2022年考研考博-考博英语-哈尔滨工业大学考试名师押题精选卷I（带答案详解）试卷号19

住在富人区的她2022年考研考博-考博英语-哈尔滨工业大学考试名师押题精选卷I（带答案详解）（图片可根据实际调整大小）题型12345总分得分一.综合题(共50题)1.单选题

NearlyeverywriteronthephilosophyofcivilrightsactivistMartinLutherKing,itmakesaconnectionbetweenKingandHenryDavidThoreau,usuallyviaThoreau’sfamousessay.”CivilDisobedience"(1849).InhisbookStrideTowardFreedom(1958),KinghimselfstatedthatThoreau’sessaywashisfirstintellectualcontactwiththetheoryofpassiveresistancetogovernmentallawsthatareperceivedasmorallyunjust.However,thisemphasisonThoreau’sinfluenceonKingisunfortunate:first,KingwouldnothaveagreedwithmanyotheraspectsofThoreau’sphilosophy,includingThoreau'sultimateacceptanceofviolenceasaformofprotest;second,anoveremphasisontheinfluenceofoneessayhaskepthistoriansfromnotingothercorrespondencesbetweenKing'sphilosophyandtranscendentalism."CivilDisobedience"astheonlyexampleoftranscendentalistwritingwithwhichKingwasfamiliar,andinmanyothertranscendentalistwritings,includingworksbyRalphWaldoEmersonandMargaretFuller,Kingwouldhavefoundideasmorenearlyakintohisown.

ThekindofcivildisobedienceKinghadinmindwas,infact,quitedifferentfromThoreau’sviewofcivildisobedience.Thoreau,likemostothertranscendentalists,wasprimarilyinterestedinreformoftheindividual,whereasKingwasprimarilyinterestedinreformofsociety.AsaprotestagainsttheMexicanWar,Thoreaurefusedtopaytaxes,buthedidnothopebyhisactiontoforceachangeinnationalpolicy.Whileheencouragedotherstoadoptsimilarprotests,hedidnotattempttomountanymassprotestactionagainstunjustlaws.IncontrasttoThoreau,Kingbegantoadvocatetheuseofmasscivildisobediencetoaffectrevolutionarychangeswithinthesocialsystem.

However,King’swritingssuggestthat,withoutrealizingit,hewasanincipienttranscendentalist.Mosttranscendentalistssubscribedtotheconceptof“higherlaw”andincludedcivildisobediencetounjustlawsaspartoftheirstrategy.TheyofteninvokedtheconceptofhigherlawtojustifytheiroppositiontoslaveryandtoadvocatedisobediencetothestrengthenedFugitiveSlaveLawof1850.Inhissecondmajorbook,King’sdiscussionofjustandunjustlawsandtheresponsibilityoftheindividualisverysimilartothetranscendentalists'discussionofhigherlaw.Inreferencetohowonecanadvocatebreakingsomelawsandobeyingothers,Kingnotesthattherearetwotypesoflaws,justandunjust;hedescribesajustlawasa“codethatsquareswiththemorallaw”andanunjustlawasa“codethatisoutofharmonywiththemorallaw.”Thus,King’soppositiontotheinjusticeoflegalizedsegregationinthetwentiethcenturyisphilosophicallyakintothetranscendentalists9oppositiontotheFugitiveSlaveLawinthenineteenthcentury.

1.Whichoneofthefollowingbeststatesthemanideaofthepassage?

2.Whichoneofthefollowingstatementsabout“CivilDisobedience”wouldtheauthorconsidermostaccurate?

3.Accordingtothepassage,whichoneofthefollowingistrueofEmersonandFuller?

4.ThepassagesuggestswhichoneofthefollowingaboutThoreau?

5.Accordingtothepassage,Kingdifferedfrommosttranscendentalistsinthathe（

）.

问题1选项

A.King’sphilosophywasmoreinfluencedbyThoreau’sessayoncivildisobediencethanbyanyotherwritingofthetranscendentalists

B.WhilehistoriansmayhaveoverestimatedThoreau’sinfluenceonKing,Kingwasgreatlyinfluencedbyanumberofthetranscendentalistphilosophers.

C.Thoreau’sandKing’sviewsoncivildisobediencedifferedinthatKingwasmoreconcernedwiththesocialreformthanwiththeeconomicreformofsociety.

D.AlthoughhistorianshaveoveremphasizedThoreau’sinfluenceonKing,thereareparallelsbetweenKing’sphilosophyandtranscendentalismthathavenotbeenfullyappreciated.

问题2选项

A.ItinfluencedKing’sphilosophyonpassiveresistancetounjustlaws.

B.ItwasnotKing’sfirstcontactwiththeconceptofpassiveresistancetounjustlaws.

C.ItprovidedKingwithamodelforusingpassiveresistancetoeffectsocialchange.

D.Itcontainsanumberofideaswithwhichothertranscendentalistsstronglydisagreed

问题3选项

A.SomeoftheirideaswerelesstypicaloftranscendentalismthanweresomeofThoreau’sideas.

B.SomeoftheirideasweremoresimilartoKing’sthanweresomeofThoreau's.

C.Theirideasaboutcivildisobedienceandunjustlawsareaswell'knownasThoreau’sare.

D.TheywouldhavebeenmorelikelythanThoreautoagreewithKingonthenecessityofmassprotestincivildisobedience.

问题4选项

A.Hewasthefirsttodevelopfullythetheoryofcivildisobedience.

B.HisworkhashadagreaterinfluenceoncontemporarythinkersthanhastheworkofEmersonandFuller.

C.Headvocatedusingcivildisobediencetoforcethefederalgovernmenttochangeitspoliciesonwar.

D.Hisphilosophydoesnotcontainallofthesameelementsasthephilosophiesoftheothertranscendentalists.

问题5选项

A.opposedviolenceasaformofcivilprotest.

B.believedthatjustlawshadaninherentmoralvalue.

C.showedmoreinterestedinreformingsocietythaninreformingtheindividual.

D.protestedsocialandlegalinjusticeinUnitedStatessocietyratherthanUnitedStatesforeignpolicy.

【答案】第1题:D

第2题:A

第3题:D

第4题:D

第5题:C

【解析】1.根据第一段的中心句However,thisemphasisonThoreau’sinfluenceonKingisunfortunate:first,...second.确定作者认为大部分作家过分强调梭罗与金思想上的联系，并且忽略了金与其他先验论主义者的联系。由此推断出D选项‘尽管历史学家过分强调梭罗对金的影响，但金的哲学与超验主义之间存在着尚未得到充分认识的相似之处。’正确。

2.根据文章第一段，可知金的哲学思想是受到了梭罗的影响，这种影响带到政治生活中即是：King’sdiscussionofjustandunjustlawsandtheresponsibilityoftheindividualisKingnotesthattherearetwotypesoflaws,justandunjust;hedescribesajustlawasa“codethatsquareswiththemorallaw马丁路德金对公正和不公正法律的讨论以及个人的责任指出有两种类型的法律，公正和不公正;他把公正的法律描述为“符合道德法则的准则”，所以A选项‘ItinfluencedKing’sphilosophyonpassiveresistancetounjustlaws.它影响了金对不公正法律的消极抵抗的哲学。正确。

3.根据文章第二段最后一句‘IncontrasttoThoreau,Kingbegantoadvocatetheuseofmasscivildisobediencetoaffectrevolutionarychangeswithinthesocialsystem.与梭罗相反，金开始提倡使用大规模的公民不服从来影响社会体系内的革命变革。’和最后一段”...isverysimilartothetranscendentalists’discussionofhigherlaw.因此，马丁•路德•金反对20世纪不公正的种族隔离合法化，在哲学上类似于19世纪超验主义者反对逃亡奴隶法。‘推测出D选项‘爱默生和福勒会比梭罗更赞同其非暴力反抗的大规模抗议的必要性‘正确。

4.根据文章第二段AsaprotestagainsttheMexicanWar,Thoreaurefusedtopaytaxes,buthedidnothopebyhisactiontoforceachangeinnationalpolicy.作为对墨西哥战争的抗议，梭罗拒绝交税，但他不希望通过自己的行动迫使国家政策发生改变。”可知C选项’他主张用非暴力反抗战争迫使联邦政府改变其政策‘正确。A，B皆为错误表达。D选项正确。

5.根据文章第二段“Thoreau,likemostothertranscendentalists,wasprimarilyinterestedinreformoftheindividual,whereasKingwasprimarilyinterestedinreformofsociety.梭罗和大多数先验论者一样，主要对个人的改革感兴趣，而金主要对社会的改革感兴趣。”确定C选项正确。

2.单选题

Wecontinuetosharewithourremotestancestorsthemosttangledandevasiveattitudesaboutdeathdespitethegreatdistancewehavecometounderstandsomeoftheprofoundaspectsofbiology.Wehaveasmuchdistastefortalkingaboutpersonaldeathasforthinkingaboutit,itisanindelicacyliketalkinginmixedcompanyaboutvenerealdiseaseorabortionintheolddays.Deathonagrandscaledoesnotbotherusinthesamespecialway:wecansitaroundadinnertableanddiscusswar,involving60millionvolatilizedhumandeaths,asthoughweweretalkingaboutbadweather,wecanwatchabruptbloodydeatheveryday,incolor,onfilmsandtelevision,withoutblinkingbackatear.Itiswhenthennumbersofdeadareverysmall,andveryclosethatwebegintothinkinscurryingcircles.Attheverycenteroftheproblemisthenakedcolddeadnessofone’sownself,theonlyrealityinnatureofwhichwecanhaveabsolutecertainty,anditisunmentionable,unthinkable.Wemaybeevenlesswillingtofacetheissueatfirsthandthanourpredecessorsbecauseofasecretnewhopethatmaybeitwillgoaway.Weliketothink,hidingthethought,thatwithallthemarvelouswaysinwhichweseemnowtoleadnaturearoundbythenose,perhapswecanavoidthecentralproblemifwejustbecome,nextyear,say,abitsmarter.

1.Accordingtothepassage,wedobetterthanourremotestancestorsbecause（

）.

2.Whenwetalkatthedinnertableaboutawarinwhichmanypeoplelosttheirlives,weareliabletoshowour（

）.

3.Fromthepassage,weknowthatapersonbecomesupsetaboutdeathwhen（

）.

4.Accordingtopassage,theonlyrealityweknowforsureis（

）.

5.Thelastsentenceofthepassagesuggestspeopledeceivethemselvesbythethoughtthat（

）

问题1选项

A.ourattitudeaboutdeathismoredirectandscientific

B.wehaveadeeperunderstandingofbiology

C.wecancalmlytalkaboutdeath

D.wecantalkfreelyatdinnertable

问题2选项

A.indignation

B.sympathy

C.indifference

D.superstition

问题3选项

A.heseesdeathonfilmsandtelevision

B.herealizesthatmanispowerlessbeforenature

C.helosesoneofhisrelativesorintimatefriends

D.hewitnessesdeathonagrandscale

问题4选项

A.wearemortalbeings

B.scienceenablesustoprolongourlives

C.weallsharesomeinnerapathytowardsothers

D.wearelessevasiveaboutdeaththanourpredecessors

问题5选项

A.wearemoreintelligentthanourancestors

B.wecanleadnaturearoundbythenose

C.wecanbecomesmartenoughtoputdeathoff

D.wecanavoidwarinthefuture

【答案】第1题:B

第2题:C

第3题:C

第4题:A

第5题:C

【解析】1.根据文章第一句Wecontinuetosharewithourremotestancestorsthemosttangledandevasiveattitudesaboutdeathdespitethegreatdistancewehavecometounderstandsomeoftheprofoundaspectsofbiology.我们继续与我们最遥远的祖先分享对死亡最纠结和逃避的态度，尽管我们已经了解了生物学的一些深刻方面。确定B选项‘我们对生物学有更深的理解‘正确。A选项‘我们对死亡的态度更直接更科学’、C选项‘我们可以平静地谈论死亡’、D选项‘我们可以在饭桌前自由谈论’不符合原文。

2.根据这一句话wecansitaroundadinnertableanddiscusswar,involving60millionvolatilizedhumandeaths,asthoughweweretalkingaboutbadweather,wecanwatchabruptbloodydeatheveryday,incolor,onfilmsandtelevision,withoutblinkingbackatear.我们可以围坐在餐桌旁讨论战争，涉及6000万人的死亡，就像我们在谈论恶劣的天气一样，我们可以每天在电影和电视上看到突然的血腥死亡，而且是彩色的，不眨一下眼泪。确定C选项‘冷漠，漠不关心’正确。

3.根据文章的thennumbersofdeadareverysmall大数量的死亡是很少的。Attheverycenteroftheproblemisthenakedcolddeadnessofone’sownself：核心的问题是某人会独自孤独地死去。由确定C选项‘他失去他的某位亲戚或亲密朋友’符合题意。

4.根据文章这一句话theonlyrealityinnatureofwhichwecanhaveabsolutecertainty,anditisunmentionable,unthinkable：这是我们唯一可以肯定的客观事实，并且是难以启齿的，不能想象的。确定A选项‘我们都终有一死‘正确。B选项‘科学能延长我们的生命‘文章没有提及。C选项’我们应当与他人分享自己内心的冷漠‘和D选项’我们比我们的袓先更无法逃避死亡‘不符合题意。

5.根据文章最后一句话Weliketothink,hidingthethought,thatwithallthemarvelouswaysinwhichweseemnowtoleadnaturearoundbythenose,perhapswecanavoidthecentralproblemifwejustbecome,nextyear,say,abitsmarter.我们喜欢思考，隐藏思想。现在我们用尽各种方法，似乎是我们牵着大自然的鼻子走。如果我们变得更聪明些，或许能够避免核心的问题。可以确定C选项‘我们足够聪明可以推迟死亡‘符合题意。

3.单选题

StudiesoftheWeddellsealinthelaboratoryhavedescribedthephysiologicalmechanismsthatallowthesealtocopewiththeextremeoxygendeprivationthatoccursduringitslongestdives,whichcanextend500metersbelowtheocean’ssurfaceandlastforover70minutes.Recentfieldstudies,however,suggestthatduringmoretypicaldivesinthewild,thisseal’sphysiologicalbehaviorisdifferent.

Inthelaboratory,whenthesealdivesbelowthesurfaceofthewaterandstopsbreathing,itsheartbeatsmoreslowly,requiringlessoxygenanditsarteriesbecomeconstricted,ensuringthattheseal’sbloodremainsconcentratednearthoseorgansmostcrucialtoitsabilitytonavigateunderwater.Thesealessentiallyshutsofftheflowofbloodtootherorgans,whicheitherstopfunctioninguntilthesealsurfacesorswitchtoananaerobic(oxygen-independent)metabolism.ThelatterresultsintheproductionoflargeamountsoflacticacidwhichcanadverselyaffectthePHoftheseal’sbloodbutsincetheanaerobicmetabolismoccursonlyinthosetissueswhichhavebeenisolatedfromtheseal’sbloodsupply,thelacticacidisreleasedintotheseal’sbloodonlyafterthesealsurfaces,whenthelungs,liver,andotherorgansquicklycleartheacidfromtheseal’sbloodstream.

Recentfieldstudies,however,revealthatondivesinthewild,thesealusuallyheadsdirectlyforitspreyandreturnstothesurfaceinlessthantwentyminutes.Theabsenceofhighlevelsoflacticacidintheseal’sbloodaftersuchdivessuggeststhatduringthen,theseal’sorgansdonotresorttotheanaerobicmetabolismobservedinthelaboratory,butaresuppliedwithoxygenfromtheblood.Theseal’slongerexcursionsunderwater,duringwhichitappearstobeeitherexploringdistantroutesorevadingapredator,doevokethedivingresponseseeninthelaboratory.Butwhydotheseal’slaboratorydivesalwaysevokethisresponse,regardlessoftheirlengthordepth?Somebiologistsspeculatethatbecauseinlaboratorydivesthesealisforciblysubmerged,itdoesnotknowhowlongitwillremainunderwaterandsopreparesfortheworst.

1.Thepassageprovidesinformationtosupportwhichofthefollowinggeneralizations?

2.ItcanbeinferredfromthepassagethatbydescribingtheWeddellsealaspreparing“fortheworst”lines31—32,biologistsmeanthatit（

）.

3.Thepassagesuggeststhatduringlaboratorydives.ThePHoftheWeddellseal’sbloodis（

）

4.Whichofthefollowingbestsummarizesthemainpointofthepassage?notadverselyaffectedbyproductionoflacticacidbecause.

5.Accordingtotheauthor,whichofthefollowingistrueofthelaboratorystudiesmentionedinline1?

6.TheauthorciteswhichofthefollowingascharacteristicoftheWeddellseal’sphysiologicalbehaviorduringdivesobservedinthelaboratory?

I.Adecreaseintherateatwhichtheseal’sheartbeats.

II.Aconstrictionoftheseal’sarteries.

III.Adecreaseinthelevelsoflacticacidintheseal’sblood.

IV.Atemporaryhaltinthefunctioningofcertainorgans.

7.ThepassagesuggeststhatbecauseWeddellsealsareforciblysubmergedduringlaboratorydives,theydowhichofthefollowing?

问题1选项

A.Observationsofanimals’physiologicalbehaviorinthewildarenotreliableunlessverifiedbylaboratorystudies.

B.Itisgenerallylessdifficulttoobservethephysiologicalbehaviorofananimalinthewildthaninthelaboratory.

C.Theleveloflacticacidinananimal’sbloodislikelytobehigherwhenitissearchingforpreythanwhenit’sevadingpredators.

D.Thephysiologicalbehaviorofanimalsinalaboratorysettingisnotalwaysconsistentwiththeirphysiologicalbehaviorinthewild.

问题2选项

A.preparestoremainunderwaterfornolongerthantwentyminutes

B.exhibitsphysiologicalbehaviorsimilartothatwhichcharacterizesdivesinwhichitheadsdirectlyforitsprey

C.exhibitsphysiologicalbehaviorsimilartothatwhichcharacterizesitslongestdivesinthewild

D.beginstoexhibitpredatorybehavior

问题3选项

A.onlythoseorgansthatareessentialtotheseal’sabilitytonavigateunder-waterreverttoananaerobicmechanism.

B.thesealtypicallyrevertstoananaerobicmetabolismonlyattheveryendofthedive

C.organsthatreverttoananaerobicmetabolismaretemporarilyisolatedfromtheseal’sbloodstream

D.thesealremainssubmergedforonlyshortperiodsoftime

问题4选项

A.RecentfieldstudieshaveindicatedthatdescriptionsofthephysiologicalbehavioroftheWeddellsealduringlaboratorydivesarenotapplicabletoitsmosttypicaldivesinthewild.

B.TheWeddellsealhasdevelopedanumberofuniquemechanismsthatenableittoremainsubmergedatdepthsofupto500metersforupto70minutes.

C.TheresultsofrecentfieldstudieshavemadeitnecessaryforbiologiststorevisepreviousperceptionsofhowtheWeddellsealbehavesphysiologicallyduringitslongestdivesinthewild.

D.HowtheWeddellsealrespondstooxygendeprivationduringitslongestdivesappearstodependonwhetherthesealissearchingforpreyoravoidingpredatorsduringsuchdives.

问题5选项

A.TheypresentanoversimplifiedaccountofmechanismsthattheWeddellsealreliesonduringitslongestdivesinthewild.

B.TheyprovideevidencethatunderminestheviewthattheWeddellsealreliesonananaerobicmetabolismduringit’sinthewild.

C.TheyarebasedontheassumptionthatWeddellsealsrarelyspendmorethantwentyminutesunderwateronatypicaldiveinthewild.

D.TheyprovideanaccurateaccountofthephysiologicalbehaviorofWeddellsealsduringthosedivesinthewildinwhichtheyareeitherevadingpredatorsorexploringdistantroutes.

问题6选项

A.IandIIIonly

B.IandIVonly

C.IIandIIIonly

D.I，II，andIVonly

问题7选项

A.Exhibitthephysiologicalresponsesthatarecharacteristicofthelongerdivestheyundertakeinthewild.

B.Copewithoxygendeprivationlesseffectivelythandoontypicaldivesinthewild.

C.Producesmalleramountsoflacticacidthantheydoontypicaldivesinthewild.

D.Navigatelesseffectivelythantheydoontypicaldivesinthewild.

【答案】第1题:D

第2题:C

第3题:C

第4题:A

第5题:D

第6题:D

第7题:A

【解析】1.细节判断题。根据文章第一段末尾提到“Recentfieldstudies,however,suggestthatduringmoretypicaldivesinthewild,thisseal’sphysiologicalbehaviorisdifferent.”然而，最近有研究表明在更为真实的野生环境中，威德尔氏海豹在深度潜水时的生理反应与在实验室中是不一样的。D选项符合题意。野生环境中所观察到的现象并不一定要通过实验室来证明，A选项明显是错误表达。文中并未提及在实验室中和在野生环境中哪个更容易观察海豹的生理反应，B选项排除。文中第三段表明海豹在搜寻猎物和攻击肉食动物时，乳酸升高的度数是一样的。C选项错误，排除。

2.推理判断题。根据文章末尾“itdoesnotknowhowlongitwillremainunderwaterandsopreparesfortheworst.”即它并不知道它会在水底待多久，因此做好了最坏的打算。这里所说的“最坏的打算”是指海豹做好了它在野外潜水（不知道潜水深度和时间）一样的准备。确定C选项‘展示的生理行为类似于在野外描述其最长的潜水’符合题意。

3.细节判断题。根据文章最后一句“ThelatterresultsintheproductionoflargeamountsoflacticacidwhichcanadverselyaffectthePHoftheseal’sbloodbutsincetheanaerobicmetabolismoccursonlyinthosetissueswhichhavebeenisolatedfromtheseal’sbloodsupply,thelacticacidisreleasedintotheseal’sbloodonlyafterthesealsurfaces,whenthelungs,liver,andotherorgansquicklycleartheacidfromtheseal’sbloodstream.后者即无氧代谢结果在生产大量的乳酸可以影响密封的PH值的血液但由于厌氧代谢只发生在那些组织已隔绝密封的血液供应，乳酸是释放到密封的血只有在密封表面，当肺、肝等器官迅速清除酸从密封的血液。”即无氧代谢产生了大量的乳酸，这些乳酸对海豹的血液产生了负面的影响。但是由于无氧代谢只发生在一些特定的无需海豹血液供给的组织，海豹浮出水面后，乳酸开始摄入海豹的血液。此时，海豹的肺、肝以及其他的一些器官迅速地把乳酸排除出海豹的血液。所以C选项‘恢复到厌氧代谢状态的器官会暂时从海豹的血液中分离出来’符合题意。A、B过于绝对，可直接排除。D项与题目无关。

4.主旨大意题。本文开门见山，作者在第一段直接指出最近有研究表明在更为真实的野生环境中，威德尔氏海豹在深度潜水时的生理反应与在实验室中是不一样的。所以A选项‘最近的野外研究表明，对威德尔海豹在实验室潜水时的生理行为的描述并不适用于它在野外最典型的潜水行为’符合题意。

5.细节判断题。由第三段可知，海豹在水下潜水时，其生理机制是很复杂的，所以A选项‘他们对威德尔海豹在野外最长时间潜水时所依赖的机制进行了过于简化的描述。’排除。该实验证明了威德尔氏海豹在野外潜水时依靠无氧排泄，并没有推翻它，所以B选项错误。海豹很少会在水下持续潜水超过20分钟，这是研究证明了的，并不是一个假设，C选项错误，排除。根据第三段‘Theseal’slongerexcursionsunderwater,duringwhichitappearstobeeitherexploringdistantroutesorevadingapredator海豹在水下长时间潜水时，它要么在探索远行的路线要么在捕食食肉动物‘确定D选项‘它们准确地描述了威德尔海豹在野外潜水时的生理行为。在野外潜水时，威德尔海豹要么躲避捕食者，要么探索遥远的路线。’符合题意。

6.细节判断题。根据文中第二段‘Inthelaboratory,whenthesealdivesbelowthesurfaceofthewaterandstopsbreathing,itsheartbeatsmoreslowly,requiringlessoxygenanditsarteriesbecomeconstricted.Thesealessentiallyshutsofftheflowofbloodtootherorgans,whicheitherstopfunctioninguntilthesealsurfacesorswitchtoananaerobic（oxygen-independent）metabolism.在实验室里，当海豹潜到水面以下停止呼吸时，它的心脏跳动得更慢，需要的氧气更少，动脉也会收缩。海豹实际上关闭了血液的流动到其他器官,要么停止运转,直至密封表面或切换到厌氧(oxygen-independent)新陈代谢。’确定I、II、IV都在文中提到，所以D选项正确。III中应该是乳酸升高而非降低，所以排除。

7.判断推理题。文中最后一句提到一些生物学家猜测由于在实验室中，海豹通常是被迫下水，它并不知道它会在水底待多久，因此做好了最坏的打算。这里的最坏的打算是指“海豹做好了它在野外潜水（不知道潜水深度和时间）一样的准备”。所以A选项‘表现出它们在野外进行的较长时间潜水所特有的生理反应‘符合题意。

4.单选题

HowdidalankyDanishvegetarianwhowearsT-shirtstoimportantmeetingsandvotesonlyforleft-wingpoliticiansbecomethegreatSatanofenvironmentalism?Bytellingeveryoneheisanenvironmentalistbutsoundingliketheopposite.“Wearenotrunningoutofenergyornaturalresources,”writesBjornLomborg,37,anassociateprofessorofstatisticsatDenmark'sUniversityofAarhusandaformermemberofGreenpeace,inhis1998bookTheSkepticalEnvironmentalist.“Airandwateraroundusarebecominglessandlesspolluted.Mankind'slothasactuallyimprovedintermsofpracticallyeverymeasurableindicator.”

Thebook,whichwaspublishedinEnglishlastyear,becameabestseller,andconservativesworldwideuseitsideastojustifyinactiononsuchissuesasdeforestationandglobalwarming."Weshoulddosomethingthatactuallydoesgoodandnotsoundsgood,”hesaysoftheexpenseofcomplyingwiththeKyotoProtocolonglobalwarming.“ForthecostofKyotoforoneyear,wecouldgivecleandrinkingwaterandsanitationtoeveryhumanbeingonearth."

SomescientistssaytheyinitiallyhopedtoignoreLomborgbutinthewakeofhisbook’spopularityhavereactedwithafuryrarelyseeninacademia.PeterRaven,chairmanoftheAmericanAssociationfortheAdvancementofScience,callsLomborg“theprimeexampleinourtimeofsomeonewhodistortsstatisticsandstatementstomeethisownpoliticalend.”Adozenesteemedenvironmentalscientists,includingRavenandHarvard’sEdwardO.Wilson,aredemandingthatLomborg’spublishercuthimloose.“WearedeeplydisturbedthatCambridgeUniversityPresswouldpublishandpromoteanerror-filled,poorlyreferencedandnon-peer-reviewedwork,”theywriteinalettercallingonCambridgetotransferpublishingrightstoapopular,non-scholarlypress.

Theproblemis,Lomborggetsmanyofhisfactsrightandprovides2,930footnotestomakethemeasytocheck.Somescientistsandenvironmentaladvocateshavemadeexaggeratedclaimsaboutenvironmentaldoom,andit’snotsurprisingthattheyhavefinallybeencatalogued.YetLomborgisasguiltyofexaggerationandselectiveuseofdataasthosehecriticizes.Heisrightthatairandwaterqualityandagriculturalproductivityhaveimprovedinmuchoftheworld.Buttolookatthedataonglobalwarming,biologicaldiversity,marinedepletionanddeforestationandstillsaythingsaregenerallygettingbettertakesawillfulblindness.That’swhyit’sashamesomanyoftheattacksonLomborgrelyonnamecalling.Allthatdoesistoavoidwhatcouldbeavaluabledebateonthesubstanceofenvironmentalpolicy—and,ofcourse,helpLomborgsellbooks.“I'mmakingafairamountofmoneyfromthebook,’’saysLomborg,‘‘AlotmorethanCambridgethought,

1.WhyisBjornLamborgcriticizedbyenvironmentalists?

2.WecanlearnfromthetextthatTheSkepticalEnvironmentalistisabookthat（

）.

3.ConservativesworldwidesharewithLomborgthesameviewthatdeforestationandglobalwarmingare（

）.

4.Thescientists,accordingtothetext,demandthatCambridgeUniversityPress（）.

5.WhatdoestheauthorthinkofthecriticismagainstLomborg'sbook?

问题1选项

A.Becausehehasalwaysbeenagainstprotectingtheenvironment.

B.Becausehebelievesthatenvironmentalproblemsarebecomingworse.

C.Becauseheputforwardanewhypothesisofprotectingtheworldenvironment.

D.Becauseheclaimstobeanenvironmentalistbutdoubtsthatenvironmentalproblemsareasseriousastheyusedtobe.

问题2选项

A.hasattractedattentionfromboththepublicandthescholars

B.hasbeenneglectedbythereaderssinceitspublication

C.hasbeengreatlypraisedbythereaderssinceitspublication

D.hasbeengreatlycriticizedbythereaderssinceitspublication

问题3选项

A.gettingworseandworsebecausenothinghasbeendoneaboutthem

B.gettingbetterandbetterbecausemuchmoneyhasbeenspentonthem

C.notseriousproblemsthatshouldbesolvedatgreatcostatpresent

D.seriousproblemsthatshouldbesolvedatanycost

问题4选项

A.sellallthebookstoapopular,non-scholarlypress,forthebookisfulloferrors

B.stoppublishingthebookandsellthepublishingrightstoanon-scholarlypress,forthebookisnotanacademicbook

C.stoppublishinganybookswrittenbyLomborg,forheisnotacceptedbyhispeerstransferthepublishingrightsofthebooktoanotherpress,forthebookisnotwellreferenced

问题5选项

A.Itisnotfair,forthebookiswell-referenced.

B.Itisfairandhasbeenconductedinagoodway.

C.ItpreventsLomborgfromgettingmoremoneyfromthebook.

D.Itshouldnotbename-callingbutshouldbecarriedoutinawaythatcouldstartameaningfuldiscussiononhowtosolveenvironmentalproblems.

【答案】第1题:D

第2题:A

第3题:C

第4题:B

第5题:D

【解析】1.根据文章第一段第一句HowdidalankyDanishvegetarianwhowearsT-shirtstoimportantmeetingsandvotesonlyforleft-wingpoliticiansbecomethegreatSatanofenvironmentalism?可知他遭到了环保主义者的反对；再根据下一句Bytellingeveryoneheisanenvironmentalistbutsoundingliketheopposite.“Wearenotrunningoutofenergyornaturalresources,“Airandwateraroundusarebecominglessandlesspolluted.Mankind'slothasactuallyimprovedintermsofpracticallyeverymeasurableindicator.”我们没有耗尽能源或自然资源，”“我们周围的空气和水污染越来越少。实际上，人类的命运在每一个可衡量的指标上都有所改善。”确定他表达自己是一个环保主义者，但是他的一些论点和看法与此相悖，所以遭到了很多环保主义者的反对，所以D选项‘因为他声称自己是一个环保主义者但是质疑环境问题和以前一样’正确。

2.根据第二段第一句Thebook,whichwaspublishedinEnglishlastyear,becameabestseller,andconservativesworldwideuseitsideastojustifyinaction..可知这本书是一本畅销书，全世界很多保守党都关注了这本书；再由SomescientistssaytheyinitiallyhopedtoignoreLomborgbutinthewakeofhisbook’spopularityhavereactedwithafuryrarelyseeninacademia.可知很多的科学家也都关注了这本书，综合分析确定A选项‘这本书受到了很多公众以及专家学者的关注’符合题意。

3.根据第二段中的内容andconservativesworldwideuseitsideastojustifyinactiononsuchissuesasdeforestationandglobalwarming.“Weshoulddosomethingthatactuallydoesgoodandnotsoundsgood，一些保守党根据这一观点认为对于采伐森林和全球变暖这些问题并不严重，认为他们对于这些问题采取的不作为态度是正当的，确定C选项“这个问题并不是一个需要花大成本去解决的严重问题”符合题意。

4.根据文章第三段最后一句内容“WearedeeplydisturbedthatCambridgeUniversityPresswouldpublishandpromoteanerror-filled,poorlyreferencedandnon-peer-reviewedwork,’’theywriteinalettercallingonCambridgetotransferpublishingrightstoapopular,non-scholarlypress.科学家呼吁剑桥大学出版社不应该出版这样的错误满篇、参考不足、没有先行评审的书籍，应该把这本书出版权给一个普遍的、非学术性的出版社，确定B选项‘停止出版这本书，把出版权卖给非学术出版社，因为这本书不是学术著作’符合正确。

5.根据最后一段内容That'swhyit’sashamesomanyoftheattacksonLomborgrelyonnamecalling.Allthatdoesistoavoidwhatcouldbeavaluabledebateonthesubstanceofenvironmentalpolicy—and,ofcourse,helpLomborgsellbooks.这就是为什么如此多对隆伯格的攻击都是靠骂人来实现的。所有这些都是为了避免一场关于环境政策实质内容的有价值的辩论，当然，也是为了帮助隆伯格卖书。确定作者认为对于Lomborg的攻击只会使得他的书卖的更好，对于解决环境问题以及这样有价值的研究讨论是没有作用的，所以D选项‘这不应该是谩骂，而是应该以一种能够就如何解决环境问题展开有意义的讨论的方式来进行‘符合题意。

5.翻译题

在不久的将来，3D打印技术将走进千家万户。有了3D打印机后，人人都可以通过数码设计制造出各种想象中的物体，或者借用不管来自世界哪个角落的某种设计。只需按一个钮，3D打印机就可以用一层层的塑料或其它材质，把你设计的物品在你眼前“打印”出来。10年前的科幻小说情节如今己经成为现实。事实上，能让我们的电脑打印纸质文档的点矩阵(dot-matrix)打印机，这是不久之前才发明出来的，而现在3D打印机又以同样的方式，使我们梦想的各种物体都能呈现在我们眼前。有了3D打印机的魔力，人人都是制造商，唯一能限制我们的，就是我们的想象力。

【答案】Itwon'tbelongbeforeeveryonewillhaveaccesstoa3Dprinte