-英语词汇的发展课件-高中英语教师研修

TheGrowthofEnglishVocabularyDevelopment（1）TheLanguageFamily（2）ThreephasesofthehistoricaldevelopmentDevelopment（3）GeneralcharacteristicsofEnglish（4）ForeignelementsintheEnglishvocabularyDevelopment（5）GrowthofcontemporaryEnglishvocabulary（6）ModesofvocabularydevelopmentTheLanguageFamilyEnglishisclassifiedintotheIndo-Europeanfamily.印欧语系superfamilyofeightlanguagefamilieseightlanguagefamiliesIndo-EuropeanfamilySino-TibetanfamilySemito-HamiticfamilyBantufamilyUralicfamilyAltaicfamilyMalayo-PolynesianfamilyIndianfamilyeightlanguagefamilies印欧语系汉藏语系闪含语系班图语系乌拉尔语系阿尔泰语系马来-玻利西亚语系印第安语系onthebasisofsimilariesintheirbasicwordstockandgrammartheIndo-Europeanfamily8principalgroupsEasternsetWesternsetTheEasternsetBalto-Slavic波罗的斯拉夫语族(thebiggestone)Prussian普鲁士语Lithuanian立陶宛语Polish波兰语Czech捷克语Bulgarian保加利亚语Slovenian斯洛文尼亚语Russian俄罗斯语Indo-Iranian印伊语族Persian波斯语Bengali孟加拉语Hindi北印度语Romany吉普赛语Armenian亚美尼亚语族ArmenianAlbanian阿尔巴尼语族Albanian

TheWesternSetHellenic希腊语族GreekCeltic凯尔特语族Scotish苏格兰语Irish爱尔兰语Welsh威尔士Breton布列塔尼语Pictish皮克特语3.Italic意大利语族（5romancelanguages）Portuguese葡萄牙语Spanish西班牙语French法语Italian意大利语Rumanian罗马尼亚语4.Germanic日耳曼语族English英语German德语Dutch荷兰语Flemish弗来芒语ScandinavianlanguagesNorwegian挪威语Icelandic冰岛语Danish丹麦语Swedish瑞典语ThreePhasesof

theHistoricalDevelopmentOldEnglish(450-1150)MiddleEnglish(1150-1500)ModernEnglish

(1500tothepresent)OldEnglish(450-1150)CeltictheearliestlanguageusedintheBritishIslands河流名称theThames英国著名城市LondonOldEnglish(450-1150)RomanConquest罗马征服（1）55B.C.:TheRomansoccupiedtheBritishIsles.（2）A.D.597:

ApriestnamedAugustinecametoEnglandfromRometopreach.OldEnglish(450-1150)LatinwordscameintoEnglish家庭用具的词kettle；植物名称的词pear(3)410:end

ofRomanoccupationOldEnglish(450-1150)GermanicConquest（A.D.437）Germantribes（1）盎格鲁人（Anglos）（2）撒克逊人（Saxons）（3）朱特人(Jutes)低地日耳曼语（LowWestGermanic）OldEnglish(450-1150)Scandinavianinvasion（beginin790）ScandinavianwordintoBritain(1)SomepronounsinEnglishcomesfromScandinavian.(2)Manywordsrelatedtoordinarypeople'sdailylifecomefromScandinavian.ScandinavianwordintoBritain:CharacteristicsofOldEnglish（1）Ithasasmallvocabularyofabout50,000to60,000words.（2）IthassmallnumberofborrowingscamefromLatinandScandinavian.（3）Itisahighlyinflectedlanguage.MiddleEnglish(1150-1500)TheNormanConquestanditsinfluenceonEngland:Anewandlargercontinental

culturewasbroughttoEngland.ItforcedonEngland“Thenationalidea”.Thesituationofthesimultaneousexistenceofthreelanguages:English----French----Latin----adespisedlanguageusedbyboorsandserfs;Thoseinpower,includingthosewhoheldpoliticalorsocialpowerandthoseinpowerfulChurchpositions;Thosewhowanttomakealivingasascribeandthoseinchurches.Characteristics:MiddleEnglish(1150-1500)retainmuchfewinflectionsEndingsofnounsandadjectivesmakingdistinctionofnumber,caseandoftenofgenderlosttheirdistinctiveforms.Thesameistrueoftheverb.Characteristic(1)acomparativelylargevocabulary(2)absorbedforeignwordsmainlyfromFrenchandLatin(3)

wordendingsbecomeleveledModernEnglish(1500uptothepresent)(1)beganwiththeestablishmentofprintinginEngland.(2)twoperiod:Early(1500-1700)Late(1700tothepresent)EarlyPeriodofModernEnglish

(1500to1700)TheRenaissancecharacteristic:emphasisonthestudyofancientGreekandRomanculture,inordertofightagainstthefeudalcultureofthemiddleages.17C:therapiddevelopmentofsciencemedicaltermsappearedEarlyPeriodofModernEnglish(1500to1700)colonialdomination殖民统治时期In1640,theBritishbourgeoisrevolutionandthesubsequentindustrialrevolution,Britishimperialismbegantoexpandoutward,anditscontactswithotherpartsoftheworldbecamemore

frequent.EnglishwasalsobroughttosomeregionsandcountriesoutsideBritain,whereitbecamethecommonlanguage.Inthemid-seventeenthcentury---WordsfromallmajorlanguagesoftheworldSincethebeginningofthiscentury---Newwordsaremultipliedinallwalksoflife

InmodernEnglish---Englishevolvedfromasyntheticlanguage(综合语言)toananalyticlanguage(分析语言).LatePeriodofModernEnglish(1700tothepresent)Characteristics

ofModernEnglishIthasahugeandheterogeneous(各种各样的)vocabulary;Ithastremendousborrowings;Ithaswordswithlostendings.OldMiddleModernleorn-ianlern-enlearnmon-amone-emoonstan-asston-esstonessun-usun-esonsun-nesun-nesunGeneralCharacteristicsReceptivity,adaptabilityandheterogeneity(异质性)SimplicityofinflectionRelativelyfixedword-orderTheForeignElementsintheEnglishVocabulary

FollowingforeignelementTheScandinavianelementTheFrenchelementTheLatinelementTheGreekelementOtherforeignelementTheScandinavianelement

Thesound‘sk’wasfirstpronouncedas‘sh’.Butwrittenas‘sc’.e.g.Fishshallshiphave‘sh’inthemodernEnglish.Baskscrapeskillstillpronouncedwith‘sk’Thehardpronunciationofletters‘k’and‘g’isasignofScandinavianorigin.e.g.Eggkidgetgiveetc.TheScandinavianelement

BlossomDropFromNoRearShirtSitBloomDripFroNayRaiseSkirtSeatEnglishDanishTheFrenchElementWordsconnectedwithgovernmentreligionlaw,ArmyfashionandfoodArtsandliteratureThewordareconnectedchieflywitharts,witharts,withfoodanddrink,withfashionanddiplomacy.Frenchloan–wordsinMiddleEnglishperiodFrenchloan–wordsaftertheMiddleEnglishperiodThezeroperiodofLatininfluence

TothisperiodtheEnglishvocabularyowesanumberofLatinwordstodomesticlifeCuppelineculerThefirstperiodofLatininfluence

AfewwordsalsobelongtothisperiodMuntportwicThesecondperiodofLatininfluence

AmongLatinloansofthisperiodwealsofindsuchwordsMastermeterschoolThethirdperiodofLatininfluence

AlistofexamplefordirectborrowingsfromLatinisgivenbelowGeniushistoryincludeminorpictureprojectquietsolitaryprivatepopularThefourthperiodofLatininfluence

Wehavethreebasicwords–nouns,adjectives,andverbs.Nouns:atmospheredisabilitylocomotiveAdjective:appropriateexpensiveinsaneVerb:adaptconsolidateexertTheGreekelement

DividedintothefollowinggroupsWordsrelatingtoliteratureWordsrelatingtolinguisticsWordsrelatingtonaturalsciencesWordsrelatingtosocialsciencesWordsrelatingtomedicineOtherforeignelem