2022年考研考博-考博英语-湘潭大学考试名师押题精选卷I（带答案详解）试卷号29

住在富人区的她2022年考研考博-考博英语-湘潭大学考试名师押题精选卷I（带答案详解）（图片可根据实际调整大小）题型12345总分得分一.综合题(共50题)1.单选题

Thousandsofyearsagomanusedhandyrocksforhissurgicaloperations.Laterheusedsharpboneorhorn,metalknivesandmorerecently,rubberandplastic.Andthatwaswherewestuck,insurgicalinstrumenttermsformanyyears.Inthe1960sanewtoolwasdeveloped,onewhichwas,firstofall,tobeofgreatpracticalusetothearmedforcesandindustry,butwhichwasalsointime,torevolutionizetheartandscienceofsurgery.Thetoolisthelaseranditisbeingusedbymoreandmoresurgeonsallovertheworld,foraverylargenumberofdifferentcomplaints.Thewordlasermeans:LightAmplificationbyStimulatedEmissionoflight.Asweallknow,lightishot;mysourceoflight-fromthesunitselfdowntoahumblematchburning—willgivewarmth.Butlightisusuallyspreadoutoverawidearea.Thelightinalaserbeam,however,isconcentrated.Thismeansthatalightwithnomorepowerthanthatproducedbyanordinaryelectriclightbulbbecomes.

Experimentswiththesepinpointbeamsshowedresearchersthatdifferentenergysourcesproducebeamsthathaveaparticulareffectoncertainlivingcells.Itisnowpossibleforeyesurgeonstooperateonthebackofthehumaneyewithoutharmingtheformoftheeye,simplybypassingalaserbeamrightthroughtheeyeball.Noknives,nounwanteddamage—atruesurgicalwonder.Operationswhichonceleftpatientsexhaustedandinneedoflongperiodsofrecoverytimenowleavethemfeelingrelaxedandcomfortable.Somuchmoredifficultoperationscannowbetried.Therapiddevelopmentoflasertechniquesinthepasttenyearshasmadeitclearthatthefutureislikelytobeveryexciting.Perhapssomecancerswillbetreatedwithlaserinawaythatmakessurgerynotonlysaferbutmoreeffective.Altogether,tomorrowmayseemoreandmoreinformationcomingtolightonthediseaseswhichcanbetreatedmedically.

1.Upuntilthe1960stheinstrumentsusedtoperformsurgicaloperationswere（

）.

2.Afterthedevelopmentofthelaserinthe1960s,wefindthat

（

）.

3.Thelaserbeamissostrongbecause

（

）.

4.Surgeonscannowcarryoutoperationswhich（

）.

问题1选项

A.fashionable

B.extraordinary

C.special

D.basic

问题2选项

A.medicalhelpbecameavailableforindustrialworkers

B.thestudyofartwentthroughacompleterevolution

C.man’swholeapproachtosurgerychangedcompletely

D.moreandmoresurgeonsbeganusingsurgicalinstruments

问题3选项

A.itiscomposedofaconcentratedbeamoflight

B.itsheatisincreasedbytheheatofthesun

C.itcanbepluggedintoanordinarylight

D.itsendsoutheatinmanydifferentdirections

问题4选项

A.canbeperformedsuccessfullyonlyonthehumaneye

B.resultinverylittledamagetothepatientsthemselves

C.memademuchmorecomplicatedbyusingthelaserbeam

D.resultinlongperiodsofrecoverytimeforpatients

【答案】第1题:D

第2题:C

第3题:A

第4题:B

【解析】1.细节事实题。由文章开头‘Thousandsofyearsagomanusedhandyrocksforhissurgicaloperations.Laterheusedsharpboneorhorn,metalknivesandmorerecently,rubberandplastic.’20世纪60年代之前，外科手术使用过的工具有：石头，锋利的骨头和角，金属刀，橡胶和塑料。确定这些工具都是很基本的，D选项正确。

2.推理判断题。由第二段中所举的眼科手术的例子可知，使用激光做手术，可以让患者感觉轻松和舒服，不需要很长时间就能恢复，彻底改变了外科手术的方法，C选项正确。

3.细节事实题。根据第一段中“Thelightinalaserbeam,however,isconcentratedThismeansthatalightwithnomorepowerthanthatproducedbyanordinaryelectriclightbulbbecomesintenselystrongasitisconcentratedtoapinpoint-sizedbeam.然而，激光束中的光是集中的，这意味着不需要比普通电灯泡产生更多的能量就能点燃，当它集中在一个针尖大小的光束上时，就会变得非常强烈。”可知，激光光束强是因为它的光束没有分散，而是集中成针尖大小的光束，所以A选项正确。

4.细节事实题。根据“Noknives,nounwanteddamage—truesurgicalwonder.Operationswhichonceleftpatientsexhaustedandinneedoflongperiodsofrecoverytimenowleavethemfeelingrelaxedandcomfortable.没有刀，没有不必要的伤害——真正的外科奇迹。手术曾经让病人精疲力竭，需要很长时间的恢复，现在让他们感到放松和舒适。”可知，使用激光做外科手术，可以让病人遭受极少的痛苦，B选项正确。

2.单选题

Nonviolentdemonstrationsoftencreatesuchtensionsthatacommunitythathasconstantlyrefusedto（

）itsinjusticesisforcedtocorrectthem:theinjusticescannolongerbe（

）.

问题1选项

A.acknowledge...ignored

B.decrease...verified

C.tolerate...accepted

D.address...reassess

【答案】A

【解析】动词辨析题。A选项acknowledge“承认，承认…性，告知”；ignore“忽略，忽视”；B选项decrease“减少，减低”；verify“证明，证实，核实”；C选项tolerate“忍受，容忍，承认，尊重”；accept“接受”；D选项address“对付，处理，解决”；eliminate“消除，排除”。句意‘非暴力游行示威常常会造成很大程度上的紧张状态，以至于任何一个自始至终不愿承认其不公平的社会的人就会被迫纠正它们，这些不公平己经到了再也不容忽视的地步了。’A选项正确

3.单选题

Whenevertwoormoreunusualtraitsorsituationsarefoundinthesameplace,itistemptingtolookformorethanacoincidentalrelationshipbetweenthem.ThehighHimalayasandtheTibetanplateaucertainlyhaveextraordinaryphysicalcharacteristicsandthecultureswhicharefoundtherearealsounusual,thoughnotunique.HoweverthereisnointentionofadoptingMontesquieuviewofclimateandsoilasculturaldeterminants.Theecologyofaregionmerelyposessomeoftheproblemsfacedbytheinhabitantsoftheregion,andwhiletheproblemsfacingacultureareimportanttoitsdevelopment,theydonotdetermineit.

TheappearanceoftheHimalayasduringthelateTertiaryPeriodandtheaccompanyingfurtherraisingofthepreviouslyestablishedrageshadamarkedeffectontheclimateoftheregion.Primarily,ofcourse,itblockedtheIndianmonsoonfromreachingCentralAsiaatall.Secondarily,airandmoisturefromotherdirectionswerealsoreduced.

PriortotheraisingoftheHimalayas,thelandnowformingtheTibetanuplandshadadry,continentalclimatewithvegetationandanimallifesimilartothatofmuchoftherestoftheregiononthesameparallel,butsomewhatdifferentthanthatoftheareasfarthernorth,whichwerealreadydrier.WiththecomingoftheHimalayasandtherelativelysuddendryingoutoftheregion,therewasaseverethinningoutoftheanimalandplantpopulation.TheensuingincompletePleistoceneglaciationshadafurtherthinningeffect,butsignificantlydidnotwipeoutlifeinthearea.Thusaftertheendoftheglaciationstherewereonlyafewvarietiesoflifeextantfromtheoriginalcontinentalspecies.IsolatedbytheKunlunrangefromtheTarimbasinandTurfandepression,specieswhichhadalreadyadaptedtothedrysteppeclimate,andwouldotherwisehavebeenexpectedtoflourishinTibetan,theremainingnativefaunaandfloramultiplied.ArmanddescribestheTibetanfaunaasnothavinggreatvariety,butbeing"striking*'intheabundanceoftheparticularspeciesthatarepresent.Theplantlifeissimilarlylimitedinvariety,withsomeobserversfindingnomorethanseventyvarietiesofplantsineventherelativelyfertileEasternTibetanvalleys,withfewerthantenfoodcrops.Tibetan"tea"isamajorstaple,perhapsreplacingtheunavailablevegetables.

Thedifficultiesoflivinginanenvironmentatoncedryandcold,andpopulatedwithspeciesmoreusuallyfoundinmorehospitableclimates,aregreat.Thesedifficultiesmaywellhaveinfluencedtheunusualpolyandrous(一妻多夫制)societiestypicaloftheregion.Lattimoreseesthemaintenanceofmultiple-husbandhouseholdsasbeingpreservedfromearlierformsbytheharshconditionsoftheTibetanuplands,whichpermittednoexperimentationand"froze"thecultureswhichcamethere.Kawakita,ontheotherhand,seesthepolyandryasawayofeasilypermittingthebesthouseholdertobecometheheadhusbandregardlessofage.HisdetailedstudiesoftheBhoteavillageofTsumjedoseemtosupportthisideaofpolyandryasamethodoftalentmobilityisasituationwhereeventhebesttalentisbarelyenoughforsurvival.

Insum,thoughargumentscanbemadethatapre-existingpolyandroussystemwasstrengthenedandpreserved(insofarasithasbeen)bytherigorsoftheland,itwouldcertainlybeanoverstatementtolaycausativefactorsofanystrongernaturetotheecologicalinfluencesinthiscase.

1.Whatarethe“unusualtraitsorsituations”referredtointhefirstsentence?

2.Thepurposeofthepassageisto（

）.

3.Theauthor’sknowledgeofTibetisprobably

（

）.

4.Accordingtothepassage,whichofthefollowingwouldprobablybethemostagreeabletoMontesquieu?

5.ThespeciesoffaunaandfloraremaininginTibetafterthePleistoceneglaciationscanproperlybecalledcontinentalbecausethey（

）.

问题1选项

A.Patternsofanimalandplantgrowth.

B.FoodandfoodpreparationpatternsoftheuplandTibetans.

C.SocialandfamilialorganizationoftypicalTibetansociety.

D.Alloftheabove.

问题2选项

A.analyzethepossiblecausallinksbetweenTibetanecologyandsociety

B.describethesocialorganizationoftypicalTibetanvillages

C.describeTibetanfaunaandflora

D.analyzethemysteriesofthesuddenappearanceoftheHimalayas

问题3选项

A.basedonfirsthandexperience

B.theresultoflifelongstudies

C.derivedfrombooksonly

D.limitedtogeologicalhistory

问题4选项

A.Allregionshavedifferentsoilsandthus,differentcultures.

B.someregionswithsimilarclimateswillhavesimilarcultures.

C.Culturesinthesamearea,sharingsoilandclimate,willbeessentiallyidentical.

D.Theplantsofacountry,bybeingthefoodofitspeople,causethepeopletohavesimilarviewstooneanother.

问题5选项

A.areoriginallyfoundincontinentalclimates

B.aretheonlylifeformsinTibet,whichisasbigasacontinent

C.havebeenfoundinotherpartsoftheAsiancontinent

D.arefoundinlandmassthatusedtobeaseparatecontinent

【答案】第1题:D

第2题:A

第3题:C

第4题:C

第5题:A

【解析】1.推理判断题。题目提问‘第一句中提到的“不寻常的特征或情况”是什么？’根据第三段第一句“..thelandnowformingtheTibetanuplandshadadry,continentalclimatewithvegetationandanimallifesimilartothatofmuchoftherestoftheregiononthesameparallel,butsomewhatdifferentthanthatoftheareasfarthernorth,whichwerealreadydrier.青藏高原地带是干燥的大陆性气候，动物和植被与同纬度的相似，但是与更北的地区有些不同，那里更干燥。”可以推知A项动植物生长模式‘’符合其特征。根据第三段倒数第二句“Theplantlifeissimilarlylimitedinvariety,withsomeobserversfindingnomorethanseventyvarietiesofplantsineventherelativelyfertileEasternTibetanvalleys,withfewerthantenfoodcrops.Tibetan"tea"isamajorstaple,perhapsreplacingtheunavailablevegetables.这种植物的品种也同样有限，一些观察人士发现，即使是相对肥沃的东部藏谷，也不超过70种植物。只有不到10种粮食作物。藏文“茶”是主要的主食，也许可以取代不可缺少的蔬菜。”可知B项‘高原藏人的食物和食物制作模式’符合。根据第四段中“Thesedifficultiesmaywellhaveinfluencedtheunusualpolyandroussocietiestypicaloftheregion.这些困难肯定对当地后来不同寻常的一妻多夫制的出现产生了影响”可知，可知C选项‘典型的藏族社会家庭组织’符合。所以ABC选项都谈及到了这种不寻常的特征，所以D选项正确。

2.主旨大意题。题目提问‘这篇文章的目的是什么？’文章第一段最后一句‘Theecologyofaregionmerelyposessomeoftheproblemsfacedbytheinhabitantsoftheregion,andwhiletheproblemsfacingacultureareimportanttoitsdevelopment,theydonotdetermineit.一个地区的生态只造成该地区居民所面临的一些问题，而一种文化所面临的问题虽然对其发展很重要，但并不能决定它的发展。’指出生态会影响但不决定人文风气。最后一段尾句“Insum,thoughargumentscanbemadethatapre-existingpolyandroussystemwasstrengthenedandpreserved(insofarasithasbeen)bytherigorsoftheland,itwouldcertainlybeanoverstatementtolaycausativefactorsofanystrongernaturetotheecologicalinfluencesinthiscase.总而言之，尽管可以提出论点说，由于土地的严酷条件，已经存在的一妻多夫制得到了加强和保护(就目前而言)，但在这种情况下，把任何性质更强的原因因素都归罪于生态影响，那肯定是言过其实了。”谈及当地一妻多夫制的社会组织结构可能受到生态该环境的影响。因此，可推知A选项“分析青藏地区生态和社会之间的可能因果联系”正确。

3.推理判断题。题目提问‘作者对西藏的了解可能是什么？’本文并未谈及作者自己的经历和研究，而是分别引述了Montesquieu’sview和Armand的描述，以及Lattimore和Kawakita的观点，因此，作者对青藏高原的了解是C选项‘源于书本’。

推理判断题。题目提问‘根据文章，下列哪项最可能是Montesquieu同意的？’文章第一段介绍了青藏高原的地理特征和文化，然后提出“HoweverthereisnointentionofadoptingMontesquieuviewofclimateandsoilasculturaldeterminants.然而，不打算采用孟德斯鸠关于气候和土壤的观点作为文化决定因素。”因此，可以推知‘孟德斯鸠是环境决定论支持者，即外部环境决定人文风气’，C选项“在共享土地和气候的同一个地方，文化基本上是相同的”符合他的观点。

4.细节事实题。题目提问‘更新世冰蚀以后，仍然存在于西藏的动植物群可以成为大陆性的动植物群，是因为什么？’根据第三段中“Thusaftertheendoftheglaciationstherewereonlyafewvarietiesoflifeextantfromtheoriginalcontinentalspecies.因此，在冰川期结束后，原始大陆物种中仅存少数种类的生物。”所以，它们被称为大陆性动植物群是因为A选项‘它们原来是在大陆性气候中被发现的’。

4.单选题

OnemeaningoftheGreekword“dran”istoaccomplish,andinthismeaningliesafurtherkeytothestructureofdrama.Aplayconcernsahumanagentattemptingtoaccomplishsomepurpose.Intragedyhisattemptis,inpersonaltermsatleast,unsuccessful;incomedyitissuccessful;intheproblemplayfinalaccomplishmentisofteneitherambiguousordoubtful.

Thisaction,fromthebeginningtotheendofamovementtowardapurposedgoal,mustalsohaveamiddle;itmustproceedthroughanumberofsteps,thesuccessionofincidentswhichmakeuptheplot.Becausethedramatistisconcernedwiththemeaningandlogicofeventsratherthanwiththeircasualrelationshipintime,hewillprobablyselecthismaterialandorderitonabasisoftheoperation,inhumanaffairs,oflawsofcauseandeffect.Itisinthiscausalrelationshipofincidentsthattheelementofconflict,presentinvirtuallyallplays,appears.

Thecentralfigureoftheplay,theprotagonistencountersdifficulties:hispurposeorpurposesconflictwitheventsorcircumstances,withpurposesofothercharactersintheplay,orwithcross-purposeswhichexistwithinhisownthoughtsanddesires.Thesedifficultiesthreatentheprotagonist’saccomplishment;inotherwords,theypresentcomplications,andhissuccessorfailureindealingwiththesecomplicationsdeterminestheoutcome.Normally,complicationsbuildthroughtheplayinorderofincreasingdifficulty;onecomplicationmaybeaddedtoanother,oronemaygrowoutofthesolutionofaprecedingone.Atsomepointinthischainofcomplicationandsolution,achievedorattempted,theprotagonistperformsanactormakesadecisionwhichirrevocablycommitshimtoafurthercourse,pointstowardcertaingeneralconsequences.Thispointisusuallycalledthecrisis;thecomplicationsandsolutionswhichfollowworkoutthelogicalstepsfromcrisistofinalresolution,ordenouement.

1.Adramaisarrangedmainlyinaccordancewith（

）.

2.Inthetext,theauthormainlydealswith（

）.

问题1选项

A.thewillofthedramatist

B.thesequenceofevents

C.thelawofdramaticart

D.theneedofperformance

问题2选项

A.thenecessityofdramainaculture

B.somesocialfunctionsofdramas

C.theresponsibilityofdramatists

D.somekeyelementsindrama-making

【答案】第1题:A

第2题:D

【解析】1.细节事实题。本题主要是问戏剧主要是按照什么来进行安排的。A选项意为“剧作家的意愿”；B选项意为“事件的顺序”；C选项意为“戏剧艺术的法则”；D选项意为“表演的需要”。由文章第二段第二句‘Becausethedramatistisconcernedwiththemeaningandlogicofeventsratherthanwiththeircasualrelationshipintime,hewillprobablyselecthismaterialandorderitonabasisoftheoperation,inhumanaffairs,oflawsofcauseandeffect.因为剧作家关心的是事件的意义和逻辑，而不是它们在时间上的偶然关系，所以他很可能会根据人类事务中因果规律的运作来选择和安排材料。’可见，戏剧情节的安排由剧作家决定，A选项正确。

2.主旨大意题。本题是问本文中作者主要谈论的是什么。A选项意为“文化中戏剧的必要性”；B选项意为“戏剧的一些社会功能”；C选项意为“剧作家的责任”；D选项意为“戏剧创作中的一些关键要素”。本文主要从文学角度介绍了戏剧所包含的重要因素，其中提到了人文动作着、情节、冲突、危机、结局等术语。所以D选项符合题意。

5.单选题

ThespectacularauroralightdisplaysthatappearintheEarth'satmospherearoundthenorthandsouthmagneticpoleswereoncemysteriousphenomena.Now,scientistshavedatafromsatellitesandground-basedobservationsfromwhichweknowthattheaurorabrillianceisanimmenseelectricaldischargesimilartothatoccurringinaneonsign.

Tounderstandthecauseofauroras,firstpicturetheEarthenclosedbyitsmagnetosphere,ahugeregioncreatedbytheEarthmagneticfield.Outsidethemagnetosphere,blastingtowardtheEarthisthesolarwind,aswiftlymovingplasmaofionizedgaseswithitsownmagneticfield.Chargedparticlesinthissolarwindspeedearthwardalongthesolarwind'smagneticlinesofforcewithaspiralingmotion.TheEarth’smagnetosphereisabarriertothesolarwindandforcesthechargedparticlesofthesolarwindtoflowaroundthemagnetosphereitself.Butinthepolarregions,themagneticlinesofforceoftheEarthandofthesolarwindbunchtogether.Heremanyofthesolarwind’schargedparticlesbreakthroughthemagnetosphereandenterEarth’smagneticfield.TheythenspiralbackandforthbetweentheEarth'smagneticpolesveryrapidly.Inthepolarregions,electronsfromthesolarwindionizeandexcitetheatomsandmoleculesoftheupperatmosphere,causingthemtoemitauroraradiationofvisiblelight.

Thecolorsofanauroradependontheatomsemittingthem.Thedominantgreenishwhitelightcomesfromlowenergyexcitationofoxygenatoms.Duringhugemagneticstormsoxygenatomsalsoundergohighenergyexcitationandemitacrimsonlight.Excitednitrogenatomscontributebandsofcolorvaryingfromblueviolet.Viewedfromouterspace,aurorascanbeseenasdimlyglowingbeltswrappedaroundeachoftheEarth’smagneticpoles.Eachaurorahangslikeacurtainoflightstretchingoverthepolarregionsandintothehigherlatitudes.Whenthesolarflaresthatresultinmagneticstormsandauroraactivityareveryintense,auroradisplaysmayextendasfarasthesouthernregionsoftheUnitedStates.Studiesofaurorahavegivenphysicistsnewinformationaboutthebehaviorofplasmas,whichhashelpedtoexplainthenatureofouterspaceandisbeingappliedinattemptstoharnessenergyfromthefusionofatoms.

1.Whichofthefollowingstatementsaboutscientists'understandingofaurorasistrueaccordingtothepassage?

2.WhatservesastheEarth’smeansofprotectionagainstthesolarwinds?

3.Whydoaurorasshowdifferentcolors?

4.What'sthesubjectmatterofthispassage?

问题1选项

A.Scientistshavelongbeenabletoexplainthecausesofauroras'variouscolors.

B.Newknowledgeaboutthefusionofatomenabledscientiststolearnmoreaboutauroras.

C.Beforeadvancesintechnology,scientistsknewlittleaboutauroras.

D.Littlewillbeknownaboutaurorasuntilscientistshavelearnedmoreaboutplasmaphysics.

问题2选项

A.Themagnetosphere.

B.Theplasmaofionizedgases.

C.Themagneticlinesofforceofthesolarwind.

D.ThemagneticpolesoftheEarth.

问题3选项

A.Becauseaurorascomefromexcitationsofallkindsofatomsandhanglikecurtainsoflightoverthepolarregions.

B.Becausetheoxygenandnitrogenatomsundergoloworhighenergyexcitationandgivelightsofvariouscolors.

C.Becausethemagneticstormsarenotstablewhiletheauroraactivitiesareveryintense.

D.Becausethedominantgreenishwhitelightitselfcontainslightsofsevencolors.

问题4选项

A.Themethodsofobservingaurorasfromsatellites.

B.TheformationandcolorsofaurorasabovetheEarth’spoles.

C.Thefactorsthatcausethevarietyofcolorsofauroras.

D.TheinfluenceofaurorasontheEarth.

【答案】第1题:C

第2题:A

第3题:A

第4题:B

【解析】1.推理判断题。本题询问下列关于科学家对极光的理解哪一项是正确的。根据原文“Now,scientistshavedatafromsatellitesandground-basedobservationsfromwhichweknowthattheaurorabrillianceisanimmenseelectricaldischargesimilartothatoccurringinaneonsign.现在，科学家们从卫星和地面观测中获得数据，从中我们知道极光的光辉是一种巨大的放电现象，类似于霓虹灯中的放电现象。”因此可推知C选项‘在技术进步之前科学家对极光的了解非常少’正确。

2.细节事实题。本题询问哪一项是地球抵御太阳风的防护措施。根据原文“TheEarth'smagnetosphereisabarriertothesolarwindandforcesthechargedparticlesofthesolarwindtoflowaroundthemagnetosphereitself.地球的磁层是太阳风的屏障，迫使太阳风的带电粒子绕着磁层流动。”确定A选项‘磁气圈’正确。

3.推理判断题。本题询问极光能够发出不同的颜色的原因。根据原文“Thecolorsofanauroradependontheatomsemittingthem.极光的颜色取决于发出极光的原子。”可知A选项“因为极光来自各种不同种类原子的刺激，并且像光帘一样悬挂在极地地区”正确。

4.主旨大意题。通篇全文可知，文章第二段首先分析了极光的形成的原因，然后第三段分析了极光发出的不同颜色的原因。所以B选项“在地球的两极地带的极光的形成和颜色”正确。

6.单选题

Oneofthemostdifficultaspectsofdecidingwhethercurrentclimaticeventsrevealevidenceoftheimpactofhumanactivitiesisthatitishardtogetameasureofwhatconstitutesthenaturalvariabilityoftheclimate.Weknowthatoverthepastmillenniatheclimatehasundergonemajorchangeswithoutanysignificanthumanintervention.Wealsoknowthattheglobalclimatesystemisimmenselycomplicatedandthateverythingisinsomewayconnected,andsothesystemiscapableoffluctuatinginunexpectedways.Weneedthereforetoknowhowmuchtheclimatecanvaryofitsownaccordinordertointerpretwithconfidencetheextenttowhichrecentchangesarenaturalasopposedtobeingtheresultofhumanactivities.

Instrumentalrecordsdonotgobackfarenoughtoprovideuswithreliablemeasurementsofglobalclimaticvariabilityontimescaleslongerthanacentury.Whatwedoknowisthatasweincludelongertimeintervals,therecordshowsincreasingevidenceofslowswingsinclimatebetweendifferentregimes.Tobuildupabetterpictureoffluctuationsappreciablyfurtherbackintimerequiresustouseproxyrecords.

Overlongperiodsoftime,substanceswhosephysicalandchemicalpropertieschangewiththeambientclimateatthetimecanbedepositedinasystematicwaytoprovideacontinuousrecordofchangesinthosepropertiesovertime,sometimesforhundredsorthousandsofyears.Generally,thelayeringoccursonanannualbasis,henceheobservedchangesintherecordscanbedated.Informationontemperature,rainfall,andotheraspectsoftheclimatethatcanbeinferredfromthesystematicchangesinpropertiesisusuallyreferredtoasproxydata.ProxytemperaturerecordshavebeenreconstructedfromicecoredrilledoutofthecentralGreenlandicecap,calciteshellsembeddedinlayeredlakesedimentsinWesternEurope,oceanfloorsedimentcoresfromthetropicalAtlanticOcean,icecoresfromPeruvianglaciers,andicecoresfromeasternAntarctica.Whiletheserecordsprovidebroadlyconsistentindicationsthattemperaturevariationscanoccuronaglobalscale,therearenonethelesssomeintriguingdifferences,whichsuggestthatthepatternoftemperaturevariationsinregionalclimatescanalsodiffersignificantlyfromeachother.

Whattheproxyrecordsmakeabundantlyclearisthattherehavebeensignificantnaturalchangesintheclimateovertimescaleslongerthanafewthousandyears.Equallystriking,however,istherelativestabilityoftheclimateinthepast10,000years(theHoloceneperiod).

Totheextentthatthecoverageoftheglobalclimatefromtheserecordscanprovideameasureofitstruevariability,itshouldatleastindicatehowallthenaturalcausesofclimatechangehavecombined.Theseincludethechaoticfluctuationsoftheatmosphere,theslowerbutequallyerraticbehavioroftheoceans,changesinthelandsurfaces,andtheextentoficeandsnow.Alsoincludedwillbeanyvariationsthathavearisenfromvolcanicactivity,solaractivity,and,possibly,humanactivities.

1.Whichofthefollowingmustwefindoutinordertodeterminetheimpactofhumanactivitiesuponclimate?

2.Scientistsareabletoreconstructproxytemperaturerecordsby（

）.

3.ProxydatahavesuggestedallofthefollowingabouttheclimateEXCEPT:

（

）.

4.Theword‘‘erratic”intheparagraph5isclosestinmeaningto（

）.

问题1选项

A.Themajorchangesinclimateoverthepastmillennia.

B.Thedegreetowhichtheclimatevariesnaturally.

C.Thebestmethodformeasuringclimaticchange.

D.Themillenniumwhenhumansbegantointerferewiththeclimate.

问题2选项

A.studyingregionaldifferencesintemperaturevariations.

B.studyinganddatingchangesinthepropertiesofsubstances.

C.observingchangesinpresentdayclimateconditions.

D.inferringpastclimateshiftsfromobservationsofcurrentclimaticchanges.

问题3选项

A.Regionalclimatesmaychangeovertime.

B.Theclimatehaschangedverylittleinthepast10,000years.

C.Globaltemperaturesvarymorethanregionaltemperatures.

D.Importantnaturalchangesinclimatehaveoccurredoverlargetimescales.

问题4选项

A.dramatic

B.important

C.unpredictable.

D.common

【答案】第1题:B

第2题:B

第3题:C

第4题:C

【解析】1.推理判断题。题目提问‘为了确定人类活动对气候的影响，我们必须找出以下哪一项？根据文章第一段中“Oneofthemostdifficultaspectsofdecidingwhethercurrentclimaticeventsrevealevidenceoftheimpactofhumanactivitiesisthatitishardtogetameasureofwhatconstitutesthenaturalvariabilityoftheclimate.要判断当前的气候事件是否揭示了人类活动影响的证据，最困难的一个方面是很难衡量是什么构成了气候的自然变化。”，确定判断人类对气候的影响之前必须确定自然的影响，所以B选项“气候自然变化的程度”正确。

2.细节事实题。题目提问‘科学家能通过什么重建替代温度记录？’根据文章第三段中第三句“ProxytemperaturerecordshavebeenreconstructedfromicecoredrilledoutofthecentralGreenlandicecap,calciteshellsembeddedinlayeredlakesedimentsinWesternEurope,oceanfloorsedimentcoresfromthetropicalAtlanticOcean,icecoresfromPeruvianglaciers,andicecoresfromeasternAntarctica.从格陵兰岛中部冰冠钻出的冰芯、嵌在西欧分层湖泊沉积物中的方解石壳、热带大西洋洋底沉积物的冰芯、秘鲁冰川的冰芯和南极洲东部的冰芯重建了代理温度记录。”。原文谈及很多重建温度的方法，无论是冰川，沉积物还是碳酸盐，都属“substance物质”，所以B选项“研究和测定物质性质的变化”正确。

3.细节事实题。题目提问‘代理数据表明了如下所有关于气候的内容，除了……？’根据第四段第一句“Whattheproxyrecordsmakeabundantlyclearisthattherehavebeensignificantnaturalchangesintheclimateovertimescaleslongerthanafewthousandyears.代理记录充分表明，在超过几千年的时间跨度内，气候发生了重大的自然变化。”可排除A选项‘随着时间的推移，地区气候可能会发生变化’和D选项‘气候的重要自然变化是在大的时间尺度上发生的’。根据第二句“Equallystriking,however,istherelativestabilityoftheclimateinthepast10,000years(theHoloceneperiod).然而，同样令人惊讶的是在过去的一万年（全新世）中气候变化的相对来说很稳定。”可排除B选项‘在过去的一万年里，气候变化非常小。’因此，C项‘全球气温的变化比地区气温的变化更大’在文中没有体现，符合题意。

4.词义猜测题。题目提问‘第五段中"erratic”最接近什么意思？’根据上下文，“erratic行为古怪，反复无常”与前文中“chaoticfluctuationsoftheatmosphere变化多端的大气波动”的“chaotic混沌的；一团糟的”相对应，因此，C选项“无法预言的；不可预测”符合语境。

7.单选题

Ithasbeenknownformanydecadesthattheappearanceofsunspotsisroughlyperiodic,withanaveragecycleofelevenyears.Moreover,theincidenceofsolarflaresandthefluxofsolarcosmicrays,ultravioletradiation,andX-radiationallvarydirectlywiththesunspotcycle.Butaftermorethanacenturyofinvestigation,therelationoftheseandotherphenomena,knowncollectivelyasthesolar-activitycycle,toterrestrialweatherandclimateremainsunclear.Forexample,thesunspotcycleandthealliedmagnetic-polaritycyclehavebeenlinkedtoperiodicitiesdiscernedinrecordsofsuchvariablesasrainfall,temperature,andwinds.Invariably,however,therelationisweak,andcommonlyofdubiousstatisticalsignificance.

Effectsofsolarvariabilityoverlongertermshavealsobeensought.TheabsenceofrecordedsunspotactivityinthenoteskeptbyEuropeanobserversinthelateseventeenthandearlyeighteenthcenturieshasledsomescholarstopostulateabriefcessationofsunspotactivity,atthattime(aperiodcalledtheMaundermin/mum).TheMaunderminimumhasbeenlinkedtoaspanofunusualcoldinEuropeextendingfromthesixteenthtotheearlynineteenthcenturies.TherealityoftheMaunderminimumhasyettobeestablished,however,especiallysincetherecordsthatChinesenaked-eyeobserversofsolaractivitymadeatthattimeappeartocontradictit.Scientistshavealsosoughtevidenceoflong-termsolarperiodicitiesbyexaminingindirectclimatologicaldata,suchasfossilrecordsofthethicknessofancienttreerings.Thesestudies,however,fai