对外汉语-了的位置及用法

了forcompletedactionsExercisesOtherterminology:aspectualparticle"了"WhenshouldIuseit?Whenyouwanttoexpressthatanactioniscompleted.Normally了shouldbeplacedaftermainverbsorattheendofsentences.tamaile—1—・、sanzhangpiao他买了三 张 票HEBUYLETHREEZHANGTICKETSHehasbought3tickets.ta17••ybajiunalaile她把酒拿来了SHEBAWINETAKE(TOWARDS)LEShehasbroughtthewine.WhenshouldIplacethe了attheendofasentence,andwhenshouldIplaceitafterthemainverbofasentence?1.Iftheobjectofasentenceisasimpleonei.e.anoun,whichisnotattachedtoanumberandmeasureword,andnotattachedtoadescriptiveclause(的clause),了canbeplacedattheendofthesentence.Inthiscasetheparticle了hasmanyfunctions:itmayindicatethecompletedaction,orachangeofsituation,itmayalsoindicateanimminentaction.s.v.o.lewmenchifanle我们吃饭了WEEATMEALLEWehaveeaten..[Completedaction]Nowweareeating.(Wedidn'teatbefore.)[Changeofsituation]Weareabouttoeat.(我们要吃饭了.)IsitincorrectifIplace了aftertheverbinasimple-objectsentence?No,itisnotincorrect,butitseemsasifthesentenceisnotyetfinished.Itmaylooklikethefirstclauseoftheverb了...就...construction.Forexample(Alsoseepattern5.),tachilefan...(jiuqukandianying)他吃了饭…(就去看电影.)HEEATLEMEAL...(JIUGOSEEFILM)Afterhefinishesthemeal...(he'llgotoseeafilm.)CanIplace了attheendofasentencethathasacomplexobject?No.Iftheobjectofasentenceisacomplicatedone,i.e.itisprecededbyanumberwordandmeasureword,oradescriptiveclause,了isplacedafterthemainverbofthesentence.s.v.lenum.mw.o.tachileliangwanfan他吃了两碗饭.HEEATLETWOBOWLSRICEHehaseatentwobowlsofrice.WhereshouldIplace了ifasentencehasatimemeasure?

Ifanactionisattachedtoatimemeasure(e.g.,duration,lengthoftime)oranactionmeasure(e.g.,manytimes),了isplacedafterthemainverb.Thefollowingthreealternativepatternssharethesamefeature,thatis,theyhave了afterthemainverbs.s・ vletm・(am・)deo・ (le)taxueleliang他niandezhongwen(le)学了两年的中文（了*）HESTUDYLETWO YEARDECHINESE(LE)HestudiedChinesefor2years.s・ v・o・ v・letm・(am・)(le)ta xuezhongwenxueleliangnian(le)他 学中文 学了两年(了)o・ s・v・letm・(am・)(le)zhongwen ta中文 他nagedianymgwo那个电影我xueleliangnian(le)学了两年(了)kanleliangbian(le)看了两遍(了**)

Ihavewatchedthatfilmtwice.、 1a'w'•r •rIIa ina shiwunianqiandeshi lewomenshiduoniandelaopengyoule那是五年前的事 了.我们是多年的老朋友了.THATISFIVEYEARAGODEMATTERLE WEAREMANYYEARSDEOLDFRIENDLEThatincidenthappened5yearsagoWehavebeenoldfriendformanyyears.Isatimemeasureplacedafter了inanegativesentence?No,negativesentencesofthiskindarenormallyinadifferentwordorder.Thetime-measureshouldbeplacedbeforethenegation没.Forinstance,ifyouwanttosay:"Ihaven'teatenChinesefoodforages."Itshouldbeinthefollowingwordorder:s・ tm・ neg・ v・o・ lewohaojiumei没chizhongguocaile我好久NOT吃中国菜了uLONGTIMEEATCHINESEFOODLEIhaven'teatenChinesefoodforalongtime.7・DoIhavetoputthetime-measuresbefore没inallnegativesentences?No.Ifyouwanttodenyanaffirmativestatementwhichhasatime-measure,thenthetime-measureshouldbeplacedafterthemainverb.s.neg.v.tm. o.yr• r— •r\— r 1w z 1i• •rwomeixuesannianzhongwen,wozhixueleliangnian我没学三年中文， 我只学了两年.INOTLEARN3YEARCHINESE,IONLYLEARNLE2YEAR)Ididn'tlearnChinesefor3years,Ionlydidfor2years.DoIhavetoput了aftereveryverbinasentence,ifthesentencehasasequenceofactions?Ifasequenceofactionsinthesentencearecompleted，了isusuallyplacedafterthelastverbofthesentence.s v・1o・1 v・2 le(tm・) o・2taquzhOngguo去中国Z 1 、 •/ •—・、xue lesinian jingju他学 了四年 京剧GOCHINA^E STUDYLEFOURYEARPEKINGOPERAHewenttoChinatostudyPekingoperafor4years.taquzhongguo去中国maileciqi他买了瓷器GOCHINA-HERUYLFCHINAHewenttoChinaandboughtsomeChina.Ifyouleave了attheendofsentences,itnormallyindicatesachangeofthesituation.Let'scomparethefollowingtwosentences:(Completedaction)taquzhongguoxuelezhongwen他去中国 学 了中文.HEGOCHINASTUDYLECHINESEHewenttoChinaandstudiedChinese.(Changeofsituation)taquzhongguoxuezhongwenle他去中国学中文了.HEGOCHINASTUDYCHINESELEHehasgonetoChinatostudyChinese.(He'snothere)DoIalwayshavetoplace了afterthelastverbofasentencewhendescribingasequenceofactions?No.Thereisanothersentencepattern,whichindicatessequenceofactions,butthefirstsequenceinthesentenceisconditional.Inthissentencepattern了isplacedafterthefirstverbwhichisintheconditionalclause,andtheadverb就isplacedbeforethesecondverbofthesentence.Thiskindofconstructionhasasenseofurgency,whichmeansthattheactioninthe就clausetakesplaceimmediatelyafterthecompletionofthefirstaction.s.v.1leo.1jiuv.2 o.2tadaolezhongguojiuzhao pengyou.他到了中国就找朋友.HEARRIVELECHINAJIULOOKFORFRIENDHe'lllookforfriendimmediatelyafterhearrivesinChina.Asyoucansee,thatsentencedescribestheactioninfuture,butifyouplaceanother了attheendofthesentence,thenitmeansthatbothactionshavetakenplace.DoIalwayshavetouse了toindicateacompletedaction?No,notalways.Firstofall,theparticle了forcompletedactionisnotusedinnegativesentences.Instead没shouldbeplacedbeforethemainverbofthesentence.s.meiv.o.tameichifan.HENOTEATMEALHedidn'teatthemeal.Apartfromthenegation,arethereanycircumstancesinwhich了isnotused?Inthefollowingsituationstheparticle了forcompletedactionsisnotused.了isnotusedforprolongedandregularactionsinthepast.Inotherwords,ifthesentencecontainswordssuchas每天,年年,常常...theparticle了forthecompletedactionisnotused.woyiqian我以前zaizhongguojiaoshu在中国教书.IINTHEPASTINCHINATEACHItaughtinChinainthepast.、•/ 1a Ir — Xx 、［、［•、 —qunianwochangchanggenwonupengyouqukandianymg去年我常常跟我女朋友去看电影.LASTYEARIOFTEN WITHMYGIRLFRIENDGOSEEFILMSLastyearIoftenwenttoseefilmswithmygirlfriend.了isnotusedinsentenceswhichhavemodalverbssuchas应该，得(dei),可以，能，会，要，想，orforverbswhichindicatefeelingssuchas爱,喜欢,觉得,知道,愿意,肯.zuotianniyinggaiqukanta昨天你应该去看他.YESTERDAYYOUSHOULDGOSEEHIMYoushould'vegonetoseehimyesterday.1r•r j— ［匸 — I— a 、•shinianyiqiantahenxiihuanchifaguocai十年以前她很喜欢吃法国菜.TENYEARAGOSHEVERYLIKE EATFRENCHFOODTenyearsagoshelikedeatingFrenchfoodverymuch.了isnotusedwhen是,在,有*arethemainverbsofsentences.shangxinqitazaibeijing上星期他在 北京.LASTWEEKHEWAS(IN)BEIJINGHewasinBeijinglastweek.yiqiantayouhenduoqian以前他有很多钱.BEFOREHEHADVERYMUCHMONEYInthepasthehadalotofmoney.If有(toposses)isusedasthemainverbofasentence,了(forcompletedaction)isnotused.However,了canbeusediftheobjectofasentenceisanabstractonewhichhasanimplicationofaction,suchas“development”，“improvement”他的学习有了彳艮大的进步.Hehasimprovedgreatlyinhisstudies.4.了isnotusedfordirectandindirectspeeches.dir.speech zuotian昨天tawenwO:"niyaoquzhOngguoma"他问我:"你要 去中国吗?"YESTERDAY!!HEASKME:"YOUWANTGOCHINAMA?"Yesterdayheaskedme:"WouldyouliketogotoChina?"indir.speechzuotianj— a y 、 a I— rtawenwo:yaoquzhongguoma昨天他问我要去中国吗.YESTERDAYHEASKMEWANTGOCHINAMAYesterdayheaskedmeifIwouldliketogotoChina.Asyoucansee,inthesituationswhenthecompletedaction了isnotused,time-wordsareusedtoindicatetheactionshappenedinthepast.IsittruethatifIuseatime-wordIdon'thavetouse了?No.Time-wordsareneededwhenthecompletedaction了cannotbeused.Buttime-wordshavenoeffecton了whenthecompletedaction了isapplicable.zuotianwoqumaileliangbenshu昨天我去买了两本书.TESTERDAYIGOBUYLETWOBENBOOKYesterdayIwentoutandboughttwobooks.Youcan'tsay:zuotianwoqumailiangbenshu昨天我去买两本书.Theabovesentencesoundsuncompleted.Thelistenerwouldexpectmoreandwouldask,"andthenwhat?"Arethereanyconstructionsthatcannottakeanaspectualparticle了?Thecompletedaction了isnotapplicabletothefollowingconstructions.TheV+得construction(thecomplementofdegree)zuotiantafanzuodehenbucud昨天他饭作得很不错YESTERDAYHEMEALCOOKDEVERYNOTBADYesterdayhecookedmealverywell.Description*的(Theverbsinthedescriptiveclausedon'ttake了,astheyarenotthemainverbsofsentences.)zuotianwomaidenabenshuhenyouyisi昨天我买的那本书很 有意思.DoIalwayshavetoconsidertheuseof了whenIseeapasttenseinanEnglishsentence?No,notalways.Remember:the了inthissectionisforcompletedactions,whichisdifferentfromthepasttense.HereisanotherexampleofapasttenseEnglishsentencewhichdoesnotusethecompletedaction了:qunianwfeichangmang.去年我非常忙.LASTYEARIVERYBUSYLastyearIwasverybusy.Thewordbusyactsasastativeverbwhichdoesnottaketheparticle了ofcompletedaction.ExercisesYoucansubmityourworkonlinehereClickhereforanswers

A.Place"了"intherightinthefollowingsentences,andgiveyourreasonsif了isnotneeded.1.昨天我去 大使馆办____签证 .2.我已经请 小王看____两次电影,可是他还是那么不客气____.真气人 !3.上星期我去____北京看____朋友 .4.去年我常常在 路口的那家书店看 书.从来没有人管____我 .5.前天晚上我在 你那儿吃 饭的时候,我听见 她拉____小提琴拉 得真好听_6.十年前我在____中国住____.7.我研究 计算机研究____四年 .8.那本书我已经看 三次8.那本书我已经看 三次B.TranslatethefollowingsentencesintoChinese.1.YesterdayXiaoWangaskedmeto