(新高考)高考英语二轮提分秘籍专题一：阅读理解（第二讲）第二节 推理判断题-由里及外 (含详解)

21世纪教育网精品试卷·第2页（共2页）层级二拉分题目分分抢相较于细节理解题来说，阅读理解题型中的推理判断题、词句猜测题、主旨大意题，题目相对比较难。对于这类题目，在考前复习中要特别关注，要迎难而上，认真分析，努力争创高分。第二节推理判断题——由里及外近3年高考推理判断题题量统计考纲解读年份卷别202120202019(1)推理判断题主要考查考生在理解全文的基础上，从文章本身所提供的信息出发，由里及外，运用逻辑思维，同时借助一定的常识进行分析、推理、判断的能力。(2)高考对推理判断题的考查形式包括以下几种：推断隐含意义、推断目的意图、推断文章出处或读者对象、推断观点态度。新高考卷Ⅰ64全国卷Ⅰ(全国乙卷)556全国卷Ⅱ(全国甲卷)731全国卷Ⅲ43推理判断题相对于细节理解题，难度较高，特别是新高考阅读理解加大了对文章深层理解题的考查，不仅要求理解作者言外之意，还要求对文章的写作意图和写作手法作出评判，这些题目往往成为考生得高分的拦路虎。这就要求考生具有较高的阅读理解能力，掌握一定阅读技巧，仔细阅读，认真分析，确保突破难点得高分。21·cn·jy·com命题方式解题捷径选项特征1.Wecaninferfromthe(first.../last)paragraphthat________．2．Thepassage/authorimplies/suggeststhat__________．3．Itcanbeconcludedfromthepassagethat________．4．Themainpurposeofthepassageis__________．5．Wheredoesthispassageprobablycomefrom?6．What’stheauthor’sattitudetowards...？解答推理判断题目时一定要透过字里行间，去体会作者的“弦外之音”和“言外之意”，在进行推断时，要据文推理、合情推理，不可脱离原文主观臆断。1．定位原文，字斟句酌，“一步推导”定隐含推断题2．依照首段、尾段、文体特征及文章来源判断3．利用褒贬词汇，判断观点态度4．围绕主题，恰当判断写作意图eq\a\vs4\al()正确选项特征1．“立足原文，只推一步”，即根据原文内容，一步即可推得。2．选项中一般不可以出现绝对概念。如only,never,all,absolutely等，正确答案常用一些相对能够留有一些余地的词汇，如often,usually,sometimes,some,may,probably等。eq\a\vs4\al()干扰选项特征1．张冠李戴2.无中生有3．曲解文意4.扩缩范围微技能一隐含推断题——“一步推导”知隐含近几年高考隐含推断题一般考查5题左右，高考越来越倾向考查学生对文章深层的理解能力，隐含推断题主要考查以下几个方面：21教育网1．细节推断题，即根据文章特定细节进行推断；2．综合推断题，即根据全段、甚至全篇，结合多处信息推断文章寓意或深层意义；3．逻辑推断题，即严格根据文章中所陈述的事实、论点、例证等一系列论据材料进行推理，从而得出合乎逻辑的结论。21细节推断题——关键信息显神功细节推断题：要求考生根据语篇关系，推断具体细节，如时间、地点、人物关系、人物身份、事件、具体信息等。考生要从文章本身所提供的信息出发，抓住关键的信息词，运用逻辑思维，并借助一定的常识进行分析、推理和判断。【典例1】(2021·新高考卷Ⅰ阅读A)Hotel__and__Hostel__Des__ArtistesHotelandHostelDesArtistesislocatedjusta10－minutewalkfromthecentralcitystationandit’sclosetoallofthecity’smainattractions.Thestaffisfriendlyandhelpful,providingyouwithamapofthecitywhenyouarrive,andofferingadviceifyourequiresome.However,youneedtopay2eurosadayforWi－Fi.23．WhatisthedisadvantageofHotelandHostelDesArtistes?21世纪教育网版权所有A．Itgetsnoisyatnight.B．Itsstaffistootalkative.C．ItchargesforWi－Fi.D．It’sinconvenientlylocated.【分析】第一步找关键词：HotelandHostelDesArtistes第二步定位到原文：从题干HotelandHostelDesArtistes可将考查内容定位到第四个广告下的信息中。“However,youneedtopay2eurosadayforWi－Fi.”第三步仔细比对选项：从该信息可知，该旅社离中心城市车站很近、靠近很多的景点、员工友好乐于助人、提供城市地图、尽可能提供建议。但每天需要支付无线网络费2欧元。故选C。【出处：21教育名师】综合推断题——多处信息推隐含综合推断题：有些推理判断题，很难从某一句话或某几句话推断出其含义，这时就需要在弄懂全文意思的基础上，整合与题目相关的有用信息，综合起来去推理判断，从而确定最佳结论。【典例2】(2021·八省市联考阅读C)Magicisaformofentertainmentthatisbasedonpretendingtodothingsthatareimpossible.Themagicianisaspeciallytrainedactor.Hetriestomaketheaudiencebelievethathehasthepowertodothingswhichareagainstthelawsofnature.Magicshowsareentertainingaslongastheaudiencedoesnotdiscoverhowthetricksaredone.Themagicianusuallydependsonhisskillwithhishands,onhisknowledgeofpsychology,and,sometimes,onmechanicaldevices(机械装置)．Sincemagicperformanceismeanttotrickpeople,theuseofpsychologyisimportant.Themagicianmustkeeppeoplefromnoticingallthemovementsofhishandsandfromthinkingaboutthesecretpartsofhisequipment.Hemustalsoleadtheaudiencetodrawfalseconclusions.Themagician’ssuccessdependsonthefactthatmanythingsseenbytheeyearenotthethingsthatmatter.Twobasicmagictricksaremakingobjectsseemtoappearandmakingobjectsseemtodisappear.Acombinationofthesetwotricksmakesforsomeinterestingeffects.Forexample,themagicianputsasmallballunderoneofseveralcups.Theballthenseemstojumpfromonecuptoanotherortochangecolour.Whatactuallyhappensisthatthemagician,employingquickhandmovementsoramechanicaldevice,hidesoneball.Whiledoingthishetalkstotheaudienceandwavesabrightlycolouredclothwithonehand.Theaudienceistoobusywatchingtheclothandlisteningtothemagician’swordstonoticethathisotherhandishidingtheball.Anotherfavouritetrickistocutorburnsomething,andthenmakeitappearwholeagain.Whatactuallyhappensisthatthemagicianmakesthecutorburnedobjectdisappearbyquicklyhidingitwhiletheaudiencewatchessomethingelse.Thenhe“magically”makesitappearwholeagainbydisplaying(展示)anotherobjectthathasnotbeencutorburned.11．Whatcanweinferfromthetext?A．Mechanicaldevicesareexpensive.B．Mostmagiciansemployassistants.C．Ittakespracticetoperformmagic.D．Smallobjectsaremagicians’favourite.【分析】第一步通读题目找出题干关键词：inferfromthetext第二步定位到原文，寻找相关信息：通过文章第一段中Themagicianisaspeciallytrainedactor.和第二段中Themagicianusuallydependsonhisskillwithhishands...,第三段中．..employingquickhandmovements...和第四段中．..byquicklyhidingit...可知，魔术师的操作都是微妙和迅速的，还需要熟悉心理学去转移观众的注意力。第三步仔细比对选项：由以上信息可知，变魔术需要下功夫练习。故选C。逻辑推断题——逻辑关系细推敲逻辑推断题：逻辑推断是指严格根据文章中所陈述的事实、论点、例证等一系列论据材料进行推理，从而得出合乎逻辑的结论。解答这类题的前提是获得短文的主题思想或列举的具体事实，然后按题目的要求进行推断。【典例3】(2021·全国甲卷阅读B)PortLympneReserve,whichrunsabreeding(繁育)programme,haswelcomedthearrivalofarareblackrhinocalf(犀牛幼崽)．WhenthetinycreaturearrivedonJanuary31,shebecamethe40thblackrhinotobebornatthereserve.AndofficialsatPortLympneweredelightedwiththenewarrival,especiallyasblackrhinosareknownforbeingdifficulttobreedincaptivity(圈养)．24．Whichofthefollowingbestdescribesthebreedingprogramme?A．Costly. B．Controversial.C．Ambitious. D．Successful.【分析】第一步通读题目找出题干关键词：describes第二步定位到原文，寻找相关信息：根据本段第二句“shebecamethe40thblackrhinotobebornatthereserve”，该动物保护区已经成功繁育出40头稀有黑犀；最后一句“especiallyasblackrhinosareknownforbeingdifficulttobreedincaptivity(圈养)”，可知黑犀的繁育难度很高。第三步仔细比对选项：综合前面两句话提供的信息，可以推出，黑犀繁育效果很好，结合上下文语境可以推出，该项目非常成功。故选D。微技能二观点态度题——忠于措辞定态度观点态度题是高考英语阅读常考的一种题型，也是考生很容易失分的一种题型。文章作者或文中人物对某事物所持的情感、观点或态度往往隐含在文章的字里行间或流露于修饰词之中。常见的设问方式有：·Howdoestheauthorfeelabout...？·Whatdoestheauthorthinkof...?·Whatistheauthor’sattitudetowards/to...?·Theauthor’sattitudetowards...canbedescribedas________．4关注1不要(1)关注首段首尾句，确定文章主题，判断作者的观点态度。(2)关注but后表示观点态度的语句来判断作者或文中人物的观点。(3)关注作者所举的例子或者所引用的话语，来判断文章作者或文中人物的态度倾向。(4)关注文章语言的褒贬来判断作者的态度。(5)不要将个人的好恶态度揉进题中，要学会分清作者本人的态度和作者引用观点的态度。牢记4类选项常用词汇肯定positive积极乐观的；optimistic乐观的；supportive支持的；hopeful有希望的；promising有前途的；favourable赞许的否定negative否定的，消极的；disapproving不赞成的；critical批评的；unfavourable不赞同的怀疑suspicious可疑的，怀疑的；doubtful可疑的主/客观subjective主观的；objective客观的中立neutral中立的；indifferent不关心的；uninterested不感兴趣的；unconcerned不关心的【典例4】(2021·新高考卷Ⅰ阅读D)Althoughpopularbeliefsregardingemotionalintelligencerunfaraheadofwhatresearchcanreasonablysupport,theoveralleffectsofthepublicityhavebeenmorebeneficialthanharmful.Themostpositiveaspectofthispopularizationisanewandmuchneededemphasis(重视)onemotionbyemployers,educatorsandothersinterestedinpromotingsocialwell－being.Thepopularizationofemotionalintelligencehashelpedboththepublicandresearchersre－evaluatethefunctionalityofemotionsandhowtheyservepeopleadaptivelyineverydaylife.34．Whatistheauthor’sattitudetothepopularizationofemotionalintelligence?A．Favorable. B．Intolerant.C．Doubtful. D．Unclear.【分析】第一步通读题目找出题干关键词：theauthor’sattitudetothepopularizationofemotional第二步定位到原文，寻找相关信息：根据第三段的首句Althoughpopularbeliefsregardingemotionalintelligencerunfar...morebeneficialthanharmful.可知，作者认为情商普及利大于弊。www-2-1-cnjy-com第三步仔细比对选项：又根据Themostpositiveaspectofthispopularization...和Thepopularizationofemotionalintelligencehashelped...可知，作者对于情商普及是赞成的。故选A。微技能三写作意图/手法题——文章主旨推意图考查判断作者写作意图/手法的试题是阅读理解题中较高层次的题目。写作意图与文章主题不同，但与它关系密切，所以可以算作主旨大意题的一种变体。二者的异同可以从下面的对比中看出：文章主旨是中心思想、文章大意，而写作意图则阐述文章为何表达这个中心思想。在高考中既可能考查全文的写作意图，又可能考查某处细节或某一段落的写作意图。近几年高考写作意图/手法题主要考查以下几个方面：1.考查整篇文章的写作意图；2.考查某处细节的写作意图；3.考查作者的写作手法。从写作文体推断写作意图记叙文一般会在首段或尾段出现高度概括的总结性的语言，且往往有一定的哲理性，所有的叙述都是围绕该哲理展开的。新闻报道新闻报道通常由导语和主体组成。把握导语就是找到了整篇文章的主旨，进而了解写作意图。应用文文章中有对某种物品或服务的详尽介绍，使用具有明显支持倾向的语言。写作意图主要为告知、推销或者吸引读者参观等。说明文写作意图有赖于对文章主旨的把握，阅读时需要找准主题句。议论文提出论点——进行论证——得出结论，作者的意图往往隐含于最后一部分中。从写作手法推断写作意图从字里行间推断写作意图在阅读中，有时作者并未把写作意图说出来，需要读者在理解整体语篇的基础上，根据字面意思，通过全篇逻辑关系，推敲作者的写作意图。21*cnjy*com【典例5】(2021·新高考卷Ⅰ阅读D)Weprefertodescribeemotionalintelligenceasaspecificsetofskillsthatcanbeusedforeithergoodorbadpurposes.Theabilitytoaccuratelyunderstandhowothersarefeelingmaybeusedbyadoctortofindhowbesttohelpherpatients,whileacheatermightuseittocontrolpotentialvictims.Beingemotionallyintelligentdoesnotnecessarilymakeoneamoralperson.21教育名师原创作品33．Whydoestheauthormention“doctor”and“cheater”inparagraph2?A．Toexplainarole. B．Toclarifyaconcept.C．Topresentafact. D．Tomakeaprediction.【分析】第一步审读题目找出题干关键词：paragraph2第二步从字里行间推断写作意图：由第二段首句Weprefertodescribeemotionalintelligenceasaspecificsetofskillsthatcanbeusedforeithergoodorbadpurposes.可知本段主要介绍情商的概念。第三步仔细比对选项：比对选项可知，提到的“医生”和“骗子”是对这一概念的解释。故选B。微技能四文章出处、类别/读者对象题——文体特征推出处几乎所有的文章都可能涉及文章出处、文章类别或读者对象题。推断文章出处或类别要从文章内容、语言特色和标志信息着手；确定读者对象要从文章主题和文章措辞来判断。21*cnjy*com熟知8类文体判文章出处3步确定读者对象【典例6】(2021·八省市联考阅读A)ThePre－CollegeProgramoffersnon－creditcourses.Studentswillexperiencecollege－levelcoursesgivenbysomeofourcollege’sleadingexpertsandwillreceivewrittenfeedback(反馈)ontheirworkattheendofthecourse.Pre－CollegestudentswillalsoreceiveagradeofSatisfactory/Unsatisfactoryandacertificateofcompletionattheconclusionoftheprogram.21·世纪*教育网1．Whoisthetextintendedfor?A．Thegeneralpublic. B．Collegefreshmen.C．Educationalexperts. D．Highschoolstudents.【分析】第一步确定题干中的关键信息：thetextintendedfor第二步定位到原文，寻找相关信息：根据文章第一段第一句“ThePre－CollegeProgramoffersnon－creditcourses.”和第一段中的“Pre－collegestudentswillalsoreceiveagradeofSatisfactory/Unsatisfactoryandacertificateofcompletionattheconclusionoftheprogram.”可推知，这篇文章是写给大学预科生即高中生的。第三步本题的关键是理解Pre－College的意思，前缀pre－的意思是“在……前；先于”，由此可以推出答案。故选D。2-1-c-n-j-y【典例7】(2021·全国甲卷阅读A)Takeaview,theLandscape(风景)PhotographeroftheYearAward,wastheideaofCharlieWaite,oneoftoday’smostrespectedlandscapephotographers.Eachyear,thehighstandardofentrieshasshownthattheAwardsaretheperfectplatformtoshowcasetheverybestphotographyoftheBritishlandscape.TakeaviewisadesirableannualcompetitionforphotographersfromallcornersoftheUKandbeyond.23．Wherecanthetextbefound?A．Inahistorybook. B．Inanovel.C．Inanartmagazine. D．Inabiography.【分析】第一步确定题干中的关键信息：thetextbefound第二步定位到原文，寻找相关信息：“Takeaview,theLandscape(风景)PhotographeroftheYearAward,wastheideaofCharlieWaite,oneoftoday’smostrespectedlandscapephotographers.”【来源：21cnj*y.co*m】第三步本文介绍的是年度风光摄影师奖及两位摄影师的作品，属于艺术的范畴；故文章应该出自艺术杂志里。故选C。精做模拟考题(2021·温州市高三适应性测试)Fiftymillilitresofperfumerestsinsideapieceofelegantlyengineeredglassware.Thisdelicatebottle,inturn,sitswithinanequallyelegantcardboardbox.Thisboxiswrapped(包装)inathinlayeroftransparentplasticfilmandsealedwithaholographicsticker.“Wouldyoulikeitgift－wrapped？”askstheeagersalesperson.Nowanotherlayerofglossypaper,complexityandribbonsisadded.Finally,thewholethingisdroppedintoacardboardgiftbag,bearingtheshop’sbranding.Surely,it’sthegiftthatcounts.Itturnsout,however,thatweappeartoappreciategiftsmoreiftheyhavebeengift－wrapped.Studiesfoundgift－wrappedpresentswere,onaverage，alwaysratedmorehighlythannon－wrappedones.Thispreferencewastrueevenwhengift－wrappingwasprettybasic,thatis,nobowsorribbons.Oneexplanationisthat,onsomelevel,whatweappreciateistheextraeffortthatittakestopackageandgift－wrapitemssodelicately.Thedownsideofourloveofbeautifulpackagingandseemlygift－wrapping,however,isthatithasanimpactontheenvironment.AccordingtoTheGuardian,theUnitedKingdomaloneconsumes8，000tonsofwrappingpaperayear.Usingthemostconservativeestimates,ittakesapproximately12treestoproduceonetonofpaper:that’sabout96，000treesingiftwrapeachyearfortheUKalone.Perhapsduringfestiveperiods,wecouldlaunchhighlyvisiblecampaignsurgingthedisposalofgiftwrapandproductpackagingwithineasilyaccessiblerecyclingbins.Similarly，shopsthatoffergift－wrappingcouldbestronglyencouragedtouseonlyrecycledpaper.Beyondconsumerandretailerefforts，producersalsoneedtorethinktheirpackaging—lessisbest.Iwouldliketoseeallperfumebottlesmanufacturedsoastoberefillable,astheyoncewereandstillareinthemoretraditionalArabianperfumeshops.【语篇解读】本文是议论文。研究发现，一般来说，包装好的礼物总是比没有包装的礼物得到更高的评价，但是过度的礼品包装会对环境造成影响。1．Howdoesthewriterbeginthepassage?A．Bymakingacomparison.B．Bydescribingascene.C．Bypresentingareason.D．Byraisingaquestion.答案B[推理判断题。根据第一段的内容可知，文章首段主要描述了香水自身的包装以及售货员用礼品包装纸包装香水的情形，故选B。]2．Whatdoesthegift－wrappingpreferencecause?A．Theboomofnon－wrappedgifts.B．Fiercecompetitionbetweenshops.C．Thedisappearanceofsimplepackaging.D．Unnecessaryconsumptionofresources.答案D[推理判断题。根据第三段的“Thedownsideofourloveofbeautifulpackaging...ontheenvironment”可知，我们喜欢的漂亮的礼品包装会对我们的环境造成不良影响，接着作者又用具体的数据说明生产礼品包装会消耗大量的树木，由此可知，对礼品包装的偏好会导致不必要的资源消耗，故选D。]3．What’sthewriter’sattitudetowardstraditionalArabianperfumeshops?A．Reserved. B．Favorable.C．Ambiguous. D．Opposed.答案B[推理判断题。根据文章最后一句话“IhemoretraditionalArabianperfumeshops”可知，作者希望所有的香水瓶都可以重复使用，即香水用完之后可以再装，而比较传统的阿拉伯香水商店就一直有这样的香水瓶，故作者对阿拉伯香水商店的态度是支持的。]4．Whatcanbethebesttitleforthetext?A．SendingFewerGiftsIsBetterB．Gift－wrappingIsHeretoStayC．ItMakesNoSensetoWrapGiftsD．Gift－wrappingCultureNeedstoChange答案D[主旨大意题。文章标题应该具有涵盖文章大意的特点。通读全文可知，本文主要讲述的是现在的礼品过度包装的问题，作者提倡应该简化礼品的包装。故D项作本文标题最佳。]【版权所有：21教育】挑战外刊阅读Cyber－securityfirmLucideusTechhaslaunchedSafeMe,acyber(网络)riskassessmentappwithversionsaimedatregularusers,enterprisesandtheirseniorexecutives.“Our‘Safe’product，whichwelaunchedthreeyearsback,providesthecyberriskpostureforyourorganization,allthewaydowntoeverysinglelaptop,everysinglerouter(路由器),everydatabase,everycloudinstance，”saidSaketModi,co－founderandCEOofLucideusTech.Whenaregularuseropensthe“SafeMe”app,theywillseeascorehasbeengrantedtothemabouttheircyber－safetyrisk.Theratingsarefromzerotofive;thelowertherate,thehighertherisk.Theappalsodoesariskassessmentforthedevice,andhighlightsiftheuserneedstoupgradetheOS(操作系统),ifthedeviceissecure,etc.Italsoshowstheuseralistofpasswordswhichhavebeenbreached(破坏)linkedtotheiremailID，includingthepasswordthatgotleaked.Modisaystheappwillremainad－freeanditdoesnotrequireanyspecialpermissionsinordertoshowthisriskassessment.TheappwillalsoletregularuserstakesafetycoursestoimprovetheirSafetyscore.Themorequizzes(小测验)oneanswersinacorrectway,thebettertheirscorebecomes.Enterprisesontheotherhandwillbeabletodesignandruntheirownsafetycampaignsinordertoimprovethesecurityrisksoftheiremployees.“Eventoday,thelargestoftheFortune500companiesaroundtheworlddon’thaveanypersonalizedmoduleforcyber－securityprotectionoftheiremployees.SowhatwearetryingtodowithSafeMeisgiveyouapersonalassistant,andcancountonitwhenitcomeswhenyoutalkaboutknowingyourowncyber－securityriskposture，”hesaid.ModipointedoutthatwithCOVID－19pandemicandmoreemployeesworkingfromhome,thedifferencebetweenprofessionalworkspaceandpersonalspacehasdisappeared.“Soourapplicationcangiveusersandemployeesfirsthandvisibilityoftheirownriskposture，”headded.(Fromhttps：//)【语篇解读】本文是说明文，介绍了一款新型的网络安全监测软件SafeMe。1．WhatcanweknowaboutSafeMeinParagraph1?A．Itwaslaunchedrecently.B．Itismainlytargetedatregularusers.C．Itisanapptoassesscyberrisk.D．Itcouldonlybeusedonlaptop.答案C[细节理解题。由第一段第一句“...haslaunchedSafeMe，acy