报刊阅读(新闻导语)

报刊阅读(新闻导语)报刊阅读(新闻导语)报刊阅读(新闻导语)xxx公司报刊阅读(新闻导语)文件编号：文件日期：修订次数：第1.0次更改批准审核制定方案设计，管理制度新闻导语(newslead)是新闻报道开头的第一段文字，也是新闻报道全文最重要的部分。它以最简练的语言把新闻报道中最重要、最精彩的内容完整地呈现出来，使读者读完导语之后就能获悉新闻报道的主要内容。新闻报道的导语一般具有六个要素，俗称5个W和一个H：Who，What,Where,When,Why和How。一、新闻导语的分类目前国内外学界对英语导语的分类还没有一个统一的标准，所分类别也五花八门，多少不一。但是有的分类过细，有的分类过于繁琐，各种分类之间还有重叠交叉之处，所以一般我们把英语新闻导语分为两类：直接式导语（Directlead）和延缓式导语(Delayedlead)。Adirectleadtellsreadersthemostimportantaspectofthestory(thefiveWs)inadirectandstraightforwardway,andisoftenusedin“hardnews”.Adelayedleadattractsreadersbyhintingthecontentofthestory.Itisusuallyfoundinnewsfeaturesandother“softstories”thatputmoreemphasisonhumaninterestratherthantimelinessofanevent.Adelayedleadusuallysetsasceneorevokesamoodwithanincident,anecdote,orexample.直接式导语要求记者在导语中把最重要的新闻事实直截了当、简洁明快地告诉读者，这种导语主要用于时效性极强的硬新闻（hardnews）报道。延缓式导语，要求记者有高超的驾驭语言文字的能力，能够写出可读性强、引人入胜的报道，这种导语主要用于解释性报道、新闻特写、新闻评论等软新闻（Softnews）报道。延缓式导语按照写作方法可以分为：描述式导语、对比式导语、引语式导语、提问式导语、多成分式导语、直呼式导语、空洞式导语、华尔街日报式,悬念式导语。二、新闻导语的特点Theleadshouldbebriefyetcatchy,givingthereaderaninstantsenseofwhatthearticleisaboutandmakinghimorherwanttoreadmore.Inasoftnewsstory,however,theleadshouldpresentthesubjectofthestorybyallusion(暗示;引喻).Thistypeofopeningissomewhatliterary.Likeanovelist,theroleofthewriteristograbtheattentionofthereader.新闻导语是新闻的“导读之语”，是整个新闻报道的核心，是新闻报道内容的高度浓缩与概括。所以，一条好的新闻导语有如下几个特点：1.结构紧凑、信息量大。新闻导语是用最简洁的语言把报道中最重要的事件概括出来，在导语中记者尽可能用最少的词语，表达最多的内容，用一两句话说清楚导语的全部的或几个基本要素。2.简明扼要、叙述清楚。导语是新闻内容的概括和浓缩。英语导语通常只用一句话说清楚新闻报道中的主要事实和结果。3.内容充实、生动形象。新闻导语精炼简洁地概括了新闻主要事实，所以不能写得空洞无物，也不能过于详细，所以语言要详略得当，言之有物。4.充满活力、引人入胜。新闻导语要能对读者产生一种吸引力，让读者有一种欲罢不能的感觉。所以，好的新闻导语不仅具有高度的概括性和浓缩性，还要语言形象生动，充满活力，多用动态动词。三、实例分析下面我们用实例来说明每一种导语。1.直接式导语（Directlead）直接式导语也称作概括性导语（Summarylead），是新闻报道写作中最常用的、最普遍的一种形式，尤其适用于“倒金字塔”结构的硬消息。其特点就是在第一段写出导语的六个要素，即：5个W和一个H。当然，在导语中有的记者回答全部六个问题，有的只回答其中的部分问题。Forinstance:(1)IsraellaunchedamajorgroundinvasionoftheGazaStriponSaturdaynight,movingintanks,infantry(步兵)andartillery(炮兵)unitsaftereightdaysofrelentlessairattacksfailedtohaltHamasrocketfire(火箭炮)fromthenarrowcoastalterritory.在这条导语中，记者回答了全部的6个问题。Who：IsraelWhat:launchedamajorgroundinvasionWhen:onSaturdaynightWhere:theGazaStripWhy:tohaltHamasrocketfireHow:movingintanks,infantryandartilleryunits(2)Atleast1,000riotersclashedwiththepoliceonSundayinaregionalcapitalinwesternChinaafterdaysofrisingtensionsbetweenMuslimUyghursandHanChinese,accordingtowitnessesandphotographsoftheriot.在这条导语中，记者只回答了5个问题。Who：atleast1,000riotersWhat:clashedwiththepoliceWhen:onSundayWhere:inaregionalcapitalinwesternChinaWhy:risingtensionsbetweenMuslimUighursandHanChinese2．描述式导语(Descriptivelead)描述式导语指报道的第一段描写与新闻事件有关的某个细节，制造气氛，烘托主题，确定基调，让读者身临其境般地阅读理解新闻报道。Forinstance:GUNSHOTS,carhornsandfirecrackersrangoutacrossthesnowystreetshereyesterdayasKosovodeclareditselfthenewestnationintheworld.在这条导语中，记者详细地描述了人们鸣枪、放烟火、汽车鸣笛的喜庆氛围，以说明人们对科索沃独立的支持。3.对比式导语（Contrastlead）有时，一篇新闻报道要凸显两个极端的事实，过去和现在、大与小、好与坏、悲与喜等情形。这时就可以使用对比式导语，以突出新闻报道的主旨。Forinstance:Intwoelectionsthisweek,voterstossedincumbents(现任\在职官员)outofpower.Oneelectionmadebarelyarippleinternationally.Theotherbrokelikeatsunamiovertheentireworld.Theresponsetoeachvoteshouldteachusthedangerofpretendingthatelectionsalonecanmakedemocracyhappen.在这条导语中，作者对比了一周内的两次选举。尽管两次选举都更换了现任领导人，但是一次选举在国际上影响甚微，而另一次选举则在全世界掀起了“海啸”，影响巨大。4.引语式导语(Quotationlead)引语式导语主要是引用新闻报道中人物关键性的、或代表性的谈会话，以增强报道的真实性、可信性或权威性。引语式导语又分为两种：“完整引语式导语”（fullquotationlead）和“部分引语式导语”（partialquotationlead）Forinstance:1.“Wedidnotthink,even1percent,thatthecapturewouldleadtoawaratthistimeandofthismagnitude.Youaskme,ifIhadknownonJuly11...thattheoperationwouldleadtosuchawar,wouldIdoitIsayno,absolutelynot.”---HasanNasrallah,2.PresidentBushtoldIraq'sprimeministerandhiscabinetTuesdaythat"we'llkeepourcommitment"nottowithdrawtroopsfromthecountryuntilthenewgovernmentiscapableofdefendingitself.例一是“完整引语式导语”，例二是“部分引语式导语”。5.提问式导语(QuestionLead)一般来说，记者在新闻报道中是回答问题而不是提出问题。但是记者可以通过提问题来推迟对问题的回答。这样可以引发读者思考，激发读者兴趣，然后用事实回答问题。Forinstance:WhokilledBenazirBhuttoDespiteformaladmissionofresponsibilitybyal-Qaeda,wemayneverknowforsure.Inonerecentconversationshetoldmethatshehad“solemnwarnings”fromadozengroupswhosawherasthemainobstacletotheirdreamoftransformingPakistanintoan“Islamicstate”,whateverthatmeans.6.多成分式导语(Multi-elementlead)多成分式导语是指一个导语中有多个价值相同，或重要性相同的新闻事实。接着后面的段落会提供每一个新闻事实的细节。Forinstance:InChicago,anambulancedriverrefusedtotransportapatientforanabortion.InCalifornia,fertilityspecialists(生育专家)rebuffed(断然拒绝)agaywomanseekingartificialinsemination(人工授精).InTexas,apharmacistturnedawayarapevictimseekingthemorning-afterpill(紧急避孕药).这条导语提供了三个价值相同的新闻事实。7.直呼式导语（Directaddresslead）直呼式导语也叫作“人称式导语”（Personallead）是指记者以一种和读者直接对话的方式，写出的导语，这种导语缩短了记者和读者之间的距离，令读者有一种亲切感。Forinstance：IfyouthoughttheDubaiportdealmarkedarecordhighinWashingtoncynicism,thinkagain.Nothingcanmatchthespectacleofpoliticiansscramblingforcover(“幌子”\“伪装”)duringaspike(peak)ingasolineprices.Andthistimethepanderfest(拉拢人心，拉拢选民,拉票战)hasgoneallthewaytotheOvalOffice(美国白宫内总统的办公室).PresidentBushhasjoinedthebraying(粗声粗气地讲话或大笑）congressionalhordesbyorderingtheEnergyandJusticedepartmentsandtheFederalTradeCommissiontolaunchaninvestigationintopossiblegasolinepricefixing.8.空洞式导语（Punchlead）空洞式导语是指泛泛介绍一种情况而不具体说明人物、事件、时间、地点，即：毫无实质内容的导语。它只起到一种“引出话题”或“铺路”的作用。后面的第二段或第三短才提供具体的细节。这种导语在二次大战以后曾非常流行，很多报纸上的所有报道几乎都用空洞式导语。Forinstance：AseniorCIAofficial,meetingwithSenatestaffinasecureroomoftheCapitollastJune,promisedrepeatedlythattheagencydidnotviolateorseektoviolateaninternationaltreatythatbarscruel,inhumaneordegradingtreatmentofdetainees,duringinterrogationsitconductedintheMiddleEastandelsewhere.ButanotherCIAofficer--theagency'sdeputyinspectorgeneral,whoforthepreviousyearhadbeenprobingallegationsofcriminalmistreatmentbytheCIAanditscontractorsinIraqandAfghanistan--wasstartledtohearwhatsheconsideredanoutrightfalsehood,accordingtopeoplefamiliarwithheraccount.ItcameduringthediscussionoflegislationthatwouldconstraintheCIA'sinterrogations.这是一条典型的空洞式导语，两段里只泛泛地介绍了两位CIA官员，具体是谁全然不知。后面第三段才作了详细的交代。9.华尔街日报式导语（WallStreetJournallead）这种导语的特点就是第一段先给出一个典型的例子，由该例子引出一个更大的，普遍性的问题或事件，接着是问题或事件所带来的后果，最后提出解决方法。Forinstance：GregHayworth,44,madeagoodlivinginhishomestate,California,fromrealestateandmortgagefinance(按揭贷款；抵押融资).Thenthatbusinesscrashed,andearlylastyearthebankforeclosed(取消抵押品的赎回权)onthehousehisfamilywasrenting,forcingtheireviction(（租地，租房等的）收回;被逐出).NowtheHayworthsandtheirthreechildrenrepresentanewfaceofhomelessnessinOrangeCounty:formerlymiddleincome,livingweektoweekinacrampedmotelroom.这条导语以GregHayworth一家为例说明美国次贷危机导致很多家庭被迫搬出没有还清房款的房子，住进条件极差的汽车旅馆这一普遍问题。10.悬念式导语（Suspended–interestLead）悬念式导语是指记者在导语中给读者提供新闻事件的一点惊人的或戏剧性的细节，制造悬念，以吸引读者继续读下去。Forinstance:Thehistoryofrecenttrademeetings—fromSeattletoDohatoCancuntoHongKong—showsthatsomethingiswrongwiththeglobaltradingsystem.Behindthediscontent(不满)arefactsandtheories.这条导语的最后一句话Behindthediscontentarefactsandtheories制造了一个很好的悬念，读者不禁要问：什么事实什么理论Exercise:Readthefollowingnewsleadsandfindoutasmanyelementsaspossibleineachofthem.1.BEIJING(AP)----ChinasuspendedmilitaryexchangeswiththeUnitedStatesandthreatenedsanctionsagainstAmericandefensecompaniesSaturday,justhoursafterWashingtonannounced$billioninplannedarmssalestoTaiwan.Who:What:Where:When:Why:How:2.URUMQI----Atleast140peoplewerekilledand828othersinjuredinriotsthateruptedinthecapitaloftheXinjiangUygurautonomousregiononSundaynight,officialssaidMonday.Who:What:Where:When:Why:How3.NEWYORK(AFP)---–OilpricespostedamodestriseMonday,trackingaWallStreetstockreboundandamidgeopoliticalconcernsaskeyproducerIrantest-firedmissilesaheadoftalksoveritsatomicprogram.Who:What:Where:When:Why:How:4.NEWYORK----AtorrentialdownpoursentwatersurgingthroughNewYork'ssubwaysystemandhighwaytunnelsandacrossairportrunwaysWednesday,leavingthousandsofcommutersstrandedandonebigquestion:Howcould3inchesofrainbringthenation'slargestmasstransitsystemtoahaltWho:What:Where:When:Why:How:5.SHANGHAI----Torrentialrainsthathavecausedsomeoftheworstfloodingin50yearsandkilledscoresofpeoplecontinuedtobatterahugeswathofsouthernChinaonTuesdaynearoneofthebiggestmanufacturingzonesinthecountry.Who:What:Where:When:Why:How:6.EDINBURGH,Scotland----S