英语考研往年试题

2012全国硕士硏究生入学统一考试英语试题SectionIUseofEnglishDirections：Readthefollowingtext.Choosethebestword(s)foreachnumberedblankandmarkA,B,CorDonANSWERSHEET1.(10points)TheethicaljudgmentsoftheSupremeCourtjusticeshavebecomeanimportantissuercccnlly.Thecourtcannot1itslegitimacyasguardianoftheruleoflaw2justicesbehavelikepoliticians.Yet.inseveralinstances,justicesactedinwaysthat3thecourt'sreputationforbeingindependentandimpartial.JusticeAntoninScalia,forexample*appearedatpoliticalevents.Thatkindofactiviiymakesitlesslikelythatthecourt'sdecisionswillbe4asimpartialjudgments.Partoftheproblemisthatthejusticesarenot5byanethicscode.Attheveryleast,thecourtshouldmakeitself6tothecodeofconductthat7totherestofthefederaljudiciary.Thisandothersimilarcases8thequestionofwhetherthereisstilla9betweenthecourtandpolitics.rheframersoftheConstitutionenvisionedlaw10havingauthorityapartfrompolitics.Theygavejusticespermanentpositions11theywouldbefreeto12thoseinpowerandhavenoneedto13politicalsupport.Ourlegalsystemwasdesignedtosetlawapartfrompoliticspreciselybecausetheyaresoclosely14.Constitutionallawispoliticalbecauseitresultsfromchoicesrootedinfundamentalsocial15likelibertyandproperty.Whenthecourtdealswithsocialpolicydecisions9thelawit16isinescapablypolitical-whichiswhydecisionssplitalongideologicallinesaresoeasily17asunjust.Thejusticesmust18doubtsaboutthecourt'slegitimacybymakingthemselves19tothecodeofconduct.Thatwouldmakerulingsmorelikelytobeseenasseparatefrompoliticsand,20,convincingaslaw.1.[A]emphasize[B]maintain[C]modify[D]recognize2.[A]when[B]lest[C]before[1)]unless3.[A]restored[B]weakened[C]established[D]eliminated4.[A]challenged[B]compromisedJsuspected[D]accepted5.[A]advanced[B]caughtPCIbound[Djfounded6.「A]resistant「B]subject|I]immunvfI)1prone7.[A]resorts[B]sticks[C]loads[I)Japplies8.[A]evade[B]raise[C]deny•1・「D]settle …9.[A]lineEB]barrierEC]similarityED]conflictio.CA]byEB]asEC]thoughED]towards11.EA]so[B]sinceEC]providedED]though12.EA]serveEB]satisfyEC]upsetED]replace13.EAJconfirmEBコexpressEC]cultivateED]offer14.EA]guardedEBjfollowedEC]studiedED]tied15.[A]conceptsEB]theoriesEC]divisionsED]conceptions16.EA]excludesEB]questionsEC]shapesED]controls17.EA]dismissedEB]releasedEC]ranked[D]distorted18.EA]suppress[B]exploitEC]address[D]ignore19.EA]accessibleEB]amiableEC]agreeableED]accountable20.EA]byallmeansEB]atallcostsLC]inawordLD]asaresultSectionHReadingComprehensionPartADirections：Readthefollowingfourtexts.AnswerthequestionsbeloweachtextbychoosingA,B,CorD.MarkyouranswersonANSWERSHEET.(40points.)Text1Comeon——Everybodyfsdoingit.Thatwhisperedmessage,halfinvitationandhalfforcing,iswhatmostofusthinkofwhenwehearthewordspeerpressure.Itusuallyleadstonogood-drinking,drugsandcasualsex.ButinhernewbookJointheClub,TinaRosenbergcontendsthatpeerpressurecanalsobeapositiveforcethroughwhatshecallsthesocialcure,inwhichorganizationsandofficialsusethepowerofgroupdynamicstohelpindividualsimprovetheirlivesandpossiblytheworld.Rosenberg,therecipientofaPulitzerPrize>offersahostofexamplesofthesocialcureinaction：InSouthCarolina,astate-sponsoredantismokingprogramcalledRageAgainsttheHazesetsouttomakecigarettesuncool.InSouthAfrica»anHIV-preventioninitiativeknownasLoveLiferecruitsyoungpeopletopromotesafesexamongtheirpeers.Theideaseemspromising,andRosenbergisaperceptiveobserver.Hercritiqueofthelamenessofmanypubic-healthcampaignsisspot-on：theyfailtomobilizepeerpressureforhealthyhabits,andtheydemonstrateaseriouslyflawedunderstandingofpsychology.wDaretobedifferent,pleasedon'Ismoke!npleadsonebillboardcampaignaimedatreducingsmokingamongteenagers-teenagers,whodesirenothingmorethanfittingin.Rosenbergarguesconvincinglythatpublic-healthadvocatesoughttotakeapagefromadvertisers^soskilledatapplyingpeerpressure.BuionIhegeneraleffectivenessofihcsocialcure.Rosenbergislesspersuasive.JointheClubisfilledwithloomuchirrelevantdetailandnotenoughexplorationofthesocialandbiologicalfactorsthatmakepeerpressuresopowerful.Themostglaringflawofthesocialcureasit'spresentedhereisthat・2・itdoesn'tworkverywellforverylong.RageAgainsttheHazefailedoncestatefundingwascut.EvidencethattheLoveLifeprogramproduceslastingchangesislimitedandmixed.There'snodoubtthatourpeergroupsexertenormousinfluenceonourbehavior.Anemergingbodyofresearchshowsthatpositivehealthhabits——aswellasnegativeones-spreadthroughnetworksoffriendsviasocialcommunication.Thisisasubtleformofpeerpressure：weunconsciouslyimitatethebehaviorweseeeveryday. ,Farlesscertain,however,ishowsuccessfullyexpertsandbureaucratscanselectourpeergroupsandsteeriheiractivitiesinvirtuousdirections.It'sliketheteacherwhobreaksupthetroublemakersinthebackrowbypairingthemwithbetter-behavedclassmates.Thetacticneverreallyworks.Andthat'stheproblemwithasocialcureengineeredfromtheoutside：intherealworld,asinschool,wcinsistonchoosingourownfriends.Accordingtothefirstparagraph,peerpressureoftenemergesasasupplementtothesocialcureastimulustogroupdynamicsLしコanobstacletosocialprogressacauseofundesirablebehaviorsRosenbergholdsthatpublicadvocatesshouldrecruitprofessionaladvertiserslearnfromadvertisersexperience[CjstayawayfromcommercialadvertisersrecognizethelimitationsofadvertisementsIntheauthor'sview,Rosenberg'sbookfailstoadequatelyprobesocialandbiologicalfactorseffectivelyevadetheflawsofthesocialcureLし]illustratethefunctionsofstatefunding[_D]producealong-lastingsocialeffectParagraph5showsthatourimitationofbehaviorsisharmfultoournetworksoffriendswillmisleadbehavioralstudiesoccurswithoutourrealizingitcanproducenegativehealthhabitsTheauthorsuggestsinthelastparagraphthattheeffectofpeerpressureisharmfuldesirable「し」profound[D]questionableText2Adealisadeal-except,apparently,whenEntergyisinvolved.Thecompany,amajorenergysupplierinNewEngland,provokedjustifiedoutrageinVermontlastweekwhenitannounceditwasrenegingonalongstandingcommitmenttoabidebythestrictstate'snuclearregulations.Instead.thecompanyhasdonepreciselywhatithadlongpromiseditwouldnotchallengetheconstitutionalityofVermont'srulesinthefederalcourt,aspartofadesperateefforttokeepitsVermontYankeenuclearpowerplantrunning.It'sastunningmove.Theconflicthasbeensurfacingsince2002,whenthecorporationboughtVermont'sonlynuclearpowerplant,anagingreactorinVernon.Asaconditionofreceivingstateapprovalforthesale,thecompanyagreedtoseekpermissionfromstateregulatorstooperatepast2012.In2006,thestatewentastepfurther,requiringthatanyextensionoftheplant'slicensebesubjecttoVermontlegislature'sapproval.Then,too,thecompanywentalong.EitherEntergyneverreallyintendedtolivebythosecommitments,oriisimplydidn'tforeseewhalwouldhappennext.Astringofaccidents,includingthepartialcollapseofacoolingtowerin2007andthediscoveryofanundergroundpipesystemleakage,raisedseriousquestionsaboutbothVermontYankee'ssafetyandEntergymanagement-especiallyafterthecompanymademisleadingstatementsaboutthepipe.EnragedbyEntergy'sbehavior,theVermontSenatevoted26to4lastyearagainstallowinganextension.Nowthecompanyissuddenlyclaimingthatthe2002agreementisinvalidbecauseofthe2006legislation,andthatonlythefederalgovernmenthasregulatorypowerovernuclearissues.Thelegalissuesinthecaseareobscure：whereastheSupremeCourthasruledthatstatesdohavesomeregulatoryauthorityovernuclearpower,legalscholarssaythatVermontcasewillofferaprecedentsettingtestofhowfarthosepowersextend.Certainly,therearevalidconcernsaboutthepatchworkregulationsthatcouldresultifeverystatesetsitsownrules.ButhadEntergykeptitswordthatdebatewouldbebesidethepoint.ThecompanyseemstohaveconcludedthatitsreputationinVermontisalreadysodamagedthatithasnothinglefttolosebygoingtowarwiththestate.Butthereshouldbeconsequences.Permissiontorunanuclearplantisapublictrust.Entergyruns11otherreactorsintheUnitedStates»includingPilgrimNuclearstationinPlymouth.PledgingtorunPilgrimsafely,thecompanyhasappliedforfederalpermissiontokeepinopenforanother20years.ButastheNuclearRegulatoryCommission(NRC)reviewsthecompany'sapplication,itshouldkeepinmindwhatpromisesfromEntergyareworth.2b.rhephrase“renegingon"(Line3.para.1)isclosestinmeaningtocondemningreaffirmingdishonoringsecuringByenteringintothe2002agreement,Entergyintendedto[A」obtainprotectionfromVermontregulators[Bjseekfavorfromthefederallegislature[し]acquireanextensionofitsbusinesslicense[D]getpermissiontopurchaseapowerplantAccordingtoParagraph4,EntergyseemstohaveproblemswithitsmanagerialpracticestechnicalinnovativenessfinancialgoalsbusinessvisionIntheauthor'sview,theVermontcasewilltest[AコEntergy'scapacitytofulfillallitspromises[B]thematureofstates'patchworkregulationsLC]thefederalauthorityovernuclearissues[D]thelimitsofstates'powerovernuclearissuesItcanbeinferredfromthelastparagraphthatEntergyrsbusinesselsewheremightbeaffectedtheauthorityoftheNRCwillbedefiedEntergywillwithdrawitsPlymouthapplicationVermont,sreputationmightbedamagedText3Intheidealizedversionofhowscienceisdone,factsabouttheworldarewaitingtobeobservedandcollectedbyobjectiveresearcherswhousethescientificmethodtocarryouttheirwork.Butintheeverydaypracticeofscience>discoveryfrequentlyfollowsanambiguousandcomplicatedroute.Weaimtobeobjective,butwecannotescapethecontextofouruniquelifeexperience.Priorknowledgeandinterestinfluencewhatweexperience,whatwethinkourexperiencesmean,andthesubsequentactionswetake.Opportunitiesformisinterpretation,error,andself-deceptionabound.Consequently,discoveryclaimsshouldbethoughtofasprotoscience.Similartonewlystakedminingclaims,theyarefullofpotential.Butittakescollectivescrutinyandacceptancetotransformadiscoveryclaimintoamaturediscovery.Thisisthecredibilityprocess,throughwhichtheindividualresearcherJsme,here,nowbecomesthecommunity'sanyone,anywhere,anytime.Objectiveknowledgeisthegoal*notthestartingpoint. •Onceadiscoveryclaimbecomespublic,thediscovererreceivesintellectualcredit.But*unlikewithminingclaims,thecommunitytakescontrolofwhathappensnext.Withinthecomplexsocialstructureofthescientificcommunity,researchersmakediscoveries；editorsandreviewersactasgatekeepersbycontrollingthepublicationprocess；otherscientistsusethenewfindingtosuittheirownpurposes।andfinally,thepublic(includingotherscientists)receivesthenewdiscoveryandpossiblyaccompanyingtechnology,sadiscoveryclaimworksitthroughthecommunity,theinteractionandconfrontationbetweensharedandcompetingbeliefsaboulthescienceandthetechnologyinvolvedtransformsanindividualdiscoveryclaimintothecommunity'scrediblediscovery.Iwoparadoxesexistthroughoutthiscredibilityprocess.First.scientificworklendstofocusonsomeaspectofprevailingknowledgethatisviewedasmcomplcieorincorrect.Littlerewardaccompaniesduj)licationandconfirmationofwhatisalreadyknownandbelieved.Thegoalisnewsearch,notre-search.Notsurprisingly,newlypublisheddiscoveryclaimsandcrediblediscoveriesthatappeartobeimportantandconvincingwillalwaysbeopentochallengeandpotentialmodificationorrefutationbyfutureresearchers,econd,noveltyitselffrequentlyprovokesdisbelief,belLaureateandphysiologistAlbertSzent-Gyorgyioncedescribeddiscoveryas41seeingwhateverybodyhasseenandthinkingwhatnobodyhasthought."Butthinkingwhatnobodyelsehasthoughtandtellingotherswhattheyhavemissedmaynotchangetheirviews.Sometimesyearsarerequiredfortrulynoveldiscoveryclaimstobeacceptedandappreciated.Intheend,credibilityuhappenswtoadiscoveryclaim-aprocessthatcorrespondstowhatphilosopherAnnetteBaierhasdescribedasthecommonsofthemind."Wereasontogether,challenge,revise,andcompleteeachother'sreasoningandeachother'sconceptionsofreason.Accordingtothefirstparagraph,theprocessofdiscoveryischaracterizedbyitsuncertaintyandcomplexitymisconceptionanddeceptivenesslogicalityandobjectivity[DJsystematicnessandregularityItcanbeinferredfromParagraph2thatcredibilityprocessrequiresstrictinspectionsharedefforts[Cjindividualwisdom[D]persistentinnovationParagraph3showsthatadiscoveryclaimbecomescredibleafterithasattractedtheattentionofthegeneralpublichasbeenexaminedbythescientificcommunityhasreceivedrecognitionfromeditorsandreviewers[Dコhasbeenfrequentlyquotedbypeerscientists ,AlbertSzent-Gy?rgyiwouldmostlikelyagreethatscientificclaimswillsurvivechallengesdiscoveriestodayinspirefutureresearch[CJeffortstomakediscoveriesarejustified[DjscientificworkcallsforacriticalmindWhichofthefollowingwouldbethebesttitleofthetext?NoveltyasanEngineofScientificDevelopmentCollectiveScrutinyinScientificDiscovery[CjEvolutionofCredibilityinDoingScienceChallengetoCredibilityattheGatetoScienceText4IfthetradeunionistJimmyHoffawerealivetoday,hewouldprobablyrepresentcivilservant.WhenHoffa'sTeamsterswereintheirprimein1960,onlyoneintenAmericangovernmentworkersbelongedtoaunion；now36%do.In2009thenumberofunionistsinAmerica'spublicsectorpassedthatoftheirfellowmembersintheprivatesector.InBritain,morethanhalfofpublic-sectorworkersbutonlyabout15%ofprivate-sectoronesareunionized.Therearethreereasonsforthepubliesectorunions'thriving.First,theycanshutthingsdownwithoutsufferingmuchinthewayofconsequences.Second,theyaremostlybrightandwell-educated.AquarterofAmerica'spublic-sectorworkershaveauniversitydegree.Third,theynowdominateleft-of-centrepolitics.Someoftheirtiesgobackalongway.Britain'slaborParty,asitsnameimplies,haslongbeenass(x:iatedwithtradeunionism.Itscurrentleader,EdMiliband*oweshisposiliontovotesfrompublioseclorunions.Al(hestaleleveltheirinfluencecanbeevenmorefearsome.MarkBaldassareofthePublicPolicyInstituteofCaliforniapointsoutthatmuchofthestate'sbudgetispatrolledbyunions.Theteachers9unionskeepaneyeonschools,theCCPOAonprisonsandavarietyoflaborgroupsonhealthcare.Inmanyrichcountriesaveragewagesintheslatesectorarchigherthaninihcprivateone.Buttherealgainscomeinbenefitsandworkpractices.Politicianshaverepeatedly**backloadedpublic-sectorpaydeals»keepingthepayincreasesmodestbutaddingioholidaysandespeciallypensionsthatarealreadygenerous.Reformhasbeenvigorouslyopposed,perhapsmostegregiouslyineducation,wherecharterschools,academiesandmeritpayallfaceddrawn-outbattles.Eventhoughthereisplentyofevidencethatthequalityoftheteachersisthemostimportantvariable,teachers9unionshavefoughtagainstgettingridofbadonesandpromotinggoodones.Asthecosttoeveryoneelsehasbecomeclearer,politicianshavebegunioclampdown.In.WisconsintheunionshaveralliedthousandsofsupportersagainstScottWalker,thehardlineRepublicangovernor.Butmanywithinthepublicsectorsufferunderthecurrentsystem♦too.JohnDonahueatHarvard'sKennedySchoolpointsoutthatthenormsofcultureinWesterncivilservicessuitthosewhowanttostayputbutisbadforhighachievers.TheonlyAmericanpublic-sectorworkerswhoearnwellabove$250,000ayearareuniversitysportscoachesandthepresidentoftheUnitedStates.Bankers'fatpaypacketshaveattractedmuchcriticism,butapublic-sectorsystemthatdoesnotrewardhighachieversmaybeamuchbiggerproblemforAmerica. -ItcanbelearnedfromthefirstparagraphthatTeamstersstillhavealargebodyofmembersJimmyHoffausedtoworkasacivilservantunionshaveenlargedtheirpublic-sectormembershiplhegovcnimcnthasimproveditsrelationshipwithunionistsWhichofthefollowingistrueofParagraph2?[A]Public-sectorunionsarcprudentintakingれぐlionsPBlEducationisrequiredforpublicscciorutiionmvmbcrship[C]LaborPartyhaslongbeenfightingagainstpublicsectorunions[1)]PublicsectorunionsseldomgetininniblefortheiractionsItcanbelearnedfromParagraph4thattheincomeintheslatesectorisillegallysecuredindirectlyaugmentedexcessivelyincreasedfairlyadjustedTheexampleoftheunionsinWisconsinshowsthatunionsoftenrunagainstthecurrentpoliticalsystemcanchangepeople'spoliticalattitudes[Cコmaybeabarriertopublic-sectorreformsaredominantinthegovernmcnlJohnDonahue'saltitudetowardsthepublic-sectorsystemisoneof[Aコdisapproval[B]appreciationLC]tolerance[D]indifferencePartBDirections：Inthefollowingtext,somesentenceshavebeenremoved.ForQuestions41-45»choosethemostsuitableonefromthelistA-Gtofitintoeachofthenumberedblanks.Therearctwoextrachoices,whichdonotfitinanyoftheblanks.MarkyouranswersonANSWERSHEET1.(10points)Thinkofthosefleetingmomentswhenyoulookoutofanaeroplanewindowandrealizethatyouareflying,higherthanabird.Nowthinkofyourlaptop9thinnerthanabrown-paperenvelope,oryourcellphoneinthepalmofyourhand.Takeamomentortwotowonderalthosemarvels.Youaretheluckyinheritorofadreamcometrue.Thesecondhalfofthe20thcenturysawacollectionofgeniuses»warriors,entrepreneursandvisionarieslabourtocreateafabulousmachinethatcouldfunctionasatypewriterandprintingpress,studioandtheatre,paintbrushandgallery,pianoandradio,themailaswellasthemailcarrier.(41). ..Thenetworkedcomputerisanamazingdevice*thefirstmediamachinethatservesasthemodeofproduction,meansofdistribution»siteofreception,andplaceofpraiseandcritique.Thecomputeristhe21stcentury'sculturemachine.Butforallthereasonstherearc1¢)celebrate(hecompuler.wcmustalsoaelwithcaution.(42) .Icallilaseeretwarfortworeasons.First,mostpeopledonotrealizethattherearestrongcommercialagendasalworklokeeptheminpassiveconsumpiionmedぐ.Second.ihunuijorilyofpeoplewhousenelworkedcoinpulcrsh>uploadarenotevenawareofIhesignificanceolwhaltheyarcdoing.,Allanimalsdownload.buionlyafewupload.Beaversbuilddamsandbirdsmakenests.Yclforthemostpart,theanimalkingdommovesthroughtheworlddownloading.Humansareuniqueintheircapacitytonotonlymaketoolsbutthenturnaroundandusethemtocreatesuperfluousmaterialgoods-paintings,sculptureandarchitecture--andsuperfluousexperiencesmusic,literature,religionandphilosophy.(43).Forallthepossibilitiesofournewculturemachines,mostpeoplearestillstuckindownloadmode.Evenaftertheadventofwidespreadsocialmedia,apyramidofproductionremains,withasmallnumberofpeopleuploadingmaterial,aslightlylargergroupcommentingonormodifyingthatcontent,andahugepercentageremainingcontenttojustconsume.(44)Televisionisaone-waylapflowingintoourhomes.Thehardesttaskthattelevisionasksofanyoneistoturnthepoweroffafterhehasturnediton.(45).Whatcountsasmeaningfuluploading?Mydefinitionrevolvesaroundihcconceptof**stickincssM-creationsandexperiencestowhichothersadhere.Ofcourse,itispreciselythesesuperfluousthingsthatdefinehumancultureandultimatelywhatitistobehuman.Downloadingandconsumingculturerequiresgreatskills,butfailingtomovebeyonddownloadingistostriponeselfofadefiningconstituentofhumanity.A,whichallowuserstocombinepicturestwordsandothermediaincreativewaysandthensharethem,havethepotentialtoaddstickincssbyamusing,entertainingandenlighteningothers.[CコNotonlydidtheydevelopsuchadevicebutbytheturnofthemillenniumtheyhadalsomanagedtoembeditinaworldwidesystemaccessedbybillionsofpeopleeveryday.—[D]Thisisbecausethenetworkedcomputerhassparkedasecretwarbetweendownloadinganduploading-betweenpassiveconsumptionandactivecreation-whoseoutcomewillshapeourcollectivefutureinwayswecanonlybegintoimagine.[EjThechallengethecomputermountstotelevisionthusbearslittlesimilaritytooneformatbeingreplacedbyanotherinthemannerofrecordplayersbeingreplacedbyCDplayers.[F]Onereasonforthepersistenceofthispyramidofproductionisthatforthepasthalf-centurytmuchoftheworld,smediaculturehasbeendefinedbyasinglemedium-television-andtelevisionisdefinedbydownloading.|_G]Thenetworkedcomputeroffersthefirstchancein50yearstoreversetheflow,toencouragethoughtfuldownloadingand,evenmoreimportantly,meaningfuluploading.PartCDirections；ReadIhefollowingirxicarefullyandthentranslatelheunderlinedsegmentsintoChinese.Yourtranslationshouldl)vwrittenclearlyonANSWERSilEET2.(10points)SincethedaysofAristotle*asearchforuniversalprincipleshascharaclerizvd1hescientificenterprise.Insomeways,this(|uestforcommonaliiies<l(finesscience.Ncwion,slawsnfmotiot)an(!Darwinianevolutioneachbindahostofdifferentphenomenaintoasingleexplicatoryframework.(46)Inphysicstoneapproachtakesthisimpulseforunificationtoitsextreme<andseeksatheoryofeverythingasinglegenerativeequationforallwesec.Itisbecominglessclear,however,thatsuchatheorywouldbeasimplification,giventhedimensionsanduniversesthatitmighlentail.Nonetheless,unificationofsortsremainsamajorgoal.Thistendencyinthenaturalscienceshaslongbeenevidentinthesocialsciencestoo.(47)Here,Darwinismseemstoofferjustificationforifallhumanssharecommonoriginsitseemsreasonabletosupposethatculturaldiversitycouldalsobetracedtomor6constrainedbeginnings.Justasthebewilderingvarietyofhumancourtshipritualsmightallbeconsideredformsofsexualselection,perhapstheworld*slanguages,music,socialandreligiouscustomsandevenhistoryaregovernedbyuniversalfeatures.(48)Tofilteroutwhatisuniquefromwhatissharedmightenableustounderstandhowcomplexculturalbehavioraroseandwhatguidesitinevolutionaryorcognitiveterms.That,atleast•isthehope.Butacomparativestudyoflinguistictraitspublishedonlinetodaysuppliesarealitycheck.RussellGrayattheUniversityofAucklandandhiscolleaguesconsidertheevolutionofgrammarsinthelightoftwopreviousattemptstofinduniversalityinlanguage.ThemostfamousoftheseeffortswasinitiatedbyNoamChomsky,whosuggestedthathumansarcbornwithaninnalclanguage-acquisitioncapacitythatdictatesauniversalgrammar.Afewgenerativerulesarethensufficienttounfoldtheentirefundamentalstructureofalanguage,whichiswhychildrencanlearnitsoquickly.(49)Thcsecond,byJoshuaGreenberg,takesamoreempiricalapproachtouniversalityidentifyingIraits(particularlyinwordorder)sharedbymanylanguagewhicharcconsideredtorepresentbiasesthatresultfromcognitiveconstraints.(irayandhiscolleagueshaveputihcmtothetestbyexaminingfourfamilytreesthatbetweenthemrepresentmorethan2,000languages.(50)Chomsky9sgrammarshouldshowpatternsoflanguagechangethatareindependentofthefamilytreeorthepathwaytrackedthroughit,whereasGrecnbcrgianuniversalitypredictsstrongco-dependenciesbetweenparticulartypesofword-orderrelations.Neitherofthesepatternsisborneoutbytheanalysis,suggestingthatthestructuresofthelanguagesarclincagc-spccificandnotgovernedbyuniversals.Section皿WritingPartA5I.Directions：Someinternalionalsstudentsarccomingtoyouruniversity.WritethemanemailinthenameoftheSittdvnis,UniontoI)cxtriulyourwelcomeand2)providesonu^ugg<*s1ionsforth(*ircampuslife'ht're.YoushouldwriteahouiIunwordsonANSWERSHEE12.Donotsignyournamen<theendoftheletter.Use*“LiMin只"instead.Donotwritedu-a(klrvss(l<>points)PartBDirections：writeanessayof160-200wordsbasedonthefollowingdrawing.Inyouressayyoushoulddescribethedrawingbrieflyexplainitsintendedmeaning,andgiveyourcommentsYoushouldwriteneatlyonANSWERSHEET2.(20points)2012年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语试题标准答案SectionIUseofEnglish1.B2.A3.B4.D5.C6.B7.D8.B9.A10.B11.A12.C13.D14.A15.C16.A17.A18.C19.D20.DSectionQReadingComprehensionPartA21.D22.B23.A24.025.D26.C27.D28.A29.D30.A31.A32.B33.B34.D35.036.C37.D38.B39.040.APartB41.C42.D43.A44.F45.GPartC .46.在物理学中,有一种理论将这种“万物归ー的冲动”推向了极致,它探寻ー种万有理论 个关于我们能看到的一切的生成方程式.47.在这一点上,达尔文学说似乎给人们提供了准则,因为如果所有人种同宗同源,那么“文化多样性也能追溯到更为单一的源头”的假定也就不无道理了。48.把差异性和独特性从共性中过速出来也许能让我们理解复杂的文化行为是如何产生的,是什么从进化或认知领域指导着它.49.乔舒花•格林贝格提出的第二种理论采用了一种更具经验主义的方法来解释共性理论。他确认多种语言（尤其是在语序方面）都具有共同特征,这些特征被认为体现了由于认知局限性而带来的偏见。50.乔姆斯基的语法应该体现语言变化的模式,该模式独立于族谱或贯穿其中的路径，而格林贝格的共性理论预测了各种类型的语序关系中存在强烈的共存性。Section皿Writing（略）2007年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语试题SectionIUseofEnglishDirections：Readthefollowingtext.Choosethebestword(s)foreachnumberedblankandmark[A],[B],[C]or[D]onANSWERSHEET1.(10points)By1830theformerSpanishandPortuguesecolonieshadbecomeindependentnations.Theroughly20million]ofthesenationslooked2tothefuture.BorninthecrisisoftheoldregimeandIberianColonialism,manyoftheleadersofindependence3theidealsofrepresentativegovernment,careers4totalent,freedomofcommerceandtrade,the5toprivateproperty,andabeliefintheindividualasthebasisofsociet