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Chapter14CardiovascularPhysiologyChapter14CardiovascularPhysiAboutthisChapterBloodflowpumping&distributionAnatomyandhistologyoftheheartMechanismofcardiaccontractionHeartbeatsequence–howthepumpworksRegulatorsofhearbeatandvolumepumpedAboutthisChapterBloodflowp2HeartandBloodvesselsProductstransportedtosustainallcellsOverviewoftheCardiosvascularSystemTable14-1:TransportintheCardiovascularSystemHeartandBloodvesselsOvervie3CirculationReviewedHeart–"fourchambered"Rightatrium&ventriclePulmonarycircuitLeftatrium&ventricleSystemiccircuitBloodVessels–"closedcirculation"Arteries–fromheartCapillaries–cellexchangeVeins–toheartCirculationReviewedHeart–"f4CirculationReviewed-it’saclosedcircuitbut“stuff”cangetintothecircuitintwoplaces;whichones?Figure14-1:OverviewofcirculatorysystemanatomyWhatisthegeneralruleregardingthedirectionofbloodflowthroughbloodvessels?(capillaries,veins,arteries)Whatistheexceptiontothisgeneralrule?CirculationReviewed-it’sac5P__________G__________Whydoesbloodflow?Thinkphysics...P__________G__________Whydoe6What’sthismean?PressureGradientWhatcardiovascularstructuregeneratesthispressuregradient?What’sthismean?PressureGrad7Theheart;whyistheleftsideofthehearthypertrophiedcomparedtotherightside?Theheart;whyistheleftsid8BloodFlow:PressureChangesFigure14-2:PressuregradientinthebloodvesselsBloodFlow:PressureChangesFi9Flowrate:(L/min)Flowvelocity
=rate/C-SareaofvesselResistanceslowsflowVesseldiameter(radius)BloodviscosityTubelengthWhich2abovearerelativelyconstant?SomePhysicsofFluidMovement:BloodFlowFigure14-4c:PressuredifferencesofstaticandflowingfluidFlowrate:(L/min)SomePhysics10Bloodviscosityandtubelengtharebasicallyconstant.Vesseldiameterhasthemostinfluenceonbloodflow.Sonowweunderstand2factorseffectingbloodflow;1.Pressuregradientand2.Resistance(VESSELDIAMETER,tubelength,bloodviscosity)Bloodviscosityandtubelengt11Howvelocityofbloodflowiseffectedbycross-sectionalarea(A)Figure14-6:FlowrateversusvelocityofflowHowvelocityofbloodflowis12Whichtwoveinsreturndeoxygenatedbloodtotheheart?Whichchamberisthis,RA,LA,RV,LV?Deoxygenatedbloodispumpedtothelungsviawhatbloodvessel?Oxygenatedbloodreturnstotheheartbywhatbloodvessel?Towhichchamber?Namethe4heartvalves.Whatarechordaetendinae?HeartStructure–anatomyreviewFigure14-7g:ANATOMYSUMMARY:TheHeartWhichtwoveinsreturndeoxyge13MyocardialAutorhythmicCellsMembranepotential“neverrests”pacemakerpotential.MyocardialContractileCellsHaveadifferentlookingactionpotentialduetocalciumchannels.Generalcardiaccellstuff:IntercalateddiscsAllowbranchingofthe myocardiumGapJunctions(insteadofsynapses)FastCelltocellsignalsManymitochondriaLargeTtubesCardiacMuscleCells:Figure14-10:CardiacmuscleMyocardialAutorhythmicCellsC14MechanismofCardiacContractileCellMuscleExcitation,Contraction&RelaxationFigure14-11:Excitation-contractioncouplingandrelaxationincardiacmuscleMechanismofCardiacContracti15GradedContraction:proportionaltocrossbridgesformedMore[Ca++]:crossbridges,moreforce&speedUndercatecholeminecontrol:NorepinephrineEpinephrineModulationofContractionGradedContraction:proportion16ModulationofContraction-whatisthekeyion?Figure14-12:ModulationofcardiaccontractionbycatecholaminesModulationofContraction-wha17ActionpotentialofacardiaccontractilecellWhatistheMaindifferenceBetweenthisandTheneuronActionpotential?ThereisaPhysiologicalReasonforthisdifference;whatCoulditbe?Actionpotential18Alonger(timeduration)actionpotentialmeanstherewillbealongerR______P_______Alonger(timeduration)actio19RefractoryperiodRefractoryperiod20Chapter14CardiovascularPhysiology[第14章心血管生理学](46)课件21SowhatdoesalongeractionpotentialPREVENTinthemyocardium?Sowhatdoesalongeractionp22Summationandtetanus!Wedon’twanttetanyinourmyocardium.Amyocardiuminastateoftetanusceasestobeapump.Summationandtetanus!Wedon23PacemakermembranepotentialI-fchannelsNa+influxCa++channels–influx,toAPSlowK+open–repolarizationAutorhythmicCells:InitiationofSignalsPacemakermembranepotentialA24ActionpotentialsofAutorhythmicCells:Pacemakerpotential;FUNNYCa++CURRENTSFigure14-16:ActionpotentialsincardiacautorhythmiccellsDepolarizationduetocalciumNOTsodium!ActionpotentialsofAutorhyth25Sympathetic–speedsheartratebyCa++&I-fchannelflowParasympathetic–slowsratebyK+efflux&Ca++influxSympatheticandParasympatheticFigure14-17:ModulationofheartratebythenervoussystemSympathetic–speedsheartrat26Chapter14CardiovascularPhysiology[第14章心血管生理学](46)课件27CoordinatingthePump:ElectricalSignalFlowFigure14-18:ElectricalconductioninmyocardialcellsCoordinatingthePump:Electri28CoordinatingthePump:ElectricalSignalFlowFigure14-19a:ElectricalconductionintheheartCoordinatingthePump:Electri29CLEAR!CLEAR!30Electrocardiogram(ECG):
ElectricalActivityoftheHeartFigure14-20:Einthoven’striangleEinthoven'striangleP-Wave–atriaQRS-wave–ventriclesT-wave–repolarizationElectrocardiogram(ECG):
Elect31Electrocardiogram(ECG):
ElectricalActivityoftheHeartFigure14-21:TheelectrocardiogramElectrocardiogram(ECG):
Elect32ElectricaleventsofthecardiaccycleElectricaleventsofthe33Chapter14CardiovascularPhysiology[第14章心血管生理学](46)课件34Mechanicaleventsofthecardiaccycle:
HeartChambersandtheBeatSequence1.Latediastole:allchambersrelax,fillingwithblood2.Atrialsystole:atriacontract,add20%morebloodtoventricles3.Isovolumicventricularcontraction:closesAVvalves("lub"),buildspressureMechanicaleventsofthecardi354.Ventricularejection:pushesopensemilunarvalves,bloodforcedout5.Ventricularrelaxation:aorticbackflowslamssemilunarvalvesshut("dup")
AVvalvesopenrefillingstarts–backtostartofcycleCardiacCycle:FinishandAroundTotheStart4.Ventricularejection:pushe36CardiacCycle;mechanicaleventsFigure14-25:MechanicaleventsofthecardiaccycleCardiacCycle;mechanicaleven37Cardiaccycle:eventsintheleftventricleFigure14-26:TheWiggersdiagramCardiaccycle:eventsinthel38QUIZ,8questionsMatchthefollowingsegmentstothecorrespondingventricularevents.AB ___BC ___CD ___DA ___EjectionofbloodintoaortaIsovolumiccontractionIsovolumicrelaxationPassivefillingandatrialcontractionQUIZ,8questionsMatchthefol39QuizMatchthefollowingeventstopointsA–Donthefigure.AorticvalveopensMitralvalveopensAorticvalveclosesMitralvalvecloses5.A__________________6.B___________________7.C__________________8.D__________________QuizMatchthefollowingevents40SummaryofHeartBeat:
Electrical,PressureandChamberVolumesFigure14-27:TheWiggersdiagramSummaryofHeartBeat:
Electr41Range:about50–near200Typicalresting:near70APconductionMuscleContractionParasympatheticslowsSympatheticspeedsRegulatorsoftheHeart:ReflexControlsofRateRange:about50–near200Regu42Around5L:
(72beats/m70ml/beat=5040ml)Rate:beatsperminuteVolume:mlperbeatEDV-ESVResidual(about50%)CardiacOutput:HeartRateXStrokeVolumeAround5L:
(72beats/m7043StarlingsLaw–stretchForceofcontractionVenousreturn:SkeletalpumpingRespiratorypumpingRegulatorsoftheHeart:
FactorsInfluencingStrokeVolumeStarlingsLaw–stretchRegulat44RegulatorsoftheHeart:
FactorsInfluencingStrokeVolumeFigure14-29:Length-forcerelationshipsintheintactheartRegulatorsoftheHeart:
Fact45RegulatorsoftheHeart:
FactorsInfluencingStrokeVolumeFigure14-31:FactorsthataffectcardiacoutputRegulatorsoftheHeart:
Fact46Chapter14CardiovascularPhysiologyChapter14CardiovascularPhysiAboutthisChapterBloodflowpumping&distributionAnatomyandhistologyoftheheartMechanismofcardiaccontractionHeartbeatsequence–howthepumpworksRegulatorsofhearbeatandvolumepumpedAboutthisChapterBloodflowp48HeartandBloodvesselsProductstransportedtosustainallcellsOverviewoftheCardiosvascularSystemTable14-1:TransportintheCardiovascularSystemHeartandBloodvesselsOvervie49CirculationReviewedHeart–"fourchambered"Rightatrium&ventriclePulmonarycircuitLeftatrium&ventricleSystemiccircuitBloodVessels–"closedcirculation"Arteries–fromheartCapillaries–cellexchangeVeins–toheartCirculationReviewedHeart–"f50CirculationReviewed-it’saclosedcircuitbut“stuff”cangetintothecircuitintwoplaces;whichones?Figure14-1:OverviewofcirculatorysystemanatomyWhatisthegeneralruleregardingthedirectionofbloodflowthroughbloodvessels?(capillaries,veins,arteries)Whatistheexceptiontothisgeneralrule?CirculationReviewed-it’sac51P__________G__________Whydoesbloodflow?Thinkphysics...P__________G__________Whydoe52What’sthismean?PressureGradientWhatcardiovascularstructuregeneratesthispressuregradient?What’sthismean?PressureGrad53Theheart;whyistheleftsideofthehearthypertrophiedcomparedtotherightside?Theheart;whyistheleftsid54BloodFlow:PressureChangesFigure14-2:PressuregradientinthebloodvesselsBloodFlow:PressureChangesFi55Flowrate:(L/min)Flowvelocity
=rate/C-SareaofvesselResistanceslowsflowVesseldiameter(radius)BloodviscosityTubelengthWhich2abovearerelativelyconstant?SomePhysicsofFluidMovement:BloodFlowFigure14-4c:PressuredifferencesofstaticandflowingfluidFlowrate:(L/min)SomePhysics56Bloodviscosityandtubelengtharebasicallyconstant.Vesseldiameterhasthemostinfluenceonbloodflow.Sonowweunderstand2factorseffectingbloodflow;1.Pressuregradientand2.Resistance(VESSELDIAMETER,tubelength,bloodviscosity)Bloodviscosityandtubelengt57Howvelocityofbloodflowiseffectedbycross-sectionalarea(A)Figure14-6:FlowrateversusvelocityofflowHowvelocityofbloodflowis58Whichtwoveinsreturndeoxygenatedbloodtotheheart?Whichchamberisthis,RA,LA,RV,LV?Deoxygenatedbloodispumpedtothelungsviawhatbloodvessel?Oxygenatedbloodreturnstotheheartbywhatbloodvessel?Towhichchamber?Namethe4heartvalves.Whatarechordaetendinae?HeartStructure–anatomyreviewFigure14-7g:ANATOMYSUMMARY:TheHeartWhichtwoveinsreturndeoxyge59MyocardialAutorhythmicCellsMembranepotential“neverrests”pacemakerpotential.MyocardialContractileCellsHaveadifferentlookingactionpotentialduetocalciumchannels.Generalcardiaccellstuff:IntercalateddiscsAllowbranchingofthe myocardiumGapJunctions(insteadofsynapses)FastCelltocellsignalsManymitochondriaLargeTtubesCardiacMuscleCells:Figure14-10:CardiacmuscleMyocardialAutorhythmicCellsC60MechanismofCardiacContractileCellMuscleExcitation,Contraction&RelaxationFigure14-11:Excitation-contractioncouplingandrelaxationincardiacmuscleMechanismofCardiacContracti61GradedContraction:proportionaltocrossbridgesformedMore[Ca++]:crossbridges,moreforce&speedUndercatecholeminecontrol:NorepinephrineEpinephrineModulationofContractionGradedContraction:proportion62ModulationofContraction-whatisthekeyion?Figure14-12:ModulationofcardiaccontractionbycatecholaminesModulationofContraction-wha63ActionpotentialofacardiaccontractilecellWhatistheMaindifferenceBetweenthisandTheneuronActionpotential?ThereisaPhysiologicalReasonforthisdifference;whatCoulditbe?Actionpotential64Alonger(timeduration)actionpotentialmeanstherewillbealongerR______P_______Alonger(timeduration)actio65RefractoryperiodRefractoryperiod66Chapter14CardiovascularPhysiology[第14章心血管生理学](46)课件67SowhatdoesalongeractionpotentialPREVENTinthemyocardium?Sowhatdoesalongeractionp68Summationandtetanus!Wedon’twanttetanyinourmyocardium.Amyocardiuminastateoftetanusceasestobeapump.Summationandtetanus!Wedon69PacemakermembranepotentialI-fchannelsNa+influxCa++channels–influx,toAPSlowK+open–repolarizationAutorhythmicCells:InitiationofSignalsPacemakermembranepotentialA70ActionpotentialsofAutorhythmicCells:Pacemakerpotential;FUNNYCa++CURRENTSFigure14-16:ActionpotentialsincardiacautorhythmiccellsDepolarizationduetocalciumNOTsodium!ActionpotentialsofAutorhyth71Sympathetic–speedsheartratebyCa++&I-fchannelflowParasympathetic–slowsratebyK+efflux&Ca++influxSympatheticandParasympatheticFigure14-17:ModulationofheartratebythenervoussystemSympathetic–speedsheartrat72Chapter14CardiovascularPhysiology[第14章心血管生理学](46)课件73CoordinatingthePump:ElectricalSignalFlowFigure14-18:ElectricalconductioninmyocardialcellsCoordinatingthePump:Electri74CoordinatingthePump:ElectricalSignalFlowFigure14-19a:ElectricalconductionintheheartCoordinatingthePump:Electri75CLEAR!CLEAR!76Electrocardiogram(ECG):
ElectricalActivityoftheHeartFigure14-20:Einthoven’striangleEinthoven'striangleP-Wave–atriaQRS-wave–ventriclesT-wave–repolarizationElectrocardiogram(ECG):
Elect77Electrocardiogram(ECG):
ElectricalActivityoftheHeartFigure14-21:TheelectrocardiogramElectrocardiogram(ECG):
Elect78ElectricaleventsofthecardiaccycleElectricaleventsofthe79Chapter14CardiovascularPhysiology[第14章心血管生理学](46)课件80Mechanicaleventsofthecardiaccycle:
HeartChambersandtheBeatSequence1.Latediastole:allchambersrelax,fillingwithblood2.Atrialsystole:atriacontract,add20%morebloodtoventricles3.Isovolumicventricularcontraction:closesAVvalves("lub"),buildspressureMechanicaleventsofthecardi814.Ventricularejection:pushesopensemilunarvalves,bloodforcedout5.Ventricularrelaxation:aorticbackflowslamssemilunarvalvesshut("dup")
AVvalvesopenrefillingstarts–backtostartofcycleCardiacCycle:FinishandAroundTotheStart4.Ventricularejection:pushe82CardiacCycle;mechanicaleventsFigure14-25:MechanicaleventsofthecardiaccycleCardiacCycle;mechanicaleven83Cardiaccycle:eventsinthelef
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