初三升高一英语资料

第一部分：试题重温二、选择填空（共25小题；每小题1分，满分25分）A）单项填空从A、B、C、D四个选项中，选出可以填入空白处的最佳选项，并将答案写在答题卷上。YouriPodisquitenice.Wheredidyoubuy?Iwanttobuy,too.A.one;oneB.it;it C.it;one D.one;itYouknowAnimalWorldisonTV6:30p.m.7:00p.m.A.from;toB.between;toC.from;andD.at;atHeislisteningtothemusicsheiswashingclothes.A.after B.as C.when D.whileIamsurehewillcomeheretomorrow.ButIdoubthewillhelpyouornot.A.that;ifB.that;whetherC.if;thatD.if;whetheronTV.You'dbetterThecomingbasketballmatchwon,tbecoveredonTV.You'dbettertheticketasearlyaspossible,A.lively;getB.live;togetC.live;getD.living;togetA.lively;getB.live;togetC.live;getD.living;togetA.hadjoinedA.hadjoinedB.hasbeen28.—Thefilmisreallygreat.—.However,itsmusicIagree;listeningC.Idisagree;listening29.It'sgoodforyoutokeepinC.joined D.hadbeeninisworth.Iagree;listeningtoD.Idisagree;listeningtowhenyouhavedifficulty.Tomhardlyhadanythingthismorning,?D.didheA.hadn*theB.hadhe C.D.didhetheArmyfor3years.ShetellsusthatherbrothertheArmyfor3years.A.trying;todoit B.totry;todoitC.trying;doingit D.totry;doingitThereanumberoftreesonbothsidesoftheriver.Thenumberofthetreesabout200.A.is;is B.is;are C.are;isD.are;are—HaveyouheardofLiuQianfromTaiwan? Sure!Hismagicperformanceisamazingforpeopleforget.A.so;thatB.such,thatC.too;toD.enough;to32.Ourteacheraskedme.whatwasAnndoingthesedayswhyPeterdidn'tcometoschoolthedaybeforewhenwillthedolphinshowbeginhowlongIusuallyspendonmyhomeworkMostboysgunstodollsbutmostgirlshavedollsthanguns.wouldrather;preferC.wouldrather;wouldratherwouldrather;preferC.wouldrather;wouldratherprefer;would*ratherD.prefer;preferThemandevotedmostofhistime others.A.tohelpB.helpingC.helpedD.tohelpingPerhaps,whatIstealontheHappyFarmisnotvegetables.Thatis“loneliness”. ,Thisyear"loneliness“isverypopular.A.Idon'tthinkso. B.Iquiteagreewithyou.C.That'sagoodidea. D.I'mnotsureifyouareright.B）完形填空先通读下面的短文，掌握其大意，然后在每小题所给的A、B、C、D四个选项中选出可以填入空白处的最佳选项，并将答案写在答题卷上。Whatdoyouthinkofstress?Isitagoodthingorabadthing?Mostofthestudentsthinkstresscandoharm36theminsomeways.There'sastoryaboutateenagerinamiddleschool.Heeven37hisstudybecauseofthestressfromschoolandfamily.Wealsousually38thatsomeoneturnstopsychological（心理的）doctorsbecauseofheavyworkingstress.Thereisnodoubtthatsomepeoplethinkstressisadangerouswolf.Ontheotherhand,otherpeoplearguethatstressisnotabadthing.They39stresscanproducemomentum（动力）intheend.Forthem,rightattitude（态度）andactioncanreducestressandmakeit40.When1wasachild,mymomalwayspushedmetostudyhard.ShewishedIcouldgotoanideal41forfurthereducation.Iexperiencedstressforthefirsttime.Borntoapoorfamily,Ideeplyknew42wasnoteasyforus,andeverythingmymomdidtomewasjusttohopeIcouldliveabetterlifeinthefuture.43thesayinggoes,“Nopains,nogains.*SoIdidwhatmymomexpectedbecauseIdidn,twanttoletherdown.Atlast,Ididmeasureup（达至标准）tomymom'sexpectationandgotocollege44.Thankstomymom,spush!Thankstothestress!Inthisway,Idon'tthinkstressisabadthing.Overall,stressisnotabadthingin45.Thekeyishowwedealwithit.36.A.forB.inC.toD.of37.A.gaveupB.showedoffC.beganwithD.cheeredfor38.A.wonderB.decideC.promiseD.hear39.A.doubtB.believeC.disagreeD.forget40.A.usefulB.difficultC.strangeD.terrible41.A.companyB.collegeC.factoryD.farm42.A.lifeB.spiritC.opinionD.silence43.A.ThenB.ButC.AsD.Or44.A.quietlyB.wildlyC.speciallyD.successfully45.A.himselfB.itselfC.herselfD.myself三、阅读理解（共15小题；每小题2分，满分30分）阅读下面短文，从每小题所给的A、B、C、D四个选项中，选出最佳选项，并将答案写在答题卷上。AInception（盗梦空间）THEFILMPlot:DomCobbisaskilledthief.He'sgoodatstealingvaluablesecretsfrompeoplesmindduringtheirdreamstate（状态）.ThistimeCobbandhis

teamsuccessfullyplanted(植入)anideaintoaman*smindinsteadofstealingone.Itisaperfectcrime.Director:ChristopherNolanActor:LeonardoDiCaprioKenWatanabeMarionCotillardetc.Globalbox-office(票房)value:By25th$753,906,286Length:149minPrices:$15(SundaytoSaturday)$7.5(7p.m.-12p.m.onWednesday)TipsForWatching,Nofoodordrinks.,Ticketsarechecked30minutesbeforethefilm46.WhatkindoffilmisInception?A.Western. B.Romanticfilm.starts.C.Sciencefictionfilm.D.starts.C.Sciencefictionfilm.D.Ifyouwanttowatchthefilmatahalfprice,youmaygotothecinema.A.at8:30p.m.onWednesday B.at3p.m.onWednesdayC.at9a.m.onTuesday D.at10:30a.m.onFridayAccordingtotheposterofthefilm,whichofthefollowingisNOTtrue?ThefilmisdirectedbyChristopherNolan.Thefilmlastsmorethantwohours.Ifthefilmstartsat7p.m.,youhadbetterarriveatthecinemabefore6:30p.m..Youmayeatsomesnacksatthecinema.BOnedayPengXianzhelearnedhewouldgotoMashanSchoolinGuizhou.The16-year-oldboytriedtoimaginehowseriousthedroughtwasforthestudentsatthatschool.However,herealizeditwasmoreseriousthanhehadimaginedwhenhesawthesign"DON'Twashclotheswithwater,oryouwillbepunished.”Becauseofdrought,theschoolhasbeenshortofwaterforalongtime.Eachstudenthasonlyonebottleofwatereverydayforwashinganddrinking.Thedroughthasmadethepoorstudentsmuchpoorer.PengisastudentfromBeijingChaoyangForeignLanguageSchool.Hetookpartintheschool1sRain&BowProjectfromApril2to10.TheprojectideacamefromPeng'sprincipal.Oneday,sheheardasadstoryaboutLiGuoxian,apoorgirlinMashanSchool,whostoppedgoingtoschoolbecauseofthedrought.Theprincipalstartedthisprojecttohelptheschool.Inoneday,3,000studentsmadeover10,000donationsofwater,booksandclothes.PengandfourotherstudentswenttoMashanSchoolandgavethedonationswithfiveteachers.Theyvisitedpoorfamilies,madesurveysandhadclassesattheschool.Ding2hentao,16,wasworriedabouttheschool9spoorlearningenvironment.“Theblackboardsandplaygroundaretooshabby（破旧不堪的）touse,99Dingsaid,Besides,therereallyaren,tenoughteachers.AteacherhastoteachbothhistoryandEnglish,andeventhecookisaclassteacher./zAlthoughlifeisn,teasy,studentsattheschoolhaveapositive（积极的）attitudetowardslifeandtheyarequitewillingtolearn.That'swhatmoved16-year-oldChenShimost.“Theysangtheirsongstogetherasusualbeforeclasseveryafternoon.Afterclass,thestudentsaskedustotellthemthingsaboutBeijingandourstudies,Chensaid,“Youcanseethepassion（热情）inthem.Ibelieveitwillmakeadifference.Theirfuturewillbebright.”Theunderlinedword"drought"inParagraph1meansinChinese.A.水灾 B.旱灾 C.火灾 D.雪灾Whostartedtheschool9sRain&BowProject?A.Theprincipaloftheforeignlanguageschool.B.PengXianzhe,a16-year-oldboy.C.ChenShi,astudentfromBeijing. D.LiGuoxian,apoorgirlinGuizhou.HowmanypeoplewenttoMashanSchoolandgavethedonations?A.Four. B.Five. C.Nine. D.Ten.Thepassagemainlytellsusabout.thepoorlearningenvironmentofMashanSchoolthethingstheBeijingstudentsdid,sawandheardatMashanSchool.MtashanSchoolstudents*positiveattitudetowardsthedroughtastoryofapoorgirlwhostoppedgoingtoschoolbecauseofdroplightCNoCarDaywasfirststartedby34citiesinFranceonSeptember22,1998.Itwasstartedtoprotecttheenvironment.Bynow,morethan1,000citiesaroundtheworldhavehadaNoCarDay.ThefirstNoCarDayinChinawasinChengduin2001.OthercitiesincludingTarpei,ShanghaiandWuhan,alsosupporttheday.InBeijing,moreandmorepeoplearejoiningthecampaign.Itasksdriverstoleavetheircarsathomeforonedayeachmonthandwalkorrideabiketowork.ItalsocallsonpeopleinBeijingnottousecarsonJune5th（WorldEnvironmentDay）.Theslogan（口号）forthedayis,“Ifwedriveforonelessday,wecanhaveonemoreniceday.”Sofar,morethan200,000drivershaveshowntheirsupport."Wecan'tcontroltheweather,butwecanchoosenottodrive."saidWuZonghua,acarclubchairman.Beijingistryingtohave238blueskydaysthisyear.Inthefirstquarterof2007,Beijingonlyhad52blueskydays.Thiswas11dayslessthanthenumberforthesameperiodlastyear.Muchofthedustcomesfromthedesert,butcarscausemostoftheairpollution.WemustdomoreforNoCarDay.NoCarDaywasstarted.A.tosavemoney B.tocontroltheweather

C.tomaketheaircleanerD.tokeepoutdustfromthedesert.C.tomaketheaircleanerTheNoCarDaycampaignasksBeijingdrivers.toworkhardtogetfewerblueskydaysnottoworkonWorldEnvironmentDaytorideabikeorwalkinsteadofdrivingtoworktoleavetheircarsathomeforaweekeachmonthWhichofthefollowingaboutNoCarDayisWRONG?A.ItwasstartedinFranceinSeptember,1998.56.B.C.D.ThecitythatfirststarteditinChinaisChengdu.Itissupportedbyover1,000citiesaroundItwasfirststartedWhatcanweinfer（推断）A.B.C.56.B.C.D.ThecitythatfirststarteditinChinaisChengdu.Itissupportedbyover1,000citiesaroundItwasfirststartedWhatcanweinfer（推断）A.B.C.D.MoreandmorepeopleMoreandmorepeoplePeoplewillhaveonebyacarclubchairmanfromthepassage?inBeijingarejoiningwon'tdriveonNoCarmoreWorldEnvironmenttheworld.inBeijing.carDayDayclubs.inBeijing,eachmonth.ThecarclubchairmanWuZonghuawon'tdriveanymore.Ingeneral,peopletalkabouttwogroupsofcolors:warmcolorsandcoolcolors.Researchersinpsychologythinkthattherearealsotwogroupsofpeople:peoplewhopreferwarmcolorsandpeoplewhoprefercoolcolors.Thewarmcolorsarered,orangeandyellow.Wheretherearewarmcolorsandalotoflight,peopleusuallywanttobeactive.Peoplethinkthatred,forexample,isexciting.Sociablepeople,thosewholiketobewithothers,likered.Thecoolcolorsaregreen,blueandviolet.Thesecolors,unlikewarmcolors,arerelaxing.Wheretherearecoolcolors,peopleareusuallyquiet.Peoplewholiketospendtimealoneoftenpreferblue.Redmaybeexciting,butoneresearchersaysthattimeseemstopassmoreslowlyinaroomwithwarmcolorsthaninaroomwithcoolcolors.Hesuggeststhatawarmcolor,suchasredororangeisagoodcolorforalivingroomorrestaurant.Peoplewhoaretalkingoreatingdonotwanttimetopassquickly.Coolcolorsarebetterforofficesorfactoriesifthepeoplewhoareworkingtherewanttimetopassquickly.Researchersdonotknowwhypeoplethinksomecolorsarewarmandothercolorsarecool.However,almosteveryoneagreesthatred,orange,andyellowarewarmandthatgreen,blue,andvioletarecool.Perhapswarmcolorsremindpeopleofwarmdaysandthecoolcolorsremindthemofcooldays.Becauseinthenorththesunishigherduringsummer,thehotsummersunlightappearsyellow.Whichofthefollowingcolorsbelongtocoolcolors?A.Yellow,green.B.Blue,violet.C.Black,blue.D.Brown,white.A.Yellow,green.B.Blue,violet.C.Black,blue.D.Brown,white.A.B.A.B.C.D.SociablepeopleWarmcolorscanPeoplewholikeWhorethereareWhichofthefollowingstatementsisNOTtrue?likewarmcolors.makepeopleexcited.tobewithothersdon*tlikered.warmcolors,peoplewanttobeactive.Whichistherightcolorfordifferentrooms?A.Redororangeforoffices. B.Orangefordining-rooms.C.Blueforbedrooms. D.Redforstudies.Whatisthemainideaofthelastparagraph?Itshowsthereasonwhypeoplethinksomecolorsarewarmandothersarecool.Warmcolorsremindpeopleofwarmdays.Coolcolorsremindpeopleofcooldays.Peoplehaveanagreeableopinionofwarmcolorsandcoolcolors.笫n卷（非选择题，共55分）四、单词拼写（共10小题；每小题1分，满分10分）根据下列句子及所给汉语注释，在答题卷标有题号的横线上，写出空缺处各单词的正确形式。每空只写1个词。Young peoplenowthink ▲（不同地）fromtheirparents.It's ▲ （残酷的）of huntersto killtigersfortheir bonesand fur.Milliehadno▲ （选择）buttowaitforthenexttrainyesterdaymorning.Suzhouis ▲（认为）as oneofthe mostbeautifulcities inChina.Zhang Yimou isaChinese filmmaker, whoisgoodat▲ （导演）films.Thankyouforgivingmesomany▲（建议）.Theworkers▲（坚持）thattheyshouldbegivenafreelunchandthebosshadtogivein.Smokingcanincreasethe▲ （风险）ofgettingheartdisease.Hewasverysadathisfavoritedog's▲ （歹匕）.Pleaseopenthedoor.Ican't▲（呼吸）.五、同义转换（共5小题：每小题1分，满分5分）认真阅读各题所给的两个句子，在空格处填上一个单词或词组，使两句语义上保持一致。Thedayissoexcitingthat1willneverforgetit.ItisAanexcitingdaythat1willneverforgetit.Whendidyouanswermylastthreee-mails?Whendidyou▲.tomylastthreee-mails?What'syourmother*soccupation?Whatdoesyourmother▲?Youwillfindouttheanswerattheendofthefilm.Youwon*tfindouttheanswerAtheendofthefilm.IgotupearlysothatIcouldcatchtheearlybus.Igotupearlyin▲tocatchtheearlybus.六、连词成句（共5小题；每小题1分，满分5分）根据所给的单词和标点符号，在答题卷标有题号的横线上，连词成句，使句子通顺，意思完整。thirdraceMillieincamethe（.）youputoughtthemtoaway（.）dealSandyhowdoesn'twithknowtoit（.）Jimenoughbetoaenergeticleaderis（?）youofwrongit'stostaylatetooout（.）七、句子翻译（共5小题：每小题3分，满分15分）将下列句子译成英语，并将所译句子写在答题卷标有题号的横线上。看恐怖片太多对青少年有不良影响。结果，他被指控闯银行。 ▲ 当Andy气喘吁吁地赶到会议室时，会议已经开始半小时了。她说她会把全部精力都投入到工作中。 ▲他不仅学习勤奋，而且与同学们相处得也很好。八、书面表达（共1题：满分20分）近年来，我国火灾频频发生。2010年11月15日，上海胶东路一座高楼起火，58人不幸丧身。这个事件提醒注意防火安全很重要。请你根据以下提示，写一篇短文来分析引起火灾的原因并谈谈你对火灾中自救的建议。引起火灾的原因火灾时自救方法.小核子玩火柴.•.有些人不在时也让炉子一直开着。.有些人用电不安全。.…（你的观点,至少一点）.不要害怕，保持冷静..在身上淋水，尽快逃出大楼..烟雾太大要爬行..…（你的观点，至少一点）要求：.词数不少于90,短文开头过渡已为你写好，不计入总词数：.要点完整、层次清楚、语法正确、上下文连贯。提示：防火安全firesafety电electricity燃放烟花爆竹setofffireworks爬行crawlonone,sknees消防栓thefirehydrantInrecentyearstherehavebeenmanyfireaccidentsinourcountry.On15thNovember,2010,Usuallyfireaccidentsarecausedbecauseofcarelessness.Forexample,Whatcanwedotoprotectourselveswhenthereisafire? 第第二部分：重要语法梳理（一）英语基本时态讲解1）经常性或习惯性的动作，常与表示频度的时间状语连用。时间状语：every--,sometimes,at…，onSundayIleavehomeforschoolat7everymorning.2）客观真理，客观存在，科学事实。Theearthmovesaroundthesun.ShanghailiesintheeastofChina.3）表示格言或警句中。Pridegoesbeforeafall.骄者必败。注意：此用法如果出现在宾语从句中，即使主句是过去时，从句谓语也要用一般现在时。伤！I：Columbusprovedthattheearthisround..4）现在时刻的状态、能力、性格、个性。Idon'twantsomuch.AnnWangwritesgoodEnglishbutdoesnotspeakwell.比较：NowIputthesugarinthecup.Iamdoingmyhomeworknow.第一句用一般现在时，用于操作演示或指导说明的示范性动作，表示言行的瞬间动作。再如：Nowwatchme,Iswitchonthecurrentandstandback.第二句中的now是进行时的标志，表示正在进行的动作的客观状况，所以后句用一般现在时。2.一般过去时的用法1）在确定的过去时间里所发生的动作或存在的状态。时间状语有：yesterday,lastweek,anhourago,theotherday,in1982等。Wheredidyougojustnow?2）表示在过去一段时间内，经常性或习惯性的动作。WhenIwasachild,Ioftenplayedfootballinthestreet.WhenevertheBrownswentduringtheirvisit,theyweregivenawarmwelcome.3）句型：Itistimeforsb.todosth”到 时间了"“该 了"Itistimesb.didsth.”时间已迟了"”早该 了Itistimeforyoutogotobed.你该睡觉了。Itistimeyouwenttobed.你早该睡觉了。would（had）rathersb.didsth.表示，宁愿某人做某事，I'dratheryoucametomorrow.4）wish,wonder,think,hope等用过去时，作试探性的询问、请求、建议等。Ithoughtyoumighthavesome.我以为你想要•些。比较：一般过去时表示的动作或状态都已成为过去，现已不复存在。Christinewasaninvalidallherlife.（含义：她已不在人间。）Christinehasbeenaninvalidallherlife.（含义：她现在还活着）Mrs.DarbylivedinKentuckyforsevenyears.（含义：达比太太已不再住在肯塔基州。）Mrs.DarbyhaslivedinKentuckyforsevenyears.（含义：现在还住在肯塔基州，有可能指刚离去）注意：用过去时表示现在，表示委婉语气。1）动词want,hope,wonder,think,intend等。Didyouwantanythingelse?Iwonderedifyoucouldhelpme.2）情态动词could,would.Couldyoulendmeyourbike?usedto/beusedtousedto+do："过去常常”表示过去习惯性的动作或状态，但如今已不存在。Motherusednottobesoforgetful.Scarfusedtotakeawalk.（过去常常散步）beusedto+doing：对 已感到习惯，或"习惯于"，to是介词，后需加名词或动名词。Heisusedtoavegetariandiet.Scarfisusedtotakingawalk.(现在习惯于散步)典型例题 Yourphonenumberagain?I quitecatchit.——It's69568442.A.didn'tB.couldn*tC.don'tD.can*t答案A.本句虽没有明确的时间状语，但从语意上看出，在听的时候没有听懂这个动作发生在过去，因此应用过去时。一般将来时shall用于第一人称，常被will所代替。will在陈述句中用于各人称，在争求意见时常用于第二人称。WhichparagraphshallIreadfirst.Willyoubeathomeatseventhisevening?begoingto+不定式，表示将来。a.主语的意图，即将做某事。Whatareyougoingtodotomorrow?b.计划，安排要发生的事。Theplayisgoingtobeproducednextmonthoc.有迹象要发生的事Lookatthedarkclouds,thereisgoingtobeastorm.be+不定式表将来，按计划或正式安排将发生的事。WearetodiscussthereportnextSaturday.beaboutto+不定式，意为马上做某事。HeisabouttoleaveforBeijing.注意：beaboutto不能9tomorrow,nextweek等表示明确将来时的时间状语连用。begoingto/will用于条件句时，begoingto表将来will表意愿Ifyouaregoingtomakeajourney,you'dbettergetreadyforitassoonaspossible.Nowifyouwi11takeoffyourclothes,wewillfitthenewclothesonyouinfrontofthemirror.beto和begoingtobeto表示客观安排或受人指示而做某事。begoingto表示主观的打算或计划。Iamtoplayfootballtomorrowafternoon.（客观安排）I'mgoingtoplayfootballtomorrowafternoon.（主观安排）一般现在时表将来1）下列动词：come,go,arrive,leave,start,begin,return的一般现在时表将来。这主要用来表示在时间上已确定或安排好的事情。Thetrainleavesatsixtomorrowmorning.Whendoesthebusstar?Itstarsintenminutes.2）倒装句，表示动作正在进行，如：Herecomesthebus.=Thebusiscoming.Theregoesthebell.=Thebellisringing.3）在时间或条件句中。WhenBillcomes（不是willcome）,askhimtowaitforme.I'11writetoyouassoonasIarrivethere.4）在动词hope,takecarethat,makesurethat等后。Ihopetheyhaveanicetimenextweek.Makesurethatthewindowsareclosedbeforeyouleavetheroom.11.用于现在完成时的句型Itisthefirst/secondtime-**,that…结构中的从句部分，用现在完成时。ItisthefirsttimethatIhavevisitedthecity.Itwasthethirdtimethattheboyhadbeenlate.Thisisthe…that…结构，that从句要用现在完成时.Thisisthebestfilmthat19ve(ever)seen.这是我看过的最好的电影。Thisisthefirsttime(that)I'veheardhimsing.这是我第一次听他唱歌。典型例题 Doyouknowourtownatall?—No,thisisthefirsttimeI here.A.wasB.havebeenC.cameD.amcoming答案B.Thisisthefirsttime后面所加从句应为现在完成时，故选B。 Haveyou beentoourtownbefore? No,it'sthefirsttimeIhere.A.even,comeB.even,havecomeC.ever,comeD.ever,havecome答案D.ever意为曾经或无论何时，反意词为never,此两词常用于完成时。ThisisthelargestfishIhaveeverseen.Itis/wasthefirsttime+that-clause的句型中，从句要用完成时。注意：非延续性动词的否定形式可以与表示延续时间的状语连用。即动作不发生的状态是可以持续的。(错)Ihavereceivedhisletterforamonth.(对)Ihaven,treceivedhisletterforalmostamonth.12.比较since和forSince用来说明动作起始时间，for用来说明动作延续时间长度。Ihavelivedhereformorethantwentyyears.IhavelivedheresinceIwasborn..Myaunthasworkedinaclinicsince1949.Somenewoilfieldshavebeenopenedupsince1976.IhaveknownXiaoLisinceshewasalittlegirl.MybrotherhasbeenintheYouthLeaguefortwoyears.Ihavenotheardfrommyuncleforalongtime.注意：并非有for作为时间状语的句子都用现在完成时。Iworkedhereformorethantwentyyears.（我现在已不在这里工作。）Ihaveworkedhereformanyyears.（现在我仍在这里工作。）小窍门：当现在完成时+一段时间，这一结构中，我们用下面的公式转化，很容易就能排除非延续动词在完成时中的误使。1）（对）TomhasstudiedRussianforthreeyears.=TombegantostudyRussianthreeyearsago,andisstillstudyingitnow.2）（错）Harryhasgotmarriedforsixyears.=Harrybegantogetmarriedsixyearsago,andisstillgettingmarriednow.显然，第二句不对，它应改为Harrygotmarriedsixyearsago.或Harryhasbeenmarriedforsixyears.since的四种用法since+过去一个时间点（如具体的年、月、日期、钟点、1980,lastmonth,halfpastsix）oIhavebeenheresince1989.since+一段时间+agoIhavebeenheresincefivemonthsago.since+从句Greatchangeshavetakenplacesinceyouleft.Considerabletimehaselapsedsincewehavebeenhere.Itis+一段时间+since从句ItistwoyearssinceIbecameapostgraduatestudent.（二）英语基本语态讲解1）主语句中有一个宾语的被动语态，如：Hesawherintheshopyesterday.Shewasseenintheshopyesterday.2）主语有两个宾语的被动语态LiLeigavemeachemistrybook.IwasgivenachemistrybookbyLiLei.AchemistrybookwasgiventomebyLiLei.3）主动句中含宾语补足语的句子的被动语态若宾语补足语是不带to的不定式，变为被动语态时，该不定式前要加〃此类动词为感官动词：feel,hear,help,listento,lookat,make,observe,see,notice,watchTheteachermademegooutoftheclassroom.->Iwasmadetogooutoftheclassroom（bytheteacher）.Wesawhimplayfootballontheplayground.->Hewasseentoplayfootballontheplayground.若宾语补足语是带to的不定式，那么被动语态仍保留to:MothertoldmenottobelateIwastoldnottobelatebymother.5）情态动词+be+过去分词，构成被动语态。Coalcanbeusedtoproduceelectricityforagricultureandindustry.6）表示"据说〃或"相信”的词组believe,consider,declare,expect,feel,report,say,see,suppose,think,understandvItissaidthat…据说Itisreportedthat…据报道Itisbelievedthat…大家相信Itishopedthat…大家希望Itiswellknownthat…众所周知Itisthoughtthat…大家认为Itissuggestedthat—据建议Itistakengrantedthat…被视为当然Ithasbeendecidedthat…大家决定Itmustberememberthat…务必记住的是ItissaidthatshewillleaveforWuhanonTuesday.14.延续动词与瞬间动词1）用于完成时的区别延续动词表示经验、经历；瞬间动词表示行为的结果，不能与表示段的时间状语连用。Hehascompletedthework.他已完成了那项工作。（表结果）I'veknownhimsincethen.我从那时起就认识他了。（表经历）2）用于till/until从句的差异延续动词用于肯定句，表示"做……直到……”瞬间动词用于否定句，表示〃到……，才……”Hedidn'tcomebackuntiltenofclock.他到10点才回来。Hesleptuntilteno'clock.他一直睡到10点。典型例题Youdon'tneedtodescribeher.I herseveraltimes.A.hadmetB.havemetC.metD.meet答案B.首先本题后句强调对现在的影响，我知道她的模样，你不用描述。再次，severaltimes告知为反复发生的动作，因此用现在完成时。1'msorrytokeepyouwaiting.—Oh,notatall.I hereonlyafewminutes.A.havebeenB.hadbeenC.wasD.willbe答案A.等待的动作由过去开始，持续到现在，应用现・不定式作宾语1）动词+不定式affordaimappearagreearrangeaskbedecidebothercarechoosecomedaredemanddesiredetermineexpectelectendeavorhopefailhappenhelphesitatelearnlongmeanmanageofferoughtplanpreparepretendpromiserefuseseemtendwaitwishundertake举例：Thedriverfailedtoseetheothercarintime.司机没能及时看见另一辆车。Ihappentoknowtheanswertoyourquestion.我碰巧知道你那道问题的答案。2）动词+不定式：动词+宾语+不定式ask,beg,choose,expect,hate,helpintendlike,love,needprefer,prepare,promise,want,wish***Iliketokeepeverythingtidy.我喜欢每件东西都保持整洁。Ilikeyoutokeepeverythingtidy.我喜欢你年使每件东西都保持整洁。IwanttospeaktoTom.我想和汤姆谈话。IwantyoutospeaktoTom.我想让你和汤姆谈话。3）动词+疑问词+todecide,know,considerforget,learn,remember,show,understand,see,wonder,hear,findout,explain,tellPleaseshowushowtodothat.请演示给我们如何去做。Therearesomanykindsoftape-recordersonsalethatIcan*tmakeupmymindwhichtobuy.有这么多的录音机，我都拿不定主意买哪一种。注意:疑问词带不定式在句中作成分时，谓语动词用单数。Thequestionishowtoputitintopractice.问题是怎样把它付诸实施。2.不定式作补语1）动词+宾语+不定式（todo）adviseallowappointbelievecausechallengecommandcompelconsiderdeclaredriveenableencouragefindforbidforceguesshireimagineimpelinduceinforminstructinvitejudgeknowlikeorderpermitpersuaderemindreportrequestrequireselectsendstatesupposetellthinktraintrustunderstandurgewarn例句：Fatherwillnotallowustoplayonthestreet.父亲不让我们在街上玩耍。Webelievehimtobeguilty.我们相信他是有罪的。Find的特殊用法：Find后可用分词做宾补，或先加形式宾语，再加形容词，最后加带to的动词不定式。find后也可带一个从句。此类动词还有get,have。Ifoundhimlyingontheground.Ifounditimportanttolearn.IfoundthattolearnEnglishisimportant.典型例题：Thenextmorningshefoundtheman inbed,dead.A.lyingB.lieC.layD.laying答案：A.find的宾语后面，用分词或分词短语，起宾语补足语作用。现在分词表达主动，也表达正在进行，过去分词表达被动。to+be的不定式结构，作补语的动词。Acknowledge,believe,consider,think,declare（声称），discover,fancy（设想），feelfind,guess,judge,imagine,know,prove,see（理解），show,suppose,take（以为），understandWeconsiderTomtobeoneofthebeststudentsinourclass.我们认为汤姆是班上最好的学生之一。典型例题CharlesBabbageisgenerallyconsidered thefirstcomputer.A.toinventB.inventingC.tohaveinventedD.havinginvented答案：A.由considertodosth.排除B、Do.此句只说明发明这一个事实，不定式后用原形即可。而C为现在完成时，发明为点动词一般不用完成时，且此处也不强调对现在的影响，因此不选C。tobe+形容词Seem,appear,besaid,besupposed,bebelieved,bethought,beknown,bereported,hope,wish,desire,want,plan,expect,mean…Thebookisbelievedtobeuninteresting.人们认为这木书没什么意思。therebe+不定式believe,expect,intend,like,love,mean,prefer,want,wish,undrstandWedidn,texpecttheretobesomanypeoplethere.我们没料到会有那么多人在哪里。注意：有些动词需用as短语做补语，如regard,thinkbelieve,take,consider.WeregardTomasourbestteacher.我们认为汤姆是我们最好的老师。Marytookhimasherfather.玛丽把他当作自己的父亲。.不定式作主语It'seasy（forme）todothat.我做这事太容易了easy,difficult,hard,important,possible,impossible,comfortable,necessary,better;thefirst,thenext,thelast,thebest,toomuch,toolittle,notenoughIt'ssonicetohearyourvoice.听到你的声音真高兴。It'snecessaryforyoutolockthecarwhenyoudonotuseit.当你不用车的时候，锁车是有必要的。It'sverykindofyoutohelpus.他帮助我们，他真好。Kind,nice,stupid,rude,clever,foolish,thoughtful,thoughtless,brave,considerate（考虑周到的）,silly,selfish（自私的）例句：Itwassillyofustobelievehim.我们真愚蠢,竟然相信了他。Itseemedselfishofhimnottogivethemanything.他不给他们任何东西，这显得太自私了。注意：1）其他系动词如，look,appear等也可用于此句型2）不定式作为句子成分时，动词用单数形式。3）当不定式作主语的句子中又有一个不定式作表语时，不能用Itis…to…的句型（对）Toseeistobelieve.百闻不如一见。（错）Itistobelievetosee.4.It'sforsb.和It'sofsb.Dforsb.常用于表示事物的特征特点，表示客观形式的形容词，如easy,hard,difficult,interesting,impossible等：It'sveryhardforhimtostudytwolanguages.对他来说学两门外语是很难的。2）ofsb的句型一般用表示人物的性格，品德，表示主观感情或态度的形容词，如good,kind,nice,clever,foolish,rightoIt'sveryniceofyoutohelpme.你来帮助我，你真是太好了。for与of的辨别方法：用介词后面的代词作主语，用介词前边的形容词作表语，造个句子。如果道理上通顺用of,不通则用for。如：Youarenice.（通顺，所以应用of）。Heishard.（人是困难的，不通，因此应用for。）3）祁使句（ImperativeSentence）祈使句往往是用来表示说话人的请求、命令、要求、建议，等等。祈使句的主语常被省略，因为这个主语很明确地是听话人"you"。当然，有时为了强调或表示某种感情，句子也会带上主语。祈使句的谓语用动词原形；它的否定形式是句首用Don't+动词原形，或是Notto+动词原形。例如：Bequiet,please!（大家）请安静。Standup!起立！Don'tsmokeintheoffice.请不要在办公室吸烟。Don'tbestandingintherain.别站在雨里。Nottobecarelesswhenyou'redrivingacar.开车时不要粗心大意。4）感叹句（ExclamatorySentence）感叹句表示说话人的喜悦、气愤、惊讶等强烈的情绪。这类句子中，有很多是由What或How引起的。What用来强调名词，How则强调形容词、副词或动词。这类句子的构成只需将所强调或是说，所感叹的对象放到句首；句子无需倒装，句子要用正常语序。当然，如果不用这种句型，而句子（无论是那种句子）本身又表示了上述的种种情绪，那么该句也就成了感叹句。例如：Whatafinedayitistoday!今天天气多好啊!Howfineitistoday!今天天气多好啊！Whatalovelysonyouhave!你有个多可爱的儿子啊！Howlovelyyoursonis!你的儿子多可爱状语从句(AdverbialClause)一、时间状语从句when,as,while和wheneverwhen表示某个具体的时间，可指一段时间和一点时间，可表示短暂动作，又可表示持续动作。As所表示的动作与主句动作同时发生，具有延续的含义，一般与延续性动词连用。While只表示持续性的动作或状态，强调主句的动作在从句动作发生的过程中。Whenever指的是“任何时间”o例如：WhenyouarriveinLondon,pleasegiveusacall.WhenIwaswatchingTV,mymothersuddenlycamein.Heenteredtheroomwhen(while,as)themeetingwasgoingon.Whileshewasreadinganovel,hermotherwascookingthedinner.Itrainswheneverhehastheclass.WheneverthatmansaysaTotellyouthetruth”,Isuspectthathe'sabouttotellalie.NT:当as意为“当…时候”时，主要与表示动作或发展过程的动词连用，用于连接两个逐渐发展或演变的动作或状态。通常情况下不与表示感觉的动词，表示感情的动词，表示精神活动的动词