考研考博-英语-北京工商大学押题密卷附带答案详解篇1

书山有路勤为径，学海无涯苦作舟！住在富人区的她考研考博-英语-北京工商大学押题密卷附带答案详解（图片大小可自由调整）全文为Word可编辑，若为PDF皆为盗版，请谨慎购买！第壹套一.全考点押题密卷-综合训练(共50题)1.单选题

Thetechnologicaladvancesmadeitpossibleforthemiddleclassestoenjoywhathadoncebeen（）onlytotheveryrich.

问题1选项

A.manageable

B.measurable

C.acceptable

D.affordable

【答案】D

【解析】考查形容词辨析。manageable“可管理的”；measurable“可衡量的”；acceptable“可接受的”；affordable“可负担得起的”。句意：技术的进步让中产阶级也能够享受原本只有富人能够供应得起的东西。D项符合题意。

2.单选题

Environmentalistsmaygetoffonterrifyingclimatechange,butmostpeoplejustturnaway.“Ifitwasreallysobad,they’ddosomething,”saysonecolleague.ThehumantendencytoconvinceyourselfthateverythingisOK,becausenooneelseisworried,isdeeplyseated.

Ourtendencytoshrugoffresponsibilityseemstoholdtrueevenwhenweourselvesareindanger.JohnDarleyandBibbLataneaskedaseriesofcollegestudentstositinaroomandfilloutaquestionnaire.Whensmokestartedtopourintotheroomthroughavent,theothers,allactors,ignoreditandwentonwritingcalmly.Ninetypercentofsubjectscopiedtheactors,evenwhenthesmokebecamesothickthattheycouldbarelyseeandwerecoughing.Butsubjectswhowerealoneintheroom,underthesameconditions,almostallreportedthesmokeasanemergency.Thatisanastonishingfinding—thattheinactionofotherpeoplecanmakeusunderestimatethreatstoourownsafety.

Inthepastfewweekswehavebeentold,byreputablesources,thattheoceansarewarmingfasterthananyonepredicted.Thatspeciesarebecomingextinctahundredtimesfasterthanfossilsrecord.Thatweareapproachingtippingpointsthatmaymakeclimatechangeirreversible.Thisstuffmakesmefeelprettydesperate.Iwouldthinkthatotherpeoplewouldworrytoo.ButthenIgototheoffice,andtofriends’houses,andnoonementionsit.Nordothepoliticians.Despitethenoisefromgreengroups,welookforget-outclauses.Weblameothercountriesorbigcorporations.Thepartofourbrainthatisprogrammedtoimitatedominatesthepartcuedtoself-preservation—especiallywhenthethreatsarecomplexandlong-term.

Couldwesendtheherdintheotherdirection?Maybe.TenyearsafterDarleyandLatane’ssmokeexperiment,anotherprofessorArthurBeamanshoweditsfilmstohisstudents.Heexplainedthepsychology.Andinfuturethosestudentswere,apparently,almosttwiceaslikelyasotherstoreacttohelpotherpeople.

InJanuaryIcountedaToyotaPriushybridcaronalmosteveryoneoftherichstreetsinapartofLondonjusteastofmyhouse.YesterdayIdidanothercount.Theyseemedtohaveincreasedtotwoorthree.Thatisthepowerofimitation,forpeoplewhocanaffordit.Buthowdoyougetotherpeopletoimitatebehaviorthatislessvisible:buyingless,travelinglessorchangingtheirelectricitysupplier?Theanswersmustsurelylieinsocialetiquette.Ifweareprogrammedtoactlikelemmings,thenwemustgivesomepeopleincentivestobreakoutandpublicizetheiractivities.

Thesmokeiscomingupthroughthevent.Ifenoughpeoplestarttalkingaboutthesmoke,perhapsotherswillstarttoseeittoo.Andifenoughpeopleact,therestmayfollow.Forthat,itseems,ishumannature.

1.Itcanbeinferredfromthefirsttwoparagraphsthatpeopletendto

（

）.

2.Infaceofenvironmentaldegradation,mostpeopleare（

）.

3.ProfessorArthurBeaman'sexperimentshowsthat

（

）.

4.Theauthorsuggeststhatinordertocounterclimatechange,（

）.

问题1选项

A.beoptimisticaboutchangesoccurringaround

B.turnablindeyetotheapproachingthreats

C.havetheirjudgmentsinfluencedbyothers

D.waitforsomeoneelsetoactfirst

问题2选项

A.feelingunabletoassumesuchabigresponsibility

B.endeavoringtofindoutitscauses

C.imitatingothers'inaction

D.tryingtoprotectthemselves

问题3选项

A.it’shumannaturetoshrinkfromresponsibility

B.environmentaleducationshouldbeginwiththeyoungpeople

C.therewillbemanymorewhoarereadytohelpothers

D.properguidancecanmakepeoplemoreconcernedaboutclimatechange

问题4选项

A.moreattentionshouldbepaidtopsychologicalaspects

B.imitationshouldbeminimizedoravoided

C.morepopularizationshouldbedoneaboutitsdanger

D.somerestrictionsshouldbemadeonpeople’sspendingpattern

【答案】第1题:D

第2题:C

第3题:D

第4题:A

【解析】1.推理判断题。文章第一段和第二段主要讲了人的从众性心理，第一段借助同事说的Ifitwasreallysobad,they'ddosomething（如果真的那么糟糕，他们会做些什么）来表示人们总是指望其他人去行动；通过第二段中的“烟雾实验”对比的结果可知，其他人的不作为会使我们低估对我们自身安全的威胁，因此D选项“等别人先采取行动”符合题意。

2.推理判断题。由文章第三段中的内容可知，面对环境恶化，除了来自环保主义的声音，没有人提及关心这个严峻的问题，采取不作为的态度。这个深层次的原因是Thepartofourbrainthatisprogrammedtoimitatedominatesthepartcuedtoself-preservation—especiallywhenthethreatsarecomplexandlong-term.（与大脑中提醒我们自我生存的那一部分相比，我们大脑中用来模仿他人的那一部分占了上风。当我们面临的威胁复杂且具长期性时，更是如此）可知C选项“效仿他人的不作为”符合题意。

3.推理判断题。文章第四段讲述了教授通过让学生观看影片并用心理学知识加以解释，会使这些学生将来的行动的积极性提高，可推测在正确的引导下，人们行动的积极性可以提高，根据文章提到气候变化，因此D选项“适当的指导可以使人们更加关注气候变化”最为恰当。

4.主旨大意题。文章首先通过分析指出，从众心理使人们面对气候变化缺乏行动，然后指出正确利用从众心理可以使人们行动起来，全文一直都是从心理角度来提出解决气候变化的问题，因此A选项“应该更关注心理学层面”符合题意。

3.单选题

AttheendoftheSecondWorldWar,Americanspendingonresearchanddevelopment（

）

halftheworld’stotal;today,ithasdroppedtoonethird.

问题1选项

A.madeup

B.madefor

C.madeupfor

D.madefrom

【答案】A

【解析】句意:二战结束吋，美国在研究和发展上的支出占世界在这些方面总支出的一半，如今该比例下降到了三分之一。

考查短语辨析。选项均为对应短语的过去式。makeup和解，和好，组成，构成，编造，化妆，拿定主意;makefor为…生产；走向，有利于，扑向；makeupfor补偿，弥补，补救；makefrom由…制造，用…制成，以…谋生。

4.单选题

Thegovernment’snewcyber-securityofficialsyesterdayaskedtelecommunicationscompaniesforhelpinbuildingagovernmentcomputernetworkthatwouldhavenoriskofoutsidepenetration—atasksomecomputersecurityconsultantssayisnearlyimpossible.Plansfortheprivatenetwork,calledGovnet,hingeonwhetherareliablenetworkinfrastructurecanbebuiltatanaffordableprice,officialssaid.Computersystemconsultantssaidtheycouldnotestimatehowmuchthenetworkwouldcostbecauseofthegovernment’senormoussizeandsecurityneeds.RichardClarke,whowasappointedspecialadvisertothepresidentforcyberspacesecuritythisweek,saidhebelievesamorereliablesystemcanbebuilt.Ninetypercentofavailablefiber-opticspaceisunusedandfairlyinexpensivetoobtain,hesaid.

GovnetispartofaplanClarkeannouncedearlierthisweektosecureourcyberspacefromarangeofpossiblethreats,fromhackerstocriminalstoterroristgroups,toforeignnations,whichmightusecyber-waragainstusinthefuture.GovnetwouldbecompletelyindependentfromtheInternettohelpkeepouthackersandviruses,accordingtothegovernment’splan.TherequestfromtheGeneralServicesAdministrationasksthattelecommunicationscompaniessubmitproposalsabouthowthenetworkcouldbebuilt,howmuchitwouldcost,andhowlongitwouldtaketoconstruct.

Thisyear,thecurrentnetworkhasbeenbreachedbyhackers,computerwormsandviruses.ThesystemwasalsoroughedupbytheCodeRedcomputerwormandanattackprogramcalled“ILoveYou'.Thevirusesaffectedthousandsofgovernmentcomputers.LastyearareportbytheGeneralAccountingOffice,aninternalgovernmentwatchdog,foundweaknessesinthecomputernetworkthatcouldallowterroristsorhackerstoseverelydamageordisruptnationaldefenseorvitalpublicoperationsorstealsensitivedata.Clarkesaidthegovernment’scurrentvirtualprivatenetworkisvulnerabletovirusesanddenial-of-serviceattacksthatwouldmakeitmoredifficulttoexecuteGovnet.

Aninternalnetwork,suchastheGovnetproposal,isworthinvestigatingbutwillprobablyfalltosophisticatedhackers,saidAmitYoran.chiefexecutiveofthesecurity-servicescompanyRiptechInc.andaformerinformation-securityprogramdirectorattheDefenseDepartment."Itisprobablymorefeasibletoimplementandstronglyenforceglobalsecurityposturesandpracticesratherthangooutandpurchasenewassets.”Yoransaid.“Oncesomeoneisabletogetin,theywillfindaweaklink.Whenyouhaveanetworkthesizeofthegovernment’stherewillbeweaklinks.Someonewillgetin.”

1.Accordingtothepassage,whatisGovnet?

2.ItisimpliedthatsomecomputerconsultantsconsiderGovnettobealmostimpossiblebecause（）.

3.BywhatmeanswillGovnetrealizetheenhancementofthegovernment’scyber-security?

4.WhatAmitYoransaidamountstodenying（）.

5.Theinitiativeforconstructinganinternalnetworkstemsfrom（）.

问题1选项

A.Areliablenetworkinfrastructurethatcanbebuiltatanaffordableprice.

B.Agovernmentcomputernetworkthatmayproveimmunetopenetration.

C.Anationalsecuritysystemtobedevelopedbythegovernment.

D.Aprivatenationalsecuritysystemtobedevelopedagainstoutsideinvasion.

问题2选项

A.aconsiderablecostwillberequired

B.thereisn’tareliablenetworkinfrastructureyet

C.itistotallydifferentfromtheInternet

D.notelecommunicationscompanycanaffordit

问题3选项

A.Bysteppingupitsvirus-killingsoftware.

B.Byscanningforvirusesandattacksconstantly.

C.BysecludingitselffromtheInternet.

D.Byestablishinganinternalwatchdogcommittee.

问题4选项

A.thefeasibilityofbuildingasecurityprogram

B.theefficiencyofthepresentnetworkincounteringoutsideattacks

C.theconceivedsecurityofGovnet

D.thepossibilityofenhancingthesecurityofthegovernmentnetwork

问题5选项

A.thevulnerabilityofthepresentnetworktooutsideattacks

B.theimprovementinnetworksecuritytechnology

C.thedesiretobuildastrongernationaldefensesystem

D.theproposalssubmittedbytelecommunicationscompanies

【答案】第1题:B

第2题:A

第3题:C

第4题:C

第5题:A

【解析】第1题:细节事实题。Govnet的意思可参考首句:Thegovernment’snewcyber-securityofficialsyesterdayaskedtelecommunicationscompaniesforhelpinbuildingagovernmentcomputernetworkthatwouldhavenoriskofoutsidepenetration(政府新的网络安全官员昨天要求电信公司帮助建立一个不会受到外来入侵威胁的政府计算机网络)。由此可知，B项“一个可能证明免于侵入的政府计算机网络”正确。

第2题:细节事实题。第一段指出:Computersystemconsultantssaidtheycouldnotestimatehowmuchthenetworkwouldcostbecauseofthegovernment’senormoussizeandsecurityneeds(计算机系统顾问们称，由于政府的巨大规模和安全需要，所以他们无法估算该网络的花费)。由此可知A项“需要相当大的花费”正确。

第3题:细节事实题。第二段指出:GovnetwouldbecompletelyindependentfromtheInternettohelpkeepouthackersandviruses,accordingtothegovernment'splan(根据政府的计划，Govnet将完全独立于互联网，以帮助抵御黑客和病毒)。由此可知C项“通过让自身与互联网隔离开”正确。

第4题:细节事实题。由题干定位至最后一段Yoran所说:Oncesomeoneisabletogetin,theywillfindaweaklink.Whenyouhaveanetworkthesizeofthegovernment’stherewillbeweaklinks(一旦有人能够进入，那么他们将会找到一个薄弱的连接。当你有一个政府网络大小的网络时，这里将会有薄弱的连接)。因此，选C项“(Yoran所说的等于否定了)设想的政府网络的安全性”。

第5题:细节事实题。题干意为:构建内部网络的倡议来自于…。倒数第二段指出:Thisyear,thecurrentnetworkhasbeenbreachedbyhackers,computerwormsandviruses(今年，现在的网络被黑客、计算机蠕虫和病毒攻破过)。因此，A项“现在的网络对外来攻击的脆弱性”正确。

5.翻译题

SinceAlfredNobeldiedin1896wehaveenteredanageofstormandtragedy.Thepowerofmanhasgrownineverysphereexceptoverhimself.Neverinthefieldofactionhaveeventsseemedsoharshlytodwarfpersonalities.Rarelyinhistoryhavebrutalfactssodominatedthoughtorhassuchawidespreadindividualvirtuefoundsodimacollectivefocus.

WeinEuropeandthewesternworldwhohaveplannedforhealthandsocialsecurity,whohavemarveledatthetriumphsofmedicineandscience,andwhohaveaimedatjusticeandfreedomforall,haveneverthelessbeenwitnessesoffamine,misery,cruelty,anddestructionbeforewhichpalethedeedsofGenghisKhan.Andwewho,firstintheLeagueofNationsandnowintheUnitedNations,haveattemptedtogiveanabidingfoundationtothepeaceofwhichmenhavedreamedsolonghavelivedtoseeaworldmarredbycleavagesandthreatenedbydiscordsevergraverandmoreviolentthanthosewhichconvulsedEuropeafterthefalloftheRomanEmpire.

AlfredNobelhasleftbehindhimabrightandenduringbeamofculture,ofpurpose,andofinspirationtoagenerationwhichstandsinsoreneed.Thisworld-famousinstitutionpointsatruepathforustofollow.Letus,therefore,confronttheclatterandrigidityweseearounduswithtolerance,variety,andcalm.

【答案】自阿尔弗莱德•诺贝尔先生1896年去世后，我们就进入了一个狂暴而悲惨的时代。人类的势力在每个领域都有所发展，只有其自身除外。在战场上从未有过如此残酷之事，人格如此卑微，历史上思想受控于残酷的事实也是罕有，广为舍弃的美德也从未如此黯淡无光。

我们所在的欧洲和西方社会，曾注重医疗事业和社会安全事业，曾在医学和科学上取得惊人成功，曾致力于全人类的正义和自由，可我们现在却见证了饥荒、痛苦、残忍和毁灭。这些足以使成吉思汗的丰功伟绩黯然失色。从起初的国际联盟到今天的联合国，我们一直尝试着给人们梦想已久的和平，建立一个持久的基础。我们目睹了分崩离析、战火纷飞的破损社会，其动荡比罗马帝国崩溃后对欧洲的震动更惨重和剧烈。

阿尔弗莱德•诺贝尔先生将辉煌而不朽的文化、意志和灵感的灯火留给了急需滋养的一代。这个举世闻名的机构指出了一条真正的道路，引领我们前行。所以让我们用忍耐、机敏与冷静，来对抗我们身边嘈杂与僵化的环境吧。

6.单选题

Manyaninstitutionhasbeensetuptotryandmakesenseoftheinscrutablenatureofushumanbeings,andalthough（）,itisonlyinstrumentalinshowinghowlittlewereallyunderstand.

问题1选项

A.aninroadhasbeensetup

B.theinroadhasbeensetup

C.aninroadhasbeenmade

D.inroadshavebeenmade

【答案】C

【解析】固定搭配和语法题。根据后面主句中的it可判断although引导的让步状语从句中主语应该为名词单数，所以选项D可排除。又根据固定搭配makeaninroad“取得进展”。选项C符合题意。

7.单选题

I’d（）hisreputationwithotherfarmersandbusinesspeopleinthecommunity,andthenmakeadecisionaboutwhetherornottoapprovealoan.

问题1选项

A.takeintoaccount

B.accountfor

C.makeupfor

D.makeout

【答案】D

【解析】考查形容词辨析。A选项takeintoaccount“考虑、顾及”；B选项accountfor“说明、解释”；C选项makeupfor“补偿、填补”；D选项makeout“理解、辨认”，句意为：我想知道他在当地其他农民和商人中的声望，然后决定是否批准贷款。D选项符合句意，因此选D。

8.单选题

It'sdisturbingtonotehowmanyofcrimeswedoknowaboutweredetected（）,notbysystematicinspectionsorothersecurityprocedures.

问题1选项

A.byaccident

B.onschedule

C.ingeneral

D.atintervals

【答案】A

【解析】byaccident偶然，意外地；onschedule按时；ingeneral通常，一般而言，总之；atintervals不时。句意：令人不安的是，我们所知道的许多罪行都是偶然发现的，而不是通过系统的检查或其他安全程序发现的。选项A符合句意。

9.单选题

Physicallywefeelcomfortable.But（

）,wesufferalot.

问题1选项

A.psychologically

B.moderately

C.naturally

D.precisely

【答案】A

【解析】考查副词词义辨析。psychologically“心理上地”；moderately“适度地”；naturally“自然地”；precisely“精准地”。句意：我们身体上很舒服，但是精神上备受折磨。选项A符合题意。

10.单选题

WildBillDonovanwouldhavelovedtheInternet.TheAmericanspymasterwhobuilttheOfficeofStrategicServicesintheWorldWarIIandlaterlaidtherootsfortheCIAwasfascinatedwithinformation.Donovanbelievedinusingwhatevertoolscametohandinthe"greatgame"ofespionage—spyingasa"profession".ThesedaystheNet,whichhasalreadyre-madesucheverydaypastimesasbuyingbooksandsendingmail,isreshapingDonovan'svocationaswell.

Thelatestrevolutionisn'tsimplyamatterofgentlemenreadingothergentlemen'se-mail.Thatkindofelectronicspyinghasbeengoingonfordecades.Inthepastthreeorfouryears,theWorldWideWebhasgivenbirthtoawholeindustryofpoint-and-clickspying.Thespookscallit"open-sourceintelligence",andastheNetgrows,itisbecomingincreasinglyinfluential.In1995theCIAheldacontesttoseewhocouldcompilethemostdataaboutBurundi.Thewinner,byalargemargin,wasatinyVirginiacompanycalledOpenSourceSolutions,whoseclearadvantagewasits.merelyoftheelectronicworld.

AmongthefirmsmakingthebiggestsplashinthisnewworldisStraitford,Inc.,aprivateintelligence-analysisfirmbasedinAustin,Texas.Straitfordmakesmoneybysellingtheresultsofspying（covering-nationsfromChiletoRussiA.tocorporationslikeenergy-servicesfirmMcDermottInternational.M.

StraitfordpresidentGeorgeFriedmansaysheseestheonlineworldasakindofmutuallyreinforcingtoolforbothinformationcollectionanddistribution,aspymaster'sdream.LastweekhisfirmwasbusyvacuumingupdatabitsfromthefarcornersoftheworldandpredictingacrisisinUkraine."Assoonasthatreportruns,we'llsuddenlyget500newInternetsign-upsfromUkraine,"saysFriedman,aformerpoliticalscienceprofessor."Andwe'llhearbackfromsomeofthem."Open-sourcespyingdoeshaveitsrisks,ofcourse,sinceitcanbedifficulttotellgoodinformationfrombad.That'swhereStraitfordearnsitskeep.Friedmanreliesonaleanstaffof20inAustin.Severalofhisstaffmembershavemilitary-intelligencebackgrounds.Heseesthefirm'soutsiderstatusasthekeytoitssuccess.Straitford'sbriefsdon'tsoundliketheusualWashingtonback-and-forthing,wherebyagencieschancetheymightbewrong.Straitford,saysFriedman,takesprideinitsindependentvoice.

1.TheemergenceoftheNethas（）.

2.ThetextmentionsDonovan'sstoryto（）.

3.Themostprobablemeaningof"makingthebiggestsplash"（Line1,Paragraph3）is（）.

4.Paragraph4suggeststhat（）.

5.Straitfordismostproudofits（）.

问题1选项

A.receivedsupportfromfanslikeDonovan

B.remoldedtheintelligenceservices

C.restoredmanycommonpastimes

D.revivedspyingasaprofession

问题2选项

A.honorhisuniqueservicestotheCIA

B.showhowhefoughtfortheUS

C.giveanepisodeoftheinformationwar

D.introducethetopicofonlinespying

问题3选项

A.causingthebiggesttrouble

B.exertingthegreatesteffort

C.achievingthegreatestsuccess

D.enjoyingthewidestpopularity

问题4选项

A.Straitfordisabletoprovidefairlyreliableinformation

B.Straitfordguaranteesthetruthfulnessofitsinformation

C.Straitford'sbusinessischaracterizedbyunpredictability

D.Straitford'spredictionaboutUkrainehasprovedtrue

问题5选项

A.officialstatus

B.efficientstaff

C.nonconformistimage

D.militarybackground

【答案】第1题:B

第2题:D

第3题:C

第4题:A

第5题:C

【解析】1.细节事实题。由原文第一段最后一句“ThesedaystheNet,whichhasalreadyre-madesucheverydaypastimesasbuyingbooksandsendingmail,isreshapingDonovan'svocationaswell.”可知，网络已经改变了购书和寄信等日常消遣方式，也正在重塑多诺万的职业。而有上文可知，多诺万早前从事的是情报工作，所以网络的出现重塑了情报工作。因此，本题正确答案为B选项。

2.推理判断题。文章的开始通过介绍多诺万的故事引入了话题“网络的出现重塑了情报工作”。之后又介绍了网络对于信息搜集和分享的影响，由此可以判断作者提到多诺万的故事就是为了引入话题。故本题正确答案为D选项“引入网上间谍的话题”。

3.词汇题。通过上下文语境以及句意可知，这家公司在情报分析领域名声大噪，取得了巨大成功。因此C选项含义与“makingthebiggestsplash”含义最为接近，都表示取得了很大成功，因此本题正确答案为C选项。

4.推理判断题。由原文第四段可知，网络是一种信息收集和发布相互强化的工具。公司可以从世界的角落收集数据，而在发布相关报告后，又会有人予以回复，反馈最新情况，所以由此可知，网络的存在使得Straiford公司能够提供可靠有可信度的信息。因此本文正确答案为A选项。

5.细节事实题。由原文最后一句“Straitford,saysFriedman,takesprideinitsindependentvoice.”可知，斯特雷福德为自己的独立声音感到自豪。说明斯特雷福德公司敢于发声，不落俗套，从不墨守成规。因此本题正确答案为C选项。

11.单选题

Theydon’tknowhowtoputinacentral-heatingsystem,buttheymanageditbytrialand______.

问题1选项

A.fault

B.slop

C.error

D.mistake

【答案】C

【解析】【选项释义】

A.fault过错；缺点B.slop泔水；（倒掉的）剩饭菜

C.error错误；差错D.mistake错误，失误

【答案】C

【考查点】固定搭配。

【解题思路】按照句意“他们不知道如何安装中央供暖系统，但他们通过试验和______设法做到了”，由bytrial可知，bytrialanderror是固定搭配，表示“反复试验”，故该题选择C项。

【干扰项排除】

A项泛指抽象的过失、过错、责任等，不符合句意；

B项不符合句意；

D项指判断或理解方面的错误，或是由于缺乏思考或疏忽而造成的错误，不符合句意。

【句意】他们不知道如何安装中央供暖系统，但他们通过反复试验设法做到了。

12.不定项选择题

Whileit’swidelyacceptedthatdrinkingtoomuchisbadforyou,conventionalwisdom—andthegovernment’sdietaryguidelines—saythatalcoholcanbeconsumedinmoderation.TheUSgovernmentdefinesthatasonedrinkadayforwomenandtwoformen.Thisstudy,publishedintheBMJonTuesday,findsthatdrinkingaroundtheselevels—8to12drinksaweek—isassociatedwithafewmeasuresofcognitivedeclinethatshoweduponbrainscans.

Researchersbrought550LondonerstoOxfordandranthemthroughanMRImachine.Buttheseweren’tjustanyLondoners—theyweregovernmentemployeeswho,abouteveryfiveyearssince1985,hadbeenfillingoutsurveysabouttheirhealthregimens,includinghowmuchalcoholtheyconsumed.Thisenabledtheresearcherstolookforrelationshipsbetweentheindividuals’drinkinghabitsandwhatshowedupontheirbrainscans.

Theresearchersfoundthatmoderatedrinkingoverthose30-plusyearswasassociatedwithdegenerationandshrinkingofthehippocampus,aregionofthebraininvolvedinmemoryandnavigation,anddegenerationofthebrain’swhitematter.Consumingonemorealcoholicdrinkperweekwasassociatedwitha0.01percentdecreaseinthesizeofthehippocampus.Forcomparison,agingoneyearisassociatedwitha0.02percentdecrease.

ThestudyonlylookedatafewhundredLondoners,mostlywell-educatedandmiddle-class,soitmaynotberepresentativeofawiderpopulation.Topiwala,apsychiatryprofessorattheUniversityofOxford,pointedouttheremighthavebeen“selectionbias”inthesample—individualshadtogetfromLondontoOxfordinordertoundergotheMRIscansandthenspendanhourinabrainscanningmachineandundergoothermemorytests—whichindividualswhowerealcoholdependentorhadsufferedbraindamagefromalcoholusemightbelesslikelytodo.

Inanaccompanyingeditorial,KillianWelch,aneuropsychiatristatahospitalinScotland,wrotethatthestudymightchangewhatwethinkconstitutesahealthylevelofdrinking.“Thefindingsstrengthentheargumentthatdrinkinghabitsmanyregardasnormalhaveadverseconsequencesforhealth,”Welchwrote.Thisisimportant.Wealluserationalizationstojustifypersistencewithbehaviorsnotinourlong-terminterest.Withthepublicationofthispaper,justificationofmoderate’drinkingonthegroundsofbrainhealthbecomesalittleharder.

48.TheUSgovernmentwouldprobablyagreethat________.

49.Thesubjectsoftheresearch________.

50.AccordingtoParagraph3,hippocampus________.

51.Thestudyisquestioned,because________.

52.WhatcanweinferfromWelch’scommentary?

53.Thispassagecouldbebesttitled________.

问题1选项

A.8to12drinksaweekisanacceptablelevel

B.dietaryguidelinesshouldbemodified

C.moderatedrinkingcanleadtobraindamage

D.thefindingsoftheBMJstudyhavebeenconfirmed

问题2选项

A.donotliveinLondonpermanently

B.regularlyreportedtheirdrinkinghabits

C.wereskepticaloftheMRIresults

D.believedinthenegativeeffectofdrinkingonhealth

问题3选项

A.coordinatesbrainfunctions

B.remainsstableinsizewithoutdrinking

C.getssmallerwhenpeopledrinkmore

D.resultsintheshrinkingofthewhitematter

问题4选项

A.thesubjectsareunderstresswhentakingMRI

B.thesamplingprocessisnotscientificenough

C.thememorytestsarenotfromauthoritativesources

D.thealcoholicsarelikelytosufferbraindamage

问题5选项

A.Ahealthylevelofdrinkingisimportant.

B.Brainhealthwillimproveifdrinkingisonlymoderate.

C.Evenmoderatedrinkingisharmfultohealth.

D.Thesalesofalcoholwilldecreaseafterthispublication.

问题6选项

A.DrinkingHabitsShouldBeAbandoned

B.ModerateDrinkingCouldCauseBrainDecline

C.GovernmentalGuidelinesShouldBeFollowed

D.AgingProcessAffectstheSizeofHippocampus

【答案】第1题:A

第2题:B

第3题:C

第4题:B

第5题:C

第6题:B

【解析】48.【选项释义】

TheUSgovernmentwouldprobablyagreethat________.美国政府可能会同意________。

A.8to12drinksaweekisanacceptablelevelA.每周喝八至十二杯是一个可接受的水平

B.dietaryguidelinesshouldbemodifiedB.饮食指南应该被修改

C.moderatedrinkingcanleadtobraindamageC.适度饮酒会导致脑损伤

D.thefindingsoftheBMJstudyhavebeenconfirmedD.BMJ的研究结果已被证实

【考查点】事实细节题。

【解题思路】根据题干关键词USgovernment可以定位到文章第一段第一、二句“尽管人们普遍认为饮酒过量对身体有害，但传统观点和政府的饮食指南（government’sdietaryguidelines）都认为，饮酒可以适度（inmoderation）。美国政府（TheUSgovernment）将其定义为女性每天一杯，男性每天两杯。”，说明美国政府对于饮酒习惯的态度是饮酒可以适度，并且定义了适度饮酒的范围，即女性每天一杯，男性每天两杯，每周八至十二杯属于该范围之内。因此A选项“每周喝八至十二杯是一个可接受的水平”正确。

【干扰项排除】

B选项“饮食指南应该被修改”在文章中没有提及，属于无中生有；

C选项“适度饮酒会导致脑损伤”，文章中说的是人们认为饮酒过量对身体有害，但适度饮酒是可以接受的，属于反向干扰；

D选项“BMJ的研究结果已被证实”，文章中只提到BMJ的研究显示饮酒和大脑认知能力下降指标有关，没有说研究结果已被证实，属于推理过度。

49.【选项释义】

Thesubjectsoftheresearch________.该研究的对象________。

A.donotliveinLondonpermanentlyA.并非长期居住在伦敦

B.regularlyreportedtheirdrinkinghabitsB.定期报告他们的饮酒习惯

C.wereskepticaloftheMRIresultsC.对磁共振成像的结果持怀疑态度