2022年考研考博-考博英语-中国地质大学考试名师押题精选卷I（带答案详解）试卷号3

住在富人区的她2022年考研考博-考博英语-中国地质大学考试名师押题精选卷I（带答案详解）（图片可根据实际调整大小）题型12345总分得分一.综合题(共50题)1.单选题

1.Inthequestforbetterhealth,manypeopleturntodoctors,self-helpbooksorherbalsupplements.Buttheyoverlookapowerfulweaponthatcouldhelpthemfightillnessanddepression,speedrecovery,slowagingandprolonglife:theirfriends.Researchersareonlynowstartingtopayattentiontotheimportanceoffriendshipandsocialnetworksinoverallhealth.A10-yearAustralianstudyfoundthatolderpeoplewithalargecircleoffriendswere22percentlesslikelytodieduringthestudyperiodthanthosewithfewerfriends.Alarge2007studyshowedanincreaseofnearly60percentintheriskforobesityamongpeoplewhosefriendsgainedweightAndlastyear,Harvardresearchersreportedthatstrongsocialtiescouldpromotebrainhealthasweage.“Ingeneral,theroleoffriendshipinourlivesisn’tterriblywellappreciated,”saidRebeccaGAdams,aprofessorofsociologyattheUniversityofNorthCarolina,Greensboro.“Thereisjustscadsofstuffonfamiliesandmarriage,butverylittleonfriendship.Itbafflesme.Friendshiphasabiggerimpactonourpsychologicalwell一beingthanfamilyrelationships.”

2.Inanewbook,“TheGirlsFromAmes:AStoryofWomenanda40—YearFriendship”(Gotham),JeffreyZaslowtellsthestoryof11childhoodfriendswhoscatteredfromIowatoeightdifferentStates.Despitethedistance,theirfriendshipsenduredthroughcollegeandmarriage,divorceandothercrises,includingthedeathofoneofthewomeninher20s.Using,scrapbooks,photoalbumsandthewomen’sownmemories,Mr.Zaslowchronicleshowtheirclosefriendshipshaveshapedtheirlivesandcontinuetosustainthem.Theroleoffriendshipintheirhealthandwell-beingisevidentinalmosteverychapter.

3.Twoofthefriendshaverecentlylearnedtheyhavebreastcancer.KellyZwagerman,

nowahighschoolteacherwholivesinNorthfield,Minn,saidthatwhenshegotherdiagnosisinSeptember2007，herdoctortoldhertosurroundherselfwithlovedones.Instead,shereachedouttoherchildhoodfriends,eventhoughtheylivedfaraway,“ThefirstpeopleItoldwerethewomenfromAmes，”shesaidinaninterview.Je-mailedthem.Iimmediatelyhade-mailsandphonecallsandmessagesofsupport.Itwasinstantthatthelovepouredinfromallofthem.”Whenshecomplainedthathertreatmentledtopainfulsoresinherthroat,anAmesgirlsentasmoothiemakerandrecipes.Another,whohadlostadaughtertoleukemia,sentMs.Zwagermanahand-knittedhat,knowingherheadwouldbecoldwithouthair,stillanothersentpajamasmadeofspecialfabrictohelpcopewithnightsweats.MsZwagermansaidshewasoftenmorecomfortablediscussingherillnesswithhergirlfriendsthanwithherdoctor，“Wegosofarbackthatthesewomenwilltalkaboutanything，”shesaid.

4.Ms.ZwagermansaysherfriendsfromAmeshavebeenanessentialfactorinhertreatmentandrecovery,andresearchherout.In2006,astudyofnearly3,000nurseswithbreastcancerfoundthatwomenwithoutclosefriendswerefourtimesaslikelytodiefromthediseaseaswomenwith10ormorefriends.Andnotably,proximityandtheamountofcontactwithafriendwasn’tassociatedwithsurvival.Justhavingfriendswasprotective.

5.BellaDePaulo,avisitingpsychologyprofessorattheUniversityofCalifornia,SantaBarbara,whoseworkfocusesonsinglepeopleandfriendships,notesthatinmanystudies,friendshiphasanevengreatereffectonhealththanaspouseorfamilymember.Inthestudyofnurseswithbreastcancer,havingaspousewasn’tassociatedwithsurvival.Whilemanyfriendshipstudiesfocusontheintenserelationshipsofwomen,someresearchshowsthatmencanbenefit,too.Inasix-yearstudyof736middle-ageSwedishmen,attachmenttoasinglepersondidn’tappeartoaffecttheriskofheartattackandfatalcoronaryheartdisease,buthavingfriendshipsdid.Onlysmokingwasasimportantariskfactoraslackofsocialsupport.

6.Exactlywhyfriendshiphassuchabigeffectisn’tentirelyclear.Whilefriendscanrunerrandsandpickupmedicineforasickperson,thebenefitsgowellbeyondphysicalassistance;indeed,proximitydoesnotseemtobeafactor.Itmaybethatpeoplewithstrongsocialtiesalsohavebetteraccesstohealthservicesandcare.Beyondthat,however,friendshipclearlyhasaprofoundpsychologicaleffect.Peoplewithstrongfriendshipsarelesslikelythanotherstogetcolds,perhapsbecausetheyhavelowerstresslevels.

7.Lastyear,researchersstudied34studentsattheUniversityofVirginia,takingthentothebaseofasteephillandfittingthemwithaweightedbackpack.Theywerethenaskedtoestimatethesteepnessofthehill.Someparticipantsstoodnexttofriendsduringtheexercise,whileotherswerealone.Thestudentswhostoodwithfriendsgavetowerestimateofthesteepnessofthehill.Andthelongerthefriendshadknown,eachother,thelesssteepthehillappeared,“Peoplewithstrongerfriendshipnetworksfeellikethereissomeonetheycanturnto.”SaidKarenA.Roberto,directorofthecenterforgerontologyatVirginiaTech.“Friendshipisanundervaluedresource.Theconsistentmessageofthesestudiesisthatfriendsmakeyourlifebetter.”

1.Thesignificanceoffriendshipinkeepingindividualshealth（

）.

2.JefferyZaslowhasrecentlypublishedabook（

）.

3.Thestudiescitedinthearticle（

）

4.Accordingtothearticle,psychologistBellaDepaulothinksthat（

）.

5.Thestudydescribedinparagraph6suggeststhatthepresenceoffriendsmakeshumanbeings（

）.

问题1选项

A.Issomethingaboutwhichmedicalresearchsofarhasnothingtosay,thoughsocialscientistshavelongsuspecteditsrole

B.Hasbeenrecognizedbothintuitivelyandscientificallyformanydecades

C.Waslongoverlookedbyscientists,thoughinthelastfewyearssomej2orstudiesofithavebeenconducted

D.Isnowveryclearinallrespects.

问题2选项

A.Presentingtheresultsofmanyyearsorigorousscientificinvestigationoftheconnectionbetweenfriendshipandlongevity(=longlife)

B.Focusingontheverypositiverolethatfriendshiphasplayedinkeepingelevenwomenhealthyformorethanfortyyears.

C.Showingthatactivefriendshipisveryeffectiveindefeatingcancer

D.Thatexplorestheimpactofanetworkoffriendshipsonmanyaspectsofthelivesofelevenwomen,includingtheirhealth.

问题3选项

A.Seemtosuggestthatthepositiveeffectsoffriendshiponhealthdonotrequireactuallybeingnearfriends

B.Shedlightonthedissimilarhealthimpactofsame-sexfriendshipsversusfriendshipsbetweenpeopleofdifferentsexes.

C.establishthatwomenhaveoreenduringfriendshipthatmendo,andbenefitaccordingly

D.provethatfriendshippromotesthehealthofmenandwomenequally.

问题4选项

A.Friendshipdoesnothavesogreataneffectonhealthasmarriageorbloodtiescan

B.Havingfriendsmaywellbemoreimportantforhealththanhavingrelativesoraspouse

C.Thekeytogoodhealthishavingatleastonepersonwhocanbecountedoninanillness

D.Havingaspouseisasseriousariskfactorassmokingforhumanhealthandlongevity

问题5选项

A.physicallystronger

B.recklessandunrealistic

C.moreenergetic

D.moreoptimistic

【答案】第1题:C

第2题:D

第3题:D

第4题:B

第5题:A

【解析】1.细节事实题。第一段提到了为证实友谊对健康的益处所做的研究并指出:Ingeneral,theroleoffriendshipinourlivesisn’tterriblywellappreciated(总的来说，友谊在我们生活中的作用并没有得到重视)。故选C:长期以来被科学家忽视,尽管在过去一些年中有做一些相关研究。

2.细节事实题。第二段指出:Theroleoffriendshipintheirhealthandwell-beingisevidentinalmosteverychapter(几乎在每一章中，友谊对他们健康和福祉的作用都是显而易见的)。故选D。

3.细节事实题。第五段:Whilemanyfriendshipstudiesfocusontheintenserelationshipsofwomen,someresearchshowsthatmencanbenefit,too(虽然许多对友谊的研究关注的是女性之间的亲密关系，但一些研究表明，男性也可以从中受益),故选D。

4.观点态度题。第五段:notesthatinmanystudies,friendshiphasanevengreatereffectonhealththanaspouseorfamilymember(BellaDepaulo认为在许多研究中，友谊对健康的影响比配偶或家庭成员更大)。故选B:对于健康而言,朋友可能比有亲戚或配偶更重要。

5.推理判断题。第六段讲的是友谊对于健康的益处。

2.填空题

A:Thiswineisdelicious.Wouldyoulike（1）?

B:Nottoday,thanks.It’sratherchillyout.DoyouhaveanythinghotthatIcoulddrink?

A:Sure.Wouldyouliketeaorcoffee?

B:.（2）Ienjoythemequally,sogivemewhicheverismoreconvenient.

【答案】

some;Either

【解析】1.常用语。wouldyoulikesome?你要点吗?

2.语义题。根据后面的givemewhicheverismoreconvenient可知茶或者咖啡都可以，填either。

3.填空题

A:Isn’tthatyourcar?

B:No,it（1）.Mineis（2）redoneoverthere

【答案】1.isn’t

2.the

【解析】1.语法分析。此处是否定回答。

2.语法分析。句意:我的是红色那辆。此处为特指,所以用定冠词the。

4.填空题

AOh,ProfessorDonaldson,it’ssuch（1）honortomeetyou!I’vereadallyourbooksandasmanyofyourarticlesasIcouldgetmyhandson.

BYou’renotZhangQing,areyou?

A,（2）buthowdoyouknowmyname?

BProf.LitoldmetobesuretomeetyouwhenIvisitedthecampus.Hesaidyouwereveryinterestedinourresearch.

AThat’strue,andI'vebeen（3）forwardtomeetingyoueversinceIheardyouwerecomingtoBeijing.

句意:

哦，唐纳森教授，非常荣幸见到你！我己拜读过您所有的书籍，且阅读了大量我所能接触到的你的文章。

你不是张青吗？

我就是，但您是怎么知道我的名字的？

李教授让我务必在参观校园时与你见面。他说你对我们的研宄很感兴趣。是的，自从听说您要来北京后，我就一直期盼着与你见面。

【答案】1.an

2.Yes

3.looking

【解析】1.语法题。Such跟honor之间用不定冠词，因为honor以元音发音开头，故用an。

2.语法题。当反意疑问句的前半部分是否定，后半部分是肯定时，如果事实是肯定，就用Yes，如果事实是否定就用No。

3.固定搭配。lookforwardto:盼望，希望。句中用到现在完成进行时，故用looking。

5.填空题

Yesterdayafternoon,whileJohnandLindawerebothatwork,thieves（1）intotheirflatand（2）money,jewelryandanexpensivenewcomputer.

【答案】1.broke;

2.took

【解析】1.固定搭配。breakinto闯入。因此此处填break的过去式broke。

2.语义题。第二空也填动词的过去式,由其宾语money可知填took(带走了)。

6.填空题

Thefirequicklyspreadthroughthehotel,butfortunatelytherewereonlya

（1）guestsandtheyallmanagedto（2）.

【答案】1.few

2.escape

【解析】1.语义题。afew后面接可数名词，表示“少量，几个”

2.语义题。句意:他们都成功逃脱了。

7.填空题

After（1）aboutitforseveralweeks,wedecidedtodoourfieldworkinanareaofsoutheasternYunnan（2）alongtheborderwithVietnam.The（3）withourchoicewasthattheareawasclosed,sowehadtoaskforofficial（4）toworkatthesitewehadinmind.（5），theofficialswespokewithwereveryopentoourarguments,afterwe（6）ourreasonsforwantingtodofieldworkneartheborder,theyquicklyapprovedourrequest.Wefinishedourfieldworkin2005.LastmonthIwent（7）totheareaforthefirsttimeanddiscoveredthatthingshavechangedgreatly（8）then.Theareaisnowcompletelyopenandthereisabrisktradeinmanufacturedgoodsinthetownsonsidesoftheborder.

句意:

在开始工作几个星期后，我们决定去云南东南部一个沿途与越南接壤的地方进行我们的野外作业。我们选择存在的一个问题是这个地方是关闭的，所以为了去在我们所想的地方作业，我们不得不去寻求官方的许可。幸运的是，与我们谈话的官员们非常乐意接受我们的推理。在我们解释完我们选择在临近边境地方做野外工作的原因后，他们很快就同意了我们的请求。

我们在2005年完成了我们的野外工作。上个月我独自第一次去了那个地方，发现情况从那时起己发生很大变化。这个区域现在是完全开发的，边境两边城镇里的制成品生意很兴隆。

【答案】1.setting

2.all

3.problem

4.approval

5.Fortunately

6.explained

7.alone

8.from

【解析】1.固定搭配。Setaboutdoingsth.开始着手做某事。

2.固定搭配。Allalong沿途,一路。

3.由后面的theareawasclosed“这个地方被关闭了”可推知“我的选择有问题”,根据“was”推测此处应用单数形式problem。

4.语义题。句意:在这个地方工作需要寻求官方的许可。

5.逻辑衔接。本来以为官方人员不好打交道，幸运的是他们比较开明。

6.逻辑衔接。说明施工原因。

7.逻辑关系。由关键词“I我”知这里可用副词alone独自”来修饰went（动词go“去”的过去式）。

8.由空格前的“havechanged己发生变化”为现在完成时态及“then那时”知可填一个表示“从……起”的介词，故可填from来构成from…then从那时起”。

both空格后面为复数形式sides,这里填入both表示边境的两边。

8.单选题

TheEarth'satmosphererecordedthehugedeclineinthepopulationoftheWesternHemisphereinthe150yearsfollowingthearrivalofColumbusfromSpainin1492.Soldiers,officials,settlersandmerchantsfromEurasiaandslavesfromAfricaunwittinglyintroducedcommondiseasessuchassmallpox(天花)，measles(麻疹)andinfluenzatowhichtheinhabitantsoftheAmericaspossessednoimmunity.Scholarlyestimatesofthetotalnumberofdeathsfromdiseasevarywidely,butthenumbermayhaveexceeded50millionandcertainlywipedout75%ormoreofnativeAmericans.Thisrapiddepopulationofthehemisphereallowedforeststogrowinformerfarmlands.By1610thegrowthofallthosetreeshadsuckedenoughcarbondioxide(CO2)outoftheskytocauseadropofatleastsevenpartspermillioninatmosphericconcentrationsofthemostprominentgreenhousegasandstartalittleiceage.

Basedonthatdramaticshift,SimonLewisandMarkMaslin,BritishecologistsworkingatUniversityCollegeLondon,believe1610shouldbeconsideredthestartingdateofanewgeologicepochcurrentlyunderdiscussionamongearthscientists:theAnthropocene,orrecentageofhumanity.LewisandMaslindubthedecreaseinatmosphericcarbondioxidethe’’OrbisSpike"fromtheLatinforworld,becausesince1492humancivilizationhasprogressivelyglobalized.InapaperpublishedthismonthinNature,theyarguethathumanimpactsontheplanethavebeendramaticenoughtowarrantformalrecognitionoftheAnthropoceneepochandthattheOrbisSpikeshouldserveasthemarkerofitsopening.

TheAnthropoceneisnotanewidea.Asfarbackasthe18thcenturythefirstscientificattempttolayoutachronologyofEarth’sgeologichistoryendedwithahumanepoch.Bythe19thcenturytheideawascommonplace,appearingastheAnthropozoic("humanliferocks")orthe'*EraofMan"ingeologytextbooks.Butbythemiddleofthe20thcentury,theideaoftheHolocene(thetermmeans"entirelyrecent"inGreekdesignatesthemostrecentperiod,datingfrom11,700yearsago,whentheglaciers(冰河)ofthelasticeagereceded)hadcometodominate,recognizinghumansasanimportantelementofthecurrentepoch,butnotthedefiningone.

Thatideaisnolongeradequate,accordingtoscientistsrangingfromgeologiststoclimatologists.Humanimpactshavesimplygrowntoolarge:somescientistspointtothefloodofnitrogen(N)releasedintotheworldbytheinventionoftheHaber-Boschprocess

forwrestingthevitalnutrientfromtheairtosupportagriculture,othersemphasizethefactthatmodempeoplenowmovemoreearthandstonethanalltheworld’sriversputtogether.

Researchershaveadvancedanarrayofproposalsforwhenthisputativenewepochmighthavebegun.Somelinkittothestartofthemassextinctionoflargemammals（卩甫孚L动物）suchaswoollymammothsandgiantkangaroossome50,000yearsagoortheadventofagriculturearound10,000yearsago.OtherssaytheAnthropoceneismuchmorerecentandtothebeginningoftheuptickinatmosphericCO2concentrationsaftertheinventionofaneffectivecoal-burningsteamengine.

ThemostprominentcurrentproposalconnectsthedawnoftheAnthropocenetothatofthenuclearage:long-lobedradionuclide（放射性同位素）leavealong-livedrecordintherock.Theboominhumanpopulationandconsumptionofeverythingfromcoppertomaize（玉米）after1950orso,knownasthe"GreatAcceleration",roughlycoincideswiththisnuclearmarker.Sodoestheadventofplasticsandotherremnantsofindustrialsociety,dubbed”technofossils"byJanZalasiewiczoftheUniversityofLeicester,thegeologistwhoheadsthegroupthatispushingforadditionoftheAnthropocenetothestandardgeologictimescale.TheradionuclidescanthenserveaswhatgeologistscallaGlobalStratotypeSectionandPoint,morecommonlyknownasa“goldenspike.”Perhapsthemostfamoussuchgoldenspikeisthethinlayerofiridium（Ir）afoundinpockexposednearElKef,Tunisia;itpinpointstheasteroidimpactthatterminatedtheageofthedinosaursandendedtheCretaceousabout65millionyearsago.

LewisandMaslinrejectthisradionuclidespikebecauseitisnottiedtoa*'world-changingevent"--atleastnotyet—althoughitisaclearsignalintherock.Ontheotherhand,theirOrbisSpikein1610reflectsboththemostrecentCO2lowpointandtheredistributionofplantsandanimalsaroundtheworldassociatedwiththeAgeofDiscoveryandtheriseofworldempires,atruechangingoftheworld.Muchlikethegoldenspikethatmarkstheendofthedinosaurs,theproposedOrbisSpikeitselfwouldbetiedtothelowpointofatmosphericCO?concentrationsaround1610,asrecordedinicecores,wheretinytrappedbubblesbetraypastatmospheres.FurthergeologicevidencewillcomefromtheappearanceofmaizepolleninsedimentcorestakeninEuropeandAsiaatthattime,amongotherindicatorsthatwillcomplementtheCO2record.Therefore,scientistslookingaticecores,mudorevenrockwillfindthisepochalshiftinthefuture.

TheCO2dropcoincideswithwhatclimatologistscalltheLittleIceAge.Thatcoolingeventmayhavebeentiedtoregeneratedforestsandotherplantsgrowingonsome50millionhectaresoflandabandonedbyhumansafterthemassdeathbroughtonbydiseaseandwarfare,LewisandMaslinsuggest.Anditwasn'tjustthedeathofmillionsofaboriginalAmericans.Theenslavement（ordeath）ofmanymillionsofAfricansforlaborinthenewlandsmayalsohaveaddedtotheclimateimpact.ThepopulationoftheregionsofwesternAfricamostaffectedbytheNewWorldslavetradedidnotbegintorecoveruntiltheendofthe19thcentury.Inotherwords,from1600to1900areasofthatregionmayhavebeenregrowingforest,enoughtoreduceatmosphericCO?,justliketheregrowthoftheAmazonandthegreatNorthAmericanwoods,althoughthishypothesisremainsinsomedispute.

Howeverdelimited,thenewdesignationwouldmeanwearelivinginanew

Anthropoceneepoch,partoftheQuaternaryperiod,whichstartedmore2.5millionyearsagowiththeadventofthecyclicalgrowthandretreatofmassiveglaciers.TheQuaternaryispartoftheCenozoic("recentlife”)erathatbegan66millionyearsagoandis,inturn,partofthePhanerozoic("revealedlife")eon,whichstarted541millionyearsagoandencompassesallofcomplexlifethathaseverlivedonthisplanet.Intheend,theAnthropocenemightsupplanttheHolocene."Itisdesignatedanepoch,unlikeotherinterglacial,becausebackinthe18thcenturygeologiststhoughthumanswereaveryrecentspecies,arrivingviadivineinterventionorevolvingonEarthintheHolocene,*'Lewisargues,butscientistsnowknowHomosapiensarosemorethan200,000yearsagointhePleistoceneepoch."HumansareaPleistocenespecies,so...callingtheHoloceneanepochisarelicofthepast."MaslinsuggestsdowngradingtheHolocenetoastagwithinthePleistocene,likeotherinterglacialspansinthegeologicrecord.ButZalasiewiczdisagreeswiththisbidtogetridoftheHolocene.*'Idon’tseetheneed,"hesays,"systematictracingofaHolocene-Anthropoceneboundarygloballywouldbeilluminatinginallsortsofways."

1.ThescientistscitedinthisarticleagreethathumanshavebecomeamajorfactorinthehistoryofEarth.Asthearticlehighlights,whattheydisagreeonis（

）

2.EuropeanpenetrationoftheNewWorldinthecenturyandahalfafter1492ledto（

）

3.Thedeclineinatmosphericcarbondioxidethatreacheditslowpointinoraround1610was（

）

4.ThescientifichypothesisthathumanitycanalterthehistoryofEarthinhighlysignificantways（

）

5.TheOrbisSpikeproposedbyLewisandMaslinwouldbemostreliablylocatedin（

）

6.Radionuclidescanbelikenedtoiridium（

）

7.SomescientiststhinkthatradionuclidesarethekeytodefiningtheAnthropocenebecause（

）

8.ProfessorZalasiewiczprobablyfavorsretainingthedistinctionbetweentheHoloceneandtheAnthropocenebecausetracingitsboundary（

）

问题1选项

A.theextenttowhichhumansarealteringEarth.

B.preciselywhenhumanactivitybecameadefiningelementinEarth'shistory.

C.whattonametheperiodofmajorhumanimpact.

D.whenhumanactivitywillbecomethedominantfactorinchangesintheEarth.

问题2选项

A.massivedepopulation.

B.widespreadcontagiousdisease.

C.greatlyreduceduseoflandforagriculture.

D.alloftheabove.

问题3选项

A.asingular,isolatedeventthatleftadiscerniblemarkingeochronoloy.

B.thefirstofalongchainofeventsthatchangedthewayhumansinteractwithnature.

C.theresult(andsignal,asreflectedingeology)ofthefirstinasignificantsetofmodemchangesinhowhumansuseplanetaryresources.

D.thecauseofanewiceageonaparwiththosethatprecededtheHolocene.

问题4选项

A.hasrecentlyre-emergedandgainedsupportafterfadinginthe20thcentury.

B.isstillsupportedbyonlyasmallnumberofresearchersintheearthsciencestoday.

C.wasrejectedasabsurdbypioneeringgeologistsinthe1700s.

D.isweakenedbythecontinuinglackofevidencethatcanbeusedtosupportit,muchletconfirmit.

问题5选项

A.samplesofArcticice,butnotAntarcticice

B.samplesofArcticandAntarcticice.

C.treeringsfromtemperateforests.

D.alluvialsediments,mostobviouslyfromtheMississippiandAmazonbasins.

问题6选项

A.becauseofthesimilarityintheirbasicchemistry.

B.asphysicalindicatorsofaboundaryinEarth’schronology.

C.asthecauseofvastchangesintheearthlyenvironment.

D.askeycomponentsinthetechnofossilsnowproliferatinginthegeologicalrecord.

问题7选项

A.nuclearexplosionsdidenormousdamagetotheearthlyenvironment.

B.theyhavealonghalf-lifethatmeanstheywillcontinuetobeusefulformanycenturies.

C.theyprovideatemporalmarkerreliablycorrelatedwithamassivehistoricalincreaseinthehumanimpactonourplanet.

D.theycontributedgreatlytothevastincreaseinthehumanimpactonEarthinthemid-20thcentury.

问题8选项

A.willallowgeologiststocreateamoresubtlepictureoftheinterglacialsthatareacrucialfeatureoftheclimateonEarth,

B.willforcegeologiststothinkmoredeeplyabouttherelationbetweenclimatechangeandplanetaryhistory.

C.willreducethesupportforusinglessplausibleindicatorstodefinegeochronologicalboundaries.

D.willrevealsomeimportantthingsaboutushumansaswellasabouttheclimateandhistoryoftheplanet

【答案】第1题:B

第2题:D

第3题:A

第4题:A

第5题:D

第6题:D

第7题:C

第8题:D

【解析】1.推理判断题。题干：文章引用的科学家同意人类在地球历史中的主要作用。正如文章强调的，他们有争议的是……。根据文章大意可知B项“具体什么时候人类活动开始成为地球历史上的一个决定性/确定性因素”，此表述过于绝对。故选B。

2.细节事实题。题干：1492年后的一个半世纪中，欧洲的侵入导致了…。第1段指出:TheEarth'satmosphererecordedthehugedeclineinthepopulationoftheWesternHemisphereinthe150yearsfollowingthearrivalofColumbusfromSpainin1492.Soldiers,officials,roducedcommondiseasessuchassmallpox（天花），measles（瘾疹）and

influenza；Thisrapiddepopulationofthehemisphereallowedforeststogrowinformerfarmlands(1492年，随着从西班牙来的哥伦布的到来，往后一个半世纪中，地球大气记载了西半球人口的巨幅下降；战士，官员，移民，商人等染上了疾病，比如天花，麻疹和流感；这种迅速的人口降低使得森林/丛林在之前的农地中生长),所以欧洲侵入导致了人口下降,疾病传染以及农用地的荒废。故选D。

3.推理判断题。根据题干关键词carbondioxide以及1610定位至第二段:Basedonthatdramaticshift,SimonLewisandMarkMaslin,BritishecologistsworkingatUniversityCollegeLondon,believe1610shouldbeconsideredthestartingdateofanewgeologicepochcurrentlyunderdiscussionamongearthscientists:theAnthropocene,orrecentageofhumanity(基于此巨大转变，英国生态学家认为1610应该被认为是新地质时代的一个开端期：人类世或人类新时代。因此，二氧化碳降低到约1610时，它是一个人类地质时代的划分)。故选A:是一个单独的事件，这在地球年代学中留下了明显的标志。

4.推理判断题。第三段指出:Butbythemiddleofthe20thcentury,theideaoftheHolocene(...)hadcometodominate,recognizinghumansasanimportantelementofthecurrentepoch,butnotthedefiningone(但是，在20世纪中期，全新世的概念占到主导地位，即将人视为当前时代中重要的因素，但是不是决定性的因素),下一段指出:Thatideaisnolongeradequate,accordingtoscientistsrangingfromgeologiststoclimatologists.Humanimpactshavesimplygrowntoolarge...(这个观点已不再适用，根据地质学家和气候学家的观点，人类影响简直太强大了……),故选A:20世纪，在消退后最近又重新出现并且获得支持。

5.推理判断题。根据题干关键词OrbisSpike定位至第八段:TheCO2dropcoincideswithwhatclimatologistscalltheLittleIceAge....ThepopulationoftheregionsofwesternAfricamostaffectedbytheNewWorldslavetradedidnotbegintorecoveruntiltheendofthe19thcentury.Inotherwords,from1600to1900areasofthatregionmayhavebeenregrowingforest,enoughtoreduceatmosphericCO2,justliketheregrowthoftheAmazonandthegreatNorthAmericanwoods,althoughthishypothesisremainsinsomedispute(二氧化碳的下降与气候学家所称的“LittleIceAge”同时发生。……直到19世纪，受新世界奴隶贸易影响的西部非洲区域的人口才开始恢复状态。也就是说，从1600-1900,该区域可能一直有重新生长的森林，足以减少大气中的二氧化碳，比如亚马逊的再生长，北美的木材，尽管这个假设存在争议)，因此,OrbisSpike即二氧化碳的降低最可能发生在D项：冲积沉积物，最明显来自密西西比和亚马逊河流域。

6.细节事实题。根据题干定位至第六段:TheradionuclidescanthenserveaswhatgeologistscallaGlobalStratotypeSectionandPoint,morecommonlyknownasa“goldenspike.”Perhapsthemostfamoussuchgoldenspikeisthethinlayerofiridium(Ir)afoundinpockexposednearElKef,Tunisia;(放射性核素可以作为地质学家所谓的全球层型剖面和点，通常被称为“金尖峰”。也许最著名的金尖峰是在突尼斯埃尔克夫附近的洞穴中发现的薄薄的铱层（Ir）)。因此，D项“在地质记录中，作为技术化石的构成或组成部分”是正确答案。

7.推理判断题。根据题干定位至第六段:Theboominhumanpopulationandconsumptionofeverythingfromcoppertomaize（玉米）after1950orso,knownasthe“GreatAcceleration”，roughlycoincideswiththisnuclearmarker.Sodoestheadventofplasticsandotherremnantsofindustrialsociety,dubbed“technofossils”byJanZalasiewiczoftheUniversityofLeicester,thegeologist...(大约1950年，被称为“大加速”，这时人口的增长和一切消费品（从铜币到玉米）大约都是与核标志同时发生的。工业社会中的塑料和残余品的到来也一样是和核标志同时发生的，这被地质学家JanZalasiewicz称之为‘"technofossils”。即这种核标记是与人类的发展几乎同步的，也是人类进步的一个见证)。故选C:在人类对地球的影响方面，他们提供了与有大规模的历史性增长相关的临时标志。

8.推理判断题。根据题干关键词“Holocene和Anthropocene”以及“tracingitsboundary”可以定位至最后一段:ButZalasiewiczdisagreeswiththisbidtogetridoftheHolocene.“Idon'tseetheneed,”hesays,“systematictracingofaHolocene-Anthropoceneboundarygloballywouldbeilluminatinginallsortsofways(但是Zalasiewicz不同意放弃全新世。他说：“我看没必要。从全局来看，对于全新世和人类世界限的系統跟踪可能会以各种方式给人启发)。因此选D:D项：会揭露一些有关人与气候和地球历史之间的很多重要事情

9.填空题

ThecompanythatIwork（1）hasjust（2）thatitisopeningnewstoresinthefive（3）citiesinIndia.

【答案】1.for;

2.announced;

3.biggest

【解析】1.固定搭配。thatIwork为定语从句修饰先行词Thecompany,因此填介词for合适,workfor为…效力。

2.语义题。第二空应填入一个谓语动词,而且由空前的hasjust推测应填谓语动词的过去分词,宾语是that引导的从句。故announced“宣布”合适。

3.语义题。第三空应为形容词修饰cities，故填biggest。thefivebiggestcitiesinIndia印度最大的五个城市。

10.填空题

Idon’twrite（1）lettersthesedays,justanoccasionalonetoanagingauntofmine.OrdinarilyIusee-mailtostayin（2）withpeople.

【答案】1.many

2.touch

【解析】1.语义题。此处用many修饰letters。与前面的否定词don’t连起来表示我最近没怎么写信。

2.固定搭配。stayintouchwith保持联系。

11.单选题

Someofbesttestimonyon

statesandsocietiesofmedievalCentralAsiaistobefoundinreportsmadebyTangtravelersanddiplomatsforthebenefitoftheimperialcourtinChang，an.

问题1选项

A.Someofbesttestimony

B.statesandsocietiesofmedievalCentral

C.istobefoundin

D.forthebenefitof

E.没有错误

【答案】A

【解析】冠词遗漏。最高级best(最好的)为特指,前面应该加冠词the。

12.单选题

WeareundertakingasurveytoevaluatetheextenttowhichtheeducationalsystemthatexistsinChinatodayanswerstheneedsofsociety.

问题1选项

A.areundertaking

B.theextenttowhich

C.answers

D.ofsociety

E.没有问题

【答案】E

13.填空题

A:Ihaveabal