赞比亚大学记录管理研究

学校代码:巡分类号:鱼麴

研究生学号:QZ!!墨QQ墨密级:玉东北知予蕴大孽硕士学位论文赞比亚大学记录管理研究ResearchonthemanagementofrecordsattheUniversityofZambia〇烈ZA)博博yadseuTayawB芥豐作驚师:李瑞勤教授学科专'业:情报学研究方向:信息传播

学位类型：学历硕士东北师范大学学位评定委员会2010年5月.4IInrIIIor}LI独创性声明IIIIII111111独创性声明本人郑重声明:所取得的成果。据我所知,除了特别加以标注和致谢的地方外,论文中不包含其他人已经发表或撰写过的研究成果。对本人的研究做出重要贡献的个11人和集体，均已在文中作了明确的说明。本声明的法律结果由本人承担。1111学位论文作者签名:幽丝j金i泣ス」盟日期:2.〇学位论文使用授权书本学位论文作者完全了解东北师范大学有关保留、使用学位论文的规定,即:东北师范大学有权保留并向国家有关部门或机构送交学位论文的复印件和电子版,允许论文被査阅和借阅。本人授权东北师范大学可以将学位论文的全部或部分内容编入有关数据库进行检索,可以采用影印、缩印或其它复制手段保存、汇编本学位论文。（保密的学位论文在解密后适用本授权书）学位论文作者签名：纽型塑:キ鄂蛾指学位论文作者毕业后去向:电话:摘要本文调查研究了赞比亚大学有关记录管理的现状（记录管理效率低、不诚实等）,并分析原因提出改进方案。例如,被调査者中有69.8%的人承认在他们任职期间ー些记录消失的事件。他们同样承认他们很难定位并且恢复这些记录。造成赞比亚大学记录管理不善的原因有许多，其中最主要的原因在于赞比亚大学缺乏ー项记录管理程序。因此,该大学就没有管理记录政策、记录保留以及销毁计划表、手册和小册子的指导以便于更好地顺利实施记录管理。在这方面，记录负责大以及来自其他大学的雇员就无从晓得他们应该怎样处理记录。许多负责大在保留记录时不明确记录应该保留的时间长度,因此只能过早地处理掉这些记录。由于缺乏指导类的文件作为依据,因此记录不能很好地分类、编排和入档。本项研究同样发现，大学电子记录储存于数据库、电子邮箱以及其他二级存储设备,例如，DVD光盘、CD光盘还有软盘等,这些记录很容易地丢失，也需要在专家的指导下统ー规范的管理。由于缺乏记录管理程序,同样造成了记录管理功能不能最大限度地享有来自大学的支持。另外，记录管理专家也无法与来自信息技术部门共商大学电子记录管理事宜。赞比亚大学记录管理应该考虑设置适当的管理机构,以便于协调和指导大学的档案管理工作。关键词:记录管理程序;赞比亚大学;记录，记录管理节目TheresearcfficientTheresearcfficientanmanagemenA).Forinsoftherespoundertheirmissing.T1ties1ocaintimetheorsresponma1adminidministraatUNZAisthhasnotdrafandimp1m.Asarehavearecorschedule,mandproceduregard,recofficersaniredofthemonofrecordersityofZidentswheryoftenhavberoffactemajorcauram.Theuniementprsnottentionandntofrecordtknowwhatihdiscoversddishonesttofrecordtance,69〇ndentsadmicustodygoTOC\o"1-5"\h\zh e y a 1 s o a ct i n g a n d r eneededrecs i b 1 e f o rs t r a t i o n otionofrecelackofaretedementedsu1Lthedsmanagemeanua1sresneededfordsdotherunivwhenthatmaladms)isrifea8%ttedthatthknow1edgetrievingords.Therfrecordsaordscordsmanagarecorduniversntp〇1icy,aorthesmootersityemplinistratittheUnivereareincdthattheeareanumtUNZA.Thementprogsmanagitydoerecordsrehmanagemeoyeesdonos(ineambia(UNZerecordsedifficuseofma1aversityOgradisposals：Inthissrequproperlycnua1tproperlycnua1toexpshouldbec1sodiscovinv〇1vemementofthee1ectroniequentlosntofrecordsmauniversitycrecordsisparsofrecordshelhand1inguniversityrecords.Manyofficersdonotknowtherightretentionperiodofrecordsundertheircustodyhencetheydisposethey.Recordsarcnotlassified,indexedandfi1edbecausethereisnomalainhowrecords1assified*indexedandfiled.Theresearchaeredthatthenon—nagementexpertsinthemanaget1ya1soresponsibleforthefrdindatabases,electronicmai1sandthoserecordsstoredonsecondarystoragefaci1itiessuchrpartsfromtheITdepartmentioworkwigementoexpertstnthemanatlltheircountefelecofretronicrecordscordsatUNZAisersity.Maladministrationcompoundedbytheabsenceofacompetentmiddle1eveImanagementofficetoaidtheregistrar'SofficeinthecoordinationandsupervisionofrecordsmanagementactivitiesintheuniversiUniversityofZambiKeywords：Ma1adminUniversityofZambimanagementprogramTABLEoFACRoNYMSCD.ROM DBMSDataBaseManagememSystems分M—————一 *C,e-a

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CHAPTER1INTRODUCTIONANDBACKGROUNDINF0RMATIONRecordsareofoneoftheindispensableresourcesofanyorganization.Theyareusedforadministrative,legalandhistorica1researchactivities.Toensuretheintegrityofrecords,arobustrecordsmanagementsystemshouldbeestablishedandimplementedbyanorganization.Awater—tightrecordsmanagementsystemisneededinorganizationsSOthatrecordsaremanagedina11efficientandethica1manner.Itishoweverdisturbingtoknowthathistoryisrepletewithcaseswherepublicrecordsandprivaterecordshasbeeninefficient1yanddishonest1ymanagedthussabotaginggovernment,organizationalandindividualactivitiestherecordsintendedtoserve.T11iSma1administrationofrecordshasbeenreportedinbothprintandelectronicmediaamonggovernmenta1bodiesandothertheprinciplesandphiZAwereestablished.■藩ーservicedeliverytothegenera1citizenryamonggovernmenta1bodies.MaladministrationofrecordsisacancerthatneedsurgentmedicaIattentionore1sei1lerodecompletelyosophiesuponpublitheprinciplesandphiZAwereestablished.■藩ー1.2HistoricalBackgroundoftheUniversityofZambia(UNZA)DuringtheBritishc〇1onia1ruieinZambia,opportunitiesforhighereducationandtrainingforZambianswere1imited.OnlyahandfulofZambiansreceivedhighereducationandtrainingfromtheBritishcolonialgovernment.Thisresu1tedinanacuteshortageofhumanresourceinZambiajustafterindependencein1964.Theacuteshortageofhumanresourceconstitutedamajorbott1enecktothecountry'Sdevelopmentalefforts.Asaresultofthisshortage,Zambians、）1,it11lowerformalqua1ificationshadtoberecruitedt0fi11upthegaps1eftbyexpatriates•particularlyinthepub1icsector.Inviewofthis*thepostindependencegovernmentendeavoredtofindapanaceatotheproblem.Thethengovernmentunderthe1eadershipofDrKennethKaundadeemedtheestab1ishmentofUniversitiestoprovidetrainingtoZambiansarea1isticandpermanents〇!utiontotheacuteshortageofhumanresourcethecountryfaced.InMarchl963,acommissionchairedbySirJohnLockwood,aformerViceChance1loroftheUniversityofLondonwasappointedtoassessthefeasibiIityoftheestablishmentofaUniversityinwhatWasthencal1edNorthernRhodesia.ThereportwhichWassubmittedbyLockwoodcommissiontogovernmentledtotheestablishmentoftheUniversityofZambiain1966.1.3PrincipaladministrativeOfficesofUNZATheprincipaladministrativeofficesattheuniversityare：OfficeoftheChancellor,UniversityCounci1,OfficeoftheViceChance1lor,OfficeoftheDeputyViceChance11or,OfficeoftheRegistrar,OfficeoftheBursar,OfficeoftheLibrarian,andDeanofStudentsoffice.Notethattheseofficeshavebeenlistedaccordingtotheirorderofhierarchicalimportance.TheseofficesconstitutetheprincipalOffiCeSresponsibleforthegeneraIadministrationoftheuniversitybusiness.1ASch〇〇1s,Directorateandlnstitute〇fUNZATheacademicbusinessoftheUniversityofZambiaisadministeredthroughSchooDeansandDirectorsoftheDirectorateandlnstitutewhoareanswerabl1etotheO伍cetheViceChancel1orandtheDeputyViceChance1lor.Therearenineschoolsa1theUniversity

ofZambia.Theseare：AgriculturalSciences,Engineering*Education,HumanitiesandSocialSciences,Law,Mines,Medicine,NaturalSciences,andVeterinaryMedicine.Inadditiontotheseschools,thereisaDirectorateofResearchandGraduateStudiesandtheInstituteofDistanceEducation(formerlyca11edtheDirectorateofDistanceEducation).1.50therUnitsofUNZATheC1inicandTechnologicaIDevelopmentUnit(TDU)aresomeoftheothermajorunitsoftheuniversity.Theuniversityc1inicisveryessentialasitprovideshea1thservicestostudents,themembersofstaffandtheirfami1ies.Italsoextendstheroleofprovidinghea1thservicestothecommunitiessurroundingtheuniversity.TheTechnologica1Deve1opmentUnitischargedwiththeresponsibi1ityofdevelopingtechnologiesthatcouldbeappliedtomanysectorsoftheeconomy.一）6RecordscreationandmanagementaIUNZA一）iseseightprincipalLikeshownabove,theUniversityofZambiacompoffices,nineiseseightprincipalschoo1s*adirectorateandinstitute.Inaddition,thereareunitssuchastheclinicandthetechnologicaIdevelopmentunit.A11theseoffijG./e.s,schoolsd.irectorate/in.stituteandunitsiBinvolvedintnecreatlonanaaccumuofrecordsasofficebearersafcarryouttheday.to-daybusinessoractivitierEity.节妒TherecordsmanagementsystematUNZAisbasedontheBritishMode1ofmanagingrecords.Thisrecordsmanagementsysteminvolveskeepingactiverecordsintheregistries.Whentheybecomelessactive,theyaretransferredtothelowcostareascalledrecordscenters.Afterastipulatedperiodoftime,theserecordsinrecordscentersare节妒ohavepermaohavepermanentva1uearecommitteThoserepreseredesThisisthesytema11theoffices,schools,directoratesanddepartmentssuchastheclThisisthesyattheU.niverofrecords.tyofZarnbiattheU.niverofrecords.Itiscardina1tomentionthattherelSdecentra1izationmthemanagementofcurrentrecordsattheUniversirecordsattheUniversityofZambiainthesenseipaloffices,schools*dipaloffices,schools*directorate,tute,clinic»thetechno1ogicaIdeve1opmentunitandotherunitshaveiregistrycentoftheircotherhand.seherunitshaveiregistrycentoftheircotherhand.semndividua1ntersrespurrent(aci-activeandionsiblefortive)recornactiverecordthemanagemeds.0nthesaremanagedoncentra1izationprinciplesastheyaIekeptandadministeredinonecentra1p1ace.].7CategoriesofrecordsatUNZATheChance1lorsoffice,ViceChance1lorsandDeputyViceChanceIlorke印recordspertainingtothegeneraladministrationoftheUniversity.Theserecordscomeintheformofreportsandpolicies.Theyalsoaccumulateandke印correspondences.memosandminutes.NotethatDeputyViceChanceIIorofficehaSsomeacademicrecordsasitistheofficewhichoverseestheacademicbusinessoftheuniversity.TheRegistrar9Soffice,throughthecomputercenter,keepsstudents^dmissionandresultsrecordsine1ectronicformatthroughdatabases.However,thebulkoftherecordskeptbytheRegistrar'Sofficepertaintotheemployeesoftheuniversity.Inaddition,generalrecordssuchascorrespondencestotheregistrar'Soffice.memosandminutesarea1somanagedbytheregiSt1"ar'Soffice.Schools,Directorateandinstitutenormal1yaccumulateandkeeprecordspertainingtOthestudents.Thesestudents'recordsinc1udeexaminationrecords,student'ScorresponderecordspertainingtOstudents,courses,andgeneralinfPr9n9onandrecordsabouttheheyaccumulatheyaccumulateandmanagememos,correspondeヤ为e'Deanofstudentsbeingresponsib1eforstudents'welfare,itmainlykeepsrecoroje&tainingtostudents'ac肋mmodationandgeneralrecordsaboutthestuaents.Ita1sokeepssomeacademicrecordsofthestudents.

AccountsrecordsareaccumuIatedandmanagedbytheofficeoftheBursar.Accounts'recordsincludestudents'financialrecords,employees(salariesrecordsandotherfinancialre1atedrecords.The1ibrarian'Sofficekeepsrecordsabouttheuniversitylibrary.Theseincluderecordsofthethe1ibraryusers.ces,memosandminutes.Medica1erpeMedica1erpeop1registrningtoirecordrecordsoearekepty.Thec1itsfunctis,minutfstudebythecnicregonssuces,ments,th1inicistryah勰purcsofstafsrecordmos,andS0on.nnovationsmadeattheuniverRecordsregardingtheIechn〇1ogicannovationsmadeattheunivertheTechno1ogica1andDevelopmentUnit(TDU).Italsokeepsitsadministrativerecordssuch雒memosandminuteCHAPTER2STATEMENT0FTHEPR0BLEM,JUSTIFICATION,OBJECTIVESRESEARCHQUESTIONSANDCoNCEPTUAI,FRA域、怕RKOFTHESTUDY2.IStatementoftheProb1emTheUniversityofZambialikeanyotherinstitutionFleatesandreceivesrecords期officersperforintheirdutiesandresponsibi1itiesinpursuanceoftheUniversity'Sgoa1sandobjectives.RecordsplayavitairoleintheadministrationoftheUniversity.Theyprovidereliableevidenceoftransactionsundertaken.Recordsa1socontributetoadministrativeefficiencyastheyareconsultedindecisionmakingandp1anning.Inadditionrsadditionrsity.Borecordstdethica1,recordsthpaperahereforemanner.Iformthende1ectneedtobtishowecorporateronicemanagediverftheUniveicientanngtoobservethatrecordsattheUniversityofZambiaarenotefficient1yandethicalymanaged.Thereisma1administrationofrecordsa1theUniversityofZambia.ethicalty,studentsandotMembersofsty,studentsandotderssuchasgovernmenthavebeencomp1ainingaboutma1administrationofrecordsmanagemem.Forinstance,in2006,thethenministerofeducationDrBrianChituboWasquotedbyboththeprintande1ectronicmediainZambia舔sayingthattheprob1emoffinancia1mismanagememaItheUniversityofZambiawasstemmingfromp〇orrecordsmanagemem.TheministernotedthatitWaSimpossib1etoaudittheUniversityofZambopRsofaccountduetopoorrecordskeeping.In2008,theAuditbrldenera1*SreportinZambiaalsoattributedfinancia1indiscip1ineperpetratedbyofficerspart1ytothepoorrccordsmanagement.Inthesameyear(2008),thethedntsheeouriivefsityFinanceandNationa1P1anningMr.PaterNg'anduMaganderefusedtoa1locateextramoneytotheUniversityarguingthattherewastoomuchfinancciplineattheinstitinstitutionasofficerintheaccountsandotherdepartmentswereinthehabitofdestroyingprevailattrethestaffcou1prevailattrethestaffcou1dfai1heinstitution.rFherehaoftheuniversitytoretrievetheneededvebeena1soincidentswhestudents'recordssuchaswithdrawletters.Worseofal1,someoftherecordshavebeenreportedmissing.Inaddition*somee1ectronicrecordscannotbeaccessedbecausethetechnologyinwhicbtheyhavebeenkeptisoutdated.2JustificationoftheresearchAsa1readynotedintheintroduction*recordsplayaverycritica1roleinensuringaccountabi1ityandtransparencyinthemanagementofpublicaffairs.Recordsalsoaidindecisionmakingandplanning.Therefore,anyorganizationworthitssa1tshouldensurepropermanagementofrecords.Ma1administrationofrecordsattheUniversityofZambiahasbeenaperennia1problem.Thisma1administrationofrecordshasbeenatthecenterofandAuditor—General*Sofficeattributefinaneia1indiscip1inetotheinefficientandunethicalrecordskeepingpracticesattheuniversity.Inaddition,andAuditor—General*Sofficeattributefinaneia1indiscip1inetotheinefficientandunethicalrecordskeepingpracticesattheuniversity.Inaddition,thestudentpopulaceandotherpeopl

ityofZambieandorganizataoftencomp1ainantheUniverecordswhoftenreportsofmissingrecords.ionsthattransact、加ththeUniversiciencyofthemembersofstaffievetheirimestheserecordsareneveracerea1eFromtheforegoing,itCanbeconcludedthatthereisageneralpoororganizationandmanagemendsmanagemtheUnivergtherightstudentsaersity.ThthestratecomanagemendsmanagemtheUnivergtherightstudentsaersity.Ththestratecountabi1tofrecordentsystemsityofZamsandinterndotherstisa1soundgicr〇1eofityonhowsthusmakatbiatop1aestsofakeh〇1deerminesrecordsii n g i t i mpy i t s p i vor s w h i c htn e n s u r inossibleforta1r〇!einpransactwitgtransparetherecorrotectinhtheunivncyandacItisagainItisagainsttheabovebackgroundthatacomprehensiveresearchneedstobecarriedouthavebeencausingma1administrationofrecordsattheuniversityandputforwarduniversityresourcesareuti1ized.tyoftheprob1emanrecommendationstotheUniversitymanagementforimp1ementationinordertorectifytheidentifiedprobem.

.3App1ledvalueoftheresearchTheresearchhasimmediateuti1itytotheuniversityinthesensethatithasunvei1edfactorsthathavebeencausinginefficientandunethicalrecordsmanagememattheUniversityofZambia.Ithasgonefurtherbyprovidingpractica1recommendationstotheuniversationwiib1eadoptionandimp1ementiuniversationwiib1eadoptionandimp1ementngthemanagementofrecordsatttution.2.4AcademicvalueoftheresearchOntheacademic舶nt'theresearchhascontributedtOthecurrentdebateontheneedforrecordsofficerstocooperatewithITstafrinorganizationsinthemanagementofelectronicrecordskeptinserverdatabasesandpersonaicomputersinordertoensureconformitytogoodrecordsmanagementpractices.2.5Conceptua1f一厂1I聊ew〇rkTheconceptthatguidesthisstudyisthe’'systemstheory75borrowedfromthesystemstheory.ThesystemtheoryhasbeendefinedinmanydifferentwaysbydifferentscholAccordingtoMcNamara(2010),asystemisanorganizedcol1ectPoTSf,parts(orsubsystems)thatalehi曲lyintegasa.tedtoaccomplishanoveral1asaimplerterms,systernstheoryarguesthatanysysiem(suchasanorilztion)ismadeupofinterrelatedparts.Forthesystemtoperformeffectively.al1theinterrelatedpartsshouldplaytheirroieeffective1yandmustworkinterdependent1y.Itful'therpostulatesthatifonepartisnotperformingwe1I,thewho1esystemwi11benegativelyaffected.Theinterpretationofthistheoryisthatitadvocatescorporationamonga11thecomponentsofthewholesysteminordertorea1izeitsgoa1.Inthiscase,theUniversityofZambiarecordsmanagememsystemismadeupofmanycomponentssuchasrecordscenters,registries,andcomputerscenter.FortheuniversityrecordsmanagementsystemtofunctionproperlytheremustbecoordinationofactivitiesamongaIItheparties

involvedinth

dsmanagementemanagementinvolvedinth

dsmanagementemanagementofrecords,donotIfthepartiestorecorintegrateandworkllfailtOachieveiofmanagingrecordsionestInanneLtogether,therecordsmanagemenintegrateandworkllfailtOachieveiofmanagingrecordsionestInanneLna1lefficientandh（矽Genera10bjectiveThemainobjectiveoftheresearchistouncoverfactorsthatareresponsibleforinefficientandunethicalrecordskeepingattheUniversityofZambia.例Sp e c i fi c0bj e c t iv e—TofindouthowwidespreadistheprobIemofma1administrationofSrecordsatUNZA-Tofindoutwhereactiverecords,semi-activerecordsandarchivesarekeptatUNZATOfindouthowrecordsarecategorized»indexedandfi1edatUNZATofindouthowrecordsoffiee1strackthemovementofrecordsatUNZAt〇Tofindouti ftherei sarecords retent i o n a nddisposa1schedu1e atUNZA_Tofindoutif thereisa recordsmanagementmanuaatUNZA—Tofindouttheacademicqua1ificationsandtrainingofrecordsofficersatUNZA,TofindoutifrecordsofficersatUNZAareinvolvedinthemanagementofelectronicrecords—TOfindoutifrecordsofficersatUNZAreceivesupportfromthemanagement—TOfindoutifthereisanyofficedesignatedtooverseetheoveraIImanagementofcordsatINZA2.7ResearchQuestionsheprob1emofma1adminnofrecHowwidheprob1emofma1adminnofrec_Howarerecordscategorized»indexedandfi1edattheUNZA?-Howisthemovementofrecordstracked/contr〇1iedatUNZA?•DoesUNZAhavearecordsretentionanddisposa1schedu1e?-V!飞atacademicqualificationsandtrainingdorecordsofficersatUNZAhave?—ArerecordsofficersatUNZAinv〇1vedinthemanagementofe1ectronicrecords?—DorecordsofficersatUNZAreceivesupportfrommanagement?CHAPTERSLITERAn瓜EREVIEWCONCEPTSDEFINITION,USESOFRECORDSANDCAUSESOFMALADMINSTARTIONOFRECORDS3.IMaladministrationofrecordsThetermma1administrationhasbeendeffmeddifferent1yindifferentcontext.Ma1administrationmeanstoadministerormanageinefficientlyordishonestlyz,[11.Inconcomitancewiththeabovedefinition,Maladministrationofrecordsentai1stheinefficientordishonestmanagementofrecords.MaladministrationofrecordsconditionsarecharacterizedbyTrequentcascsofiIlege!d〇Ietingordcstroyingofrecords,missingofrecords,farecords,fairecordsetc.uretoretrievetheneededMa1admMa1adminiprintandestrationofrecordshasbeenreportedinboth1ectronicmediaamonggovernmtheggovernmtheg1obma1admitosupprenta1boda1.Someonistratiessthetriesanapfthese,oncasesuthabourivateoinvolvettheionsarouuctionofndrecordsi11ega1activitiesofsomeofficials.Forinstance,TheNewYorkSunon27nIDecember,2006reportedthatfi1esre1atingtoinvestigationsintotheleaksofc1assifiedinformationattheFederalBureauoflnvestigation(FBI)hadgonemissingatitsheadquarters.InNovember,2007,llleHerMajesty*sRevenue&Customs(HMRC)1osttwoCDscrammed谢也sensitivedata.TheCDscontained25mi11ionrecordsofagents,a1ternativerecipients,chiIdrenandcustomersonthechi1dbenefitdatabase.ASupermarketchaincailedLidlinIrelandon22rdofMarch,2005,destroyedrecordscontainingtheageofjobapplicantswhenitdiscovereditwasunderinvestigationbytheEqua1ityTribunalforagediscrimination.Itrefusedtointerviewa5I-year—〇1dmanf〇rthejobofdistrictmanageratLidlbecauseitbe1ievedhewastoooldforthejob(ThelrishExaminer：2005).InZambia,theAuditor-General,Mrs.AnnaChifungula,on22ndofJune,2009,reportedthatimportantrecordsre1atingtothea11egedmisappropriationofZMK(ZambianKwacha)28bi11ionintheMinistryofHea1thhadgonemissing,makingitverydifficu1ttofinishforensicinvestigationsintothecase[2].Othercasesofmaladministrationdemonstrateasheerincompetencyofthepeopleentrustedwiththeresponsibi1ityofadministeringtherecords.Forexample,onMarch7,h,2007,Louisiana'sbulwarkinsureroflastresortlostitsfinancialrecordsthatspannedaperiodoftwoyearsbecauseofmishand1ingofitscomputersoftwareprogram(TheTimesPicayuneandNewOrleans：2007).On25mDecember,2006,TheMSNBCreportedthatPresidentBush'SambitiousAlDS-fightingprograminpoorcountrieshadpushedSOhardforfastresultsthatbasicrecordkeepingandaccountabi1ityoftenwentbythewayside,makingithardtojudgethetrueSUCCESSoftheprogram.Theaboveexamplesshowhowwidespreadmaladministrationofrecordsisinorganizationsaroundtheglobe.Maladministrationofrecordshasfarreachingimp1icationsontheactivitiesoforganizationsandoftenatime,itresu1tsinfinanciallosses.Inaddition,ma1administrationofrecordsresultsinthevio1ationoftherightsofcitizensandorganizations.moneyandhumanresourceinanefficientandeffeetivemanner,thus,makingitpossibletoattainitsintendedgoalsandobjectives.Itissalienttonotethatmuchoftheinformationorga