabassa, Gregory. No Two Snowflakes Are Alike: Translation asMetaphor, John Biguenet, Raine

23、r Schulte. The Craft of Translation. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1992. 1-2. ) (2) Translation is a mode. To comprehend it as mode one must go back to the original for that contains the law governing the translation: its translatability. (Benjamin, Walter. 1923. The Task of the Translator,

24、Translated by Harry Zohn, and printed in Schulte et al., 1992. 72. )(3) Evidently in this respect translating resembles teaching. (Savory, Theodore. The Art of Translation. London: Jonathan Cape, 1968. 35)总结:翻译比喻的使用语境与文化蕴涵 翻译比喻,无论其表象如何,无论其数量有多少,它们所阐述的深层思想,实际上都是围绕有关原文的主导性、译者顺从性或叛逆性等几个主题展开的。这些翻译比喻的使用语

25、境及其文化意蕴有以下几点主要发现: 第一,绝大部分翻译比喻的使用语境都与文学翻译有关,尤其是诗歌翻译。自古至今,概莫如此。据二百多个翻译比喻的统计,其中关于文学翻译的比喻共有240多条,约占总数的90%;关于其他翻译类别的比喻总共不过30条,约占总数的10%。在某种意义上,这是翻译的必然现象。 译者:调停人 原语、原文化译语、译文化发挥主体性隐 身发挥主体性:创造性叛逆译者本人的学识、伦理观念,所处的时代、环境,诗学,意识形态、中间人(宗教团体、政党、政府部门、出版商、传媒机构)等影响译者的因素及译者的角色原作原作者原作读者译作读者译作原因很明显: (一) 文学翻译有如文学创作,是一种比其他翻译类型如宗教、科技翻译都更需要创意、更需要使用形象语言的翻译。文学翻译家们既然更需要并更擅长于用诗化的、形象的语言来从事翻译,也自然更能使用诗的、形象的语言来谈论翻译。 (二) 就书面翻译而言,文学翻译在整个翻译活动中往往处于主流的地位,西方翻译传统尤其如此。虽然圣经翻译的地位举足轻重,但文学翻译在翻译活动中

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