医学影像技术：颅脑系统的X线摄影

颅脑系统的X线摄影

Radiographicpositionsofskull头部的标准平面矢状面：将头颅分成左右两半的平面正中面：头颅正中的一个矢状面水平面：两眼眶下缘至两外耳孔上缘所成的平面垂直面：经过两外耳孔中心与水平面垂直的平面ThestandardflatofheadSagittalplane:theheadisdividedintoleftandrighthalvesoftheplaneMedianplane:theskullofamediansagittalplaneHorizontal:twoeyestotwoloweredgeoftheupperedgeoftheouterearsintotheplaneVertical:Aftertwoouterearsverticalandhorizontalcenterstraightplane头颅的标准联线听眦线：外耳孔与外眼角的联线听眉线：外耳孔与眉间的联线听眶线：外耳孔与眼眶下缘的联线瞳间线：两瞳孔间（外眼角）的联线听鼻线：外耳孔与鼻翼下缘的联线听口线：外耳孔与口角的联线ThestandardlineofheadCanthomeatalline:lineofouterearsandtheoutercornerGlabellomeatalline:lineofouterearsandeyebrowsInfraorbitalline:lineofouterearsandeyesoftheloweredgeIPL:lineoftwoIPLlary(outercorner)Acanthiomeatalline:lineofouterearsandnoseoftheloweredgeOromeatallines:lineofouterearsandmouth听眉线Glabellomeatalline听眦线Infraorbitalline听眶线Infraorbitalline听鼻线Acanthiomeatalline听口线Oromeatalline头颅后前位

SkullPosteroanterior头颅后前位

SkullPosteroanterior摄影目的：观察颅骨的骨质、对称性、骨板厚度及颅内的情况PhotographyObjective:Toobservetheskullbone,symmetry,boneplatethicknessandintracranialconditions摄影体位：病人俯卧于摄影床上，前额和鼻部紧贴台面，两侧外耳孔与床面等距，听眦线与台面垂直中心线：眉间中点（出射点）Photographyposture:thepatientproneonthephotographicbed,foreheadandnoseclosetothesurface,bothsidesofthebedsurfaceequidistantwithouterears,listeningcanthalverticallineandcountertopsCenterline:themidpointbetweentheeyebrows(theexitpoint)SkullPosteroanterior

头颅后前位头颅后前位外板顶骨蝶骨小翼眶上裂内听道鼻中隔鼻甲乳突尖部内板冠状缝矢状缝人字缝额骨额窦眼眶颧骨上颌窦上颌骨下颌骨SuturasagittalisFrontalboneOccipitalboneTemporalpyramidSeptumnasiMandibleInferiortoothC2TemporalboneSuturacoronalisSinusmaxillarisSinusethmoidales标准片:1.矢状缝与鼻中隔位于照片正中，眼眶、上颌窦、筛窦左右对称2.颞骨岩部对称显示于双侧眼眶内，内听道显示在眼眶正中

3.颅缝、颅骨骨小梁及颅板显示清晰4.左右（L、R）标记在影像左上角RStandardsheet:1sagittalsuturewiththenasalseptumislocatedinthemiddlephotograph,orbit,maxillarysinus,ethmoidsymmetrical2petrousbonedisplayedinthebilateralorbitalsymmetry,theinternalauditorycanalaredisplayedinthemiddleoftheorbit3craniosynostosis,skullandcranialbonetrabecularplatesshowaclear4leftright(L,R)isstampedintheupperleftcornerSkull

Posteroanterior

头颅后前位R头颅侧位

Cephalometric头颅侧位

Cephalometric摄影目的：观察颅骨的骨质、骨缝及蝶鞍的形态、大小及颅内情况PhotographyObjective:Toobservetheskullbone,bonejointsandsellashape,sizeandintracranialconditions摄影体位：病人俯卧于摄影床上，头侧转，被检侧耳部紧贴台面，被检侧上肢放于身旁，对侧屈肘支撑下颌，瞳间线垂直于床面,正中面平行于平板中心线：外耳孔上2.5cm和前方2.5cm交界处Photographyposture:thepatientproneonthephotographicbed,headtilt,theMinistrywasseizedearclosecountertops,putinthesubjectsideoftheupperside,thecontralateralelbowbracejawlinebetweenIPLplaneperpendiculartothebed,themedianplaneparalleltotheplateCenterline:externalearopenings2.5cmonthefrontand2.5cmjunction头颅左侧位Leftlateralskull标准片显示：额骨顶骨枕骨副鼻窦蝶鞍各骨缝头颅侧位Standardsheetshows：FrontalParietalboneOccipitalParanasalsinusesSellaSutureCephalometric冠状缝额窦蝶鞍蝶窦上颌窦鼻骨筛窦外板内板人字缝枕骨髁状突颈椎板障下颌骨上颌骨顶骨GlabellaFrontalsinusSphenoidsinusNasopharangxCervicalvertebraeMastoidaircellsParietalboneSellaturcicaSuturacoronalisSuturalambdoidea标准片:1.蝶鞍呈半月状显示，无双边影2.双侧乳突、外耳孔、下颌骨小头重叠良好3.头颅各骨边缘与骨小梁影像清晰4.左右（L、R）标记在影像左上角RStandardsheet:1sellawashalf-likedisplay,nobilateralshadow2bilateralmastoid,externalear,mandibleheadsuperimposedgood3cranialedgeofthetrabecularboneimageclarity4leftright(L,R)isstampedintheupperleftcornerL颧弓颌顶位

Zygomaticarchjawtopsite颧弓颌顶位

Zygomaticarchjawtopsite摄影目的：观察颅底各骨的形态、骨质、颧骨弓及各孔的大小PhotographyObjective:Toobservethecranialmorphologyofthebone,bone,zygomaticarchandthesizeofthehole摄影体位：病人坐在摄影架前，面向X线管，头后仰，头顶紧靠探测器，两外耳孔与探测器等距，头颈部尽量向后仰，使听眶线平行平板探测器（还可用卧位）中心线：两下颌角的联线中点并垂直于听眦线Photographyposture:thepatientsittinginfrontphotographicframe,facingtheX-raytube,headthrownback,hisheadclosetothedetector,thedetectorequidistantfromtwoouterears,headandneckasfaraspossibletotheback,solistentotheorbitallinesparallelflatdetector(canalsobeusedrecumbent)Centerline:twomandibularanglelinemidpointandperpendiculartolistencanthalline摄影体位：病人仰卧于摄影床上，双肩与床的上缘平行，头后仰，头顶向下，两外耳孔与平板等距，颈部尽量伸直，使颅顶紧贴平板（还可用坐位）中心线：与听眦线垂直射入Photographyposture:thepatientsupineonthephotographicbed,shouldersparalleltotheupperedgeofthebed,headthrownback,headdown,twoouterearsandflatequidistant,neckstraightaspossible,sothattheparietaltotheflatbed(alsowithseat)CenterLine:injectperpendiculartothecanthomeatalline乳突枕骨大孔卵圆孔上颌窦下颌骨筛骨垂直板内听道鼻中隔蝶窦颈动脉管颧骨ZygomaticumLaminaperpendicularisSeptumnasiSinusmaxillarisMandibulaCanaliscaroticusPorusacusticusinternusProcessusmastoideusFormenoccipitalemagnumForamenovaleSinussphenoidalis标准片:1.颞骨岩部呈“八”字形显示于枕骨大孔的两侧，为轴位影像2.双侧颧骨左右对称，边缘锐利

3.鼻中隔、筛骨垂直板、枕骨大孔与照片长轴重合4.左右（L、R）标记在影像左上角RStandardsheet:1petrousbonewas"eight"shapedisplayedonthesidesoftheforamenmagnum,theaxisdigitalimages2.Bilateralsymmetricalcheekbones,sharpedges3.Thenasalseptum,perpendicularplateofethmoidbone,theforamenmagnumaxiscoincideswithphotos4leftright(L,R)isstampedintheupperleftcornerR颧骨Cheekbones颧骨Cheekbones颞骨岩部前后斜位

Petrousbone

anteropsterioroblique

（汤氏位Town′s）汤氏位(Town′s）摄影目的：观察枕骨及顶骨后部、颞骨岩部、枕骨大孔及鞍背床突PhotographyObjective:Toobservetherearoftheoccipitalandparietalbone,petrousbone,theforamenmagnumandsaddlebackclinoids摄影体位：病人仰卧于摄影台上，颏部内收，听眦线与台面垂直，两外耳孔与台面等距，双臂自然放于身旁中心线：足向30°角，眉间上方10cm处Photographyposture:thepatientsupineonthephotographictable,chinadduction,listencanthallineperpendiculartothetable,andthetableequidistantfromtwoouterears,armsnaturallyplacedonthesideCenterLine:footto30°angle,at10cmabovetheeyebrows头颅汤氏位（Towne´sSkull）头颅汤氏位人字缝枕骨鞍背前床突颧弓茎突枕骨大孔内听道冠状缝鼓室窦LambdoidsutureForamenmagnumDorsumsellaeRamusofmandibleMastoidaircellsGroveforlateralsinusOccipitalbone标准片:1.冠状缝、人字缝左右对称于矢状缝

2.枕骨、颞骨岩部、眼眶及下颌骨升支显示清晰

3.双侧内听道显示于岩骨中部4.左右（L、R）标记在影像左上角RStandardsheet:1coronalsuture,herringbonestitchsymmetricalinsagittalsuture2occipital,petrousbone,eyesandcleardisplayofthemandibleramus3showstheinternalauditorycanalinbilateralpetrousCentral4leftright(L,R)isstampedintheupperleftcornerTowne´sSkull

头颅汤氏位R蝶鞍侧位

Sellalateral蝶鞍侧位

Sellalateral摄影目的：观察垂体病变侵及蝶鞍、蝶窦的情况，常用于垂体病变的检查PhotographyObjective:Toobservethepituitarylesionsinvadingthesella,sphenoidsinuscondition,commonlyusedintheexaminationofthepituitarylesions摄影体位：病人被检者俯卧于摄影台上，头侧转，被检侧的耳部紧贴台面，上肢自然放在身旁，对侧上肢屈肘，手半握拳支撑颏部，瞳间线垂直台面

中心线：外耳孔上2.5cm和前方2.5cm交界处Photographyposture:thepatientproneonthephotographwasseizedbythestage,headtilt,wasseizedearclosetothesideofthetable,naturallyontheupperside,contralateralarmelbow,handhalf-fistsupportingthechin,IPLlinebetweenverticaltableCenterline:junctionof

externalearopenings2.5cmandonthefront2.5cm冠状缝额窦蝶鞍蝶窦上颌窦鼻骨筛窦外板内板人字缝枕骨髁状突颈椎板障下颌骨上颌骨顶骨GlabellaFrontalsinusSphenoidsinusNasopharangxCervicalvertebraeMastoidaircellsParietalboneSellaturcicaSuturacoronalisSuturalambdoidea标准片:1.蝶鞍呈半圆状显示，边缘清晰，无双边影2.前床突、后床突、鞍背、鞍底、蝶窦影像清晰

3.左右（L、R）标记在影像左上角RStandardsheet:1showsasemicircularSella,sharpedges,nobilateralshadow2anteriorclinoid,rearbedsuddenly,saddleback,sellar,sphenoidimageclarity3leftright(L,R)isstampedintheupperleftcorner乳突劳氏位(Mastoidlaw’s)

乳突劳氏位(Mastoidlaw’s)

摄影目的：观察乳突气房、鼓室盖、乙状窦、鼓室及外耳孔的情况PhotographyObjective:Toobservethemastoidair,tympanumcover,sigmoidsinus,middleearandexternalearopeningssituation

摄影体位：病人病人俯卧于摄影台上，头侧转，被检侧紧贴台面，耳廓前折，对侧手半握拳支撑颏部，外耳孔置探测器中心的上2.5cm处，瞳间线垂直台面。

中心线：足向及面侧倾斜15°角，从对侧外耳孔上5cm与后5cm交叉处射入Photographyposture:Thepatientpatientproneonthephotographictable,headtilt,wasseizedsideclosetothesurface,beforefoldingearcontralateralhandhalf-fistsupportingthechin,earsoutsidethecenterofthedetectorissetat2.5cm,inter-IPLlineperpendiculartothesurface.Centerline:footforwardandsidetiltangleof15°fromtheoppositeside5cmontheouterears5cmaftertheintersectionwiththeincident外耳孔髁状突乳突气房内耳道乳突尖下颌骨HeadofmandibleMastoidaircellsProcessusmastoideusExternalauditorymeatusMandibula标准片:1.乳突气房呈侧位影像，颞颌关节位于乳突前方

2.乳突小房、鼓室盖、乙状窦显示清晰3.内耳孔与外耳孔相互重叠4.左右（L、R）标记在影像左上角RStandardsheet:1mastoidairwaslateralimages,temporomandibularjointislocatedinfrontofthemastoid2mastoid,tympaniccover,cleardisplaysigmoidsinus3innerearswithoverlappingouterears4leftright(L,R)isstampedintheupperleftcornerL乳突许氏位(Schüller′s)乳突许氏位(Schüller′s)摄影目的：观察鼓室、鼓窦、乳突蜂房、乙状窦及听骨的情况PhotographyObjective:Toobservethetympanum,mastoidantrum,mastoidhive,sigmoidsinusandearbonescase摄影体位：病人俯卧于摄影台上，将头侧转，被检侧靠平板，耳廓前折，对侧手握拳支撑颏部，外耳孔置平板上后

1/3处，瞳间线垂直平板中心线：足向25°角，从对侧外耳孔上7cm与后1.5cm交叉处入射Photographyposture:thepatientproneonthephotographytable,headtilt,wasseizedbythesideplate,frontflapearcontralateralfistsupportingthechin,earsoutsidehomeplateafter1/3,flatverticallinebetweenIPLCenterline:footto25°anglefromtheoppositesideontheouterears1.5cmand7cmaftertheincidentattheintersection乳突许氏位内耳道外耳孔髁状突乙状窦乳突尖鼓室导静脉乳突气房乳突窦蝶窦MastoidaircellsExternalauditorymeatusHeadofmandibleSphenoidsinus标准片:1.两侧下颌关节上、下分离，但在同一直线上，髁状突不与乳突重叠

2.内耳孔与外耳孔重叠在一起，平下颌小头后方3.颞颌关节间隙呈切线位显示4.左右（L、R）标记在影像左上角RStandardsheet:1onbothsidesofthetemporomandibularjoint,thenextseparation,butinthesameline,thecondyledoesnotoverlapwiththemastoid2innerearsoverlapwiththeouterears,flatheadbehindthemandibular3temporomandibularjointspacewastangentialpositiondisplay4leftright(L,R)isstampedintheupperleftcornerL乳突伦氏位(Runström’s)

乳突伦氏位(Runström’s)

摄影目的：观察鼓窦、上鼓室、迷路、听骨、及鼓窦入口的情况PhotographyObjective:Toobservethemastoidantrum,theattic,lost,auditoryossicles,andthecaseofdrumsinusentrance

摄影体位：病人俯卧于摄影台上，头侧转，被检侧紧贴台面，耳廓前折，对侧手半握拳支撑颏部，外耳孔置探测器中心上2.5cm处，瞳间线垂直台面

中心线：足向倾斜35°角，从对侧外耳孔上方射入Photographyposture:thepatientproneonthephotographytable,headtilt,closetothesurface,beforefoldingearcontralateralhandhalf-fistsupportingthechin,centerofthedetectorontheouterearssetat2.5cm,IPLverticallinebetweenmesaCenterline:foottiltangleof35°fromthetopofthecontralateralexternalearinjection外耳孔髁状突乳突气房下颌骨乳突尖MastoidaircellsHeadofmandibleMandibulaProcessusmastoideusExternalauditorymeatus标准片:1.乳突呈侧斜位影像，乳突气房投影于后上方

2.鼓窦、上鼓室、外耳道、迷路、鼓窦入口显示清晰3.听小骨显示于外耳道内

4.左右（L、R）标记在影像左上角RStandardsheet:1mastoidwasskeweddigitalimagesprojectedonthemastoidairafterthetop2drumsinus,theattic,theexternalauditorycanal,lost,drumssinusentrancecleardisplay3ossiclesdisplayedintheearcanal4leftright(L,R)isstampedintheupperleftcornerL乳突梅氏位(Mayer′s)乳突梅氏位(Mayer′s)摄影目的：观察内外耳道、鼓窦、岩骨、下颌骨髁状突的情况PhotographyObjective:Toobservetheinnerearcanal,drumssinus,petrousbone,mandiblecondylesituation摄影体位：被检者仰卧于摄影台上，双手自然放于身旁，头部转向患侧，头颅正中矢状面与探测器成45°角，外耳孔置探测器的上后方1/3处，听眦线垂直台面

中心线：足向45°角，对侧眼眉外侧额部射入Photographyposture:sitonthephotographywasseizedbythestage,hishandsplacedonthenaturalside,headturnedtotheaffectedside,theskullmediansagittalplaneangleof45°withthedetector,thedetectorissetontheouterearsrear1/3listencanthallinesperpendiculartothetableCenterline:foottoa45°angle,lateralfrontalcontralateralinjectioneyebrows乳突梅氏位(双45°)乳突梅氏位髁状突内耳道鼓窦外耳道乳突蜂窝耳廓软骨鼓室壁锥体前缘锥体后缘CellulaemastoideaeExternalauditorymeatusInternalauditorymeatus标准片:1.岩骨正中长轴呈切线位影像，长径与横径之比为4:1

2.内外耳道、乳突小房、骨性迷路、鼓室、锥体前缘、锥体后缘显示清晰

3.颞颌关节间隙显示清晰

4.左右（L、R）标记在影像左上角RStandardsheet:1petrousmedianlongaxistangentialimagediameteranddiameterratioof4:12withintheexternalauditorycanal,mastoid,bonylabyrinth,tympanic,coneleadingedge,trailingedgeoftheconecleardisplay3showsacleartemporomandibularjointspace4leftright(L,R)isstampedintheupperleftcornerLBilateralmastoidHsuMayer′s

双侧乳突许氏梅氏位R双侧乳突许氏梅氏位

BilateralmastoidMayer′s

mastoidHsu

乳突许氏位R右侧角度不够Rightangleisnotenough位置不佳Poorlocation颞颌关节张闭口位

Temporomandibularjointopen-closedmouthposition颞颌关节张闭口位

Temporomandibularjointopen-closedmouthposition摄影目的：观察颞颌关节的骨质、功能及关节腔的情况PhotographyObjective:Toobservethetemporomandibularjointofthebone,functionandjointcavitycase摄影体位：被检者俯卧于摄影台上，头侧转，被检侧紧贴台面，耳廓前折，对侧手半握拳支撑颏部，体位与许氏位相同,瞳间线垂直台面，口尽量张大。分别摄取张口位和闭口位进行比较中心线：足向25°角，从对侧外耳孔上7cm与后1.5cm交叉处入射Photographyposition:proneonphotographywasseizedbythestage,headtilt,closetothesurface,beforefoldingearcontralateralhandhalf-fistsupportingthechin,HsubitpositionwiththesameverticallinebetweenIPLcountertops,mouthaswide.Uptake,respectivelymouthbitandclosedpositiontocompareCenterline:footto25°anglefromtheoppositesideontheouterears1.5cm7cmandaftertheincidentattheintersection颞颌关节闭口位下颌关节凹下颌关节间隙关节结节下颌小头下颌切迹外耳孔CapsulaarticularisTuberculunarticulareHeadofmandiblePorusacusticusexternusR标准片:1.颞颌关节间隙呈切线位显示

2.同一放大率摄取张口位和闭口位进行比较3.左右（L、R）标记在影像左上角Standardsheet:1temporomandibularjointspacewastangentialpositiondisplay2Thesamemagnificationintakemouthbitandclosedpositiontocompare3left(L,R)isstampedintheupperleftcornerTemporomandibularjointopen-closedmouthposition

颞颌关节张闭口位RR颞颌关节张闭口位(标准片)

Temporomandibularjointopen-closedmouthposition(standardsheet)颞颌关节张闭口位(标准片)

Temporomandibularjointopen-closedmouthposition(standardsheet)R角度太小标记不佳AngleistoosmallMarkpoor那片海内听道经眶位

Transorbitalbitinternalauditorycanal内听道经眶位

Transorbitalbitinternalauditorycanal摄影目的：观察两侧内耳道后前位的影像，比较双侧内听道的情况PhotographyObjective:Toobservebothsidesoftheposterior-anteriorauditorymeatusimages,comparingthesituationofbilateralinternalauditorycanal摄影体位：被检者坐于摄影台前，前额和鼻尖紧贴平板，两侧外耳孔与平板等距，听眦线与平板垂直

（俯卧位）中心线：经两外耳孔上方1cm处连线与正中矢状面交叉处垂直射入

Photographyposture:sitonthephotographywasseizedbythestage,foreheadandnoseclosetotheplate,andtheplateequidistantfrombothsidesoftheouterears,listeningcanthallinewiththeflatvertical(proneposition)Centerline:Thetwoouterears1cmabovethemediansagittalplaneattheconnectionwiththeincidentattheintersectionoftheverticalR内听道鼻中隔颧骨RTemporalpyramidSeptumnasiZygomaticum标准片:1.双侧内听道显示在眼眶中的岩骨中2.岩骨投影于两侧眼眶中

3.半规管及耳蜗影像清晰，显示在外耳道的外侧

4.左右（L、R）标记在影像左上角RStandardsheet:1showstheinternalauditorymeatusbilaterallyintheeyesofthepetrousbonein2petrousprojectedonbothsidesoftheeyesand3semicircularcanalsandcochleasharpimagesdisplayedontheoutsideoftheearcanal4left(L,R)isstampedintheupperleftcorner斯氏位(Stenever′s)斯氏位(Stenever′s)摄影目的：观察内听道的情况，此位置与乳突梅氏位相互垂直，是诊断内听道的重要体位PhotographyObjective:Toobservethecaseoftheinternalauditorycanal,thispositionandmastoidMedvedevbitperpendiculartoeachotherisanimportantdiagnosticpositiontheinternalauditorycanal摄影体位：病人俯卧于摄影台上，面向对侧偏转，使被检侧前额、颧骨、鼻尖（上三点）紧贴平板，听眶线与台面垂直，前臂弯曲以支撑身体中心线：头向12°，枕外隆凸Photographyposture:thepatientproneonthephotographicstage,facingtheoppositedeflection,sothatwasseizedsideforehead,cheekbones,nose(onthreepoints)totheflatbed,listeningorbitalperpendicularlineandcountertops,forearmbenttosupportthebodyCenterLine:Headto12°,externaloccipitalprotuberance斯氏位(Stenever′s)内听道髁状突乳突尖外耳孔PorusacusticusexternusExternalauditorymeatusHeadofmandibleProcessusmastoideus标准片:1.岩骨呈水平位显示，内缘与枕骨基底部分离

2.乳突尖呈后前切线位显示，髁状突影像清晰

3.弧状隆凸下方可见半规管、前庭、耳蜗、内听道

4.岩骨嵴下方可见鼓窦、鼓室、听小骨5.左右（L、R）标记在影像左上角RStandardsheet:1petroushorizontalpositionshown,theinneredgeofthebaseportionoftheoccipitalbonefrom2Afterthemastoidtipwasdisplayedbeforethetangentialposition,clearimagescondyle3arc-shapedprotuberancevisiblebeneaththesemicircularcanals,vestibule,cochlea,internalauditorycanal4petrousridgebelowthevisibledrumsinus,tympanum,ossicles5leftandright(L,R)isstampedintheupperleftcornerL茎突前后位

Styloidanteroposterior茎突前后位

Styloidanteroposterior摄影目的：观察茎突长度及形态PhotographyObjective:Toobservethelengthandshapeofthestyloidprocess摄影体位：被检者仰卧于摄影台上，双手自然放于身旁，用13º的角度板垫高头部，张大口，听鼻线垂直探测器，这一方法用于比较双侧茎突的情况

中心线：经两眼角连线中点垂直射入Photographyposture:thepatientsupineonthephotographicstage,handsnaturallyplacedontheside,witha13ºangleplateelevatethehead,dilatingthemouth,noseandlistentotheverticallinedetectors,thismethodisusedtocomparethesituationofbilateralstyloidCenterline:themidpointofthetwoeyesnormallyincident茎突前后位

Styloidanteroposterior茎突StyloidProcessusstyloideusProcessusstyloideus标准片:1.茎突显示在同侧下颌升支与颈椎之间的空隙中，不与其他组织重叠

2.乳突尖与下颌关节部分重叠

3.双侧茎突显示清晰

4.左右（L、R）标记在影像左上角RStandardsheet:1styloiddisplayedintheipsilateralcervicalramusandthegapbetweennotoverlapwithotherorganizations2mastoidalepartiallyoverlapswiththetemporomandibularjoint3showsaclearbilateralstyloid4leftright(L,R)isstampedintheupperleftcorner茎突侧位

Lateralstyloid茎突侧位

Lateralstyloid摄影目的：观察茎突长度及形态PhotographyObjective:Toobservethelengthandshapeofthestyloidprocess摄影体位：被检者俯卧于摄影床上，头侧转，被检侧耳部紧贴台面，被检侧上肢放于身旁，对侧屈肘支撑下颌，瞳间线垂直于床面,头稍向下低，口尽量张大中心线：向头侧倾斜10°角,对侧下颌角后缘射入

Photographyposture:thepatientproneonthephotographicbed,headtilt,theMinistrywasseizedearclosecountertops,putinthesubjectsideoftheupperside,thecontralateralelbowbracejawlinebetweenIPLplaneperpendiculartothebed,headslightlydownlowmouthaswideCenterline:tiltangleof10°tothehead,thetrailingedgeofthecontralateralmandibularangleinjections茎突侧位

Lateralstyloid茎突Processusstyloideus茎突Styloid下颌骨Mandible枢椎Atlantoaxial标准片:1.茎突显示在下颌切迹与颈椎之间

2.左右（L、R）标记在影像左上角RStandardsheet:1styloiddisplayedinthelowerjawandcervicalnotchbetween2leftandright(L,R)isstampedintheupperleftcornerL眼眶后前位

OrbitalPosteroanterior眼眶后前位OrbitalPosteroanterior摄影目的：观察眼眶的形态、大小及异物定位的情况PhotographyObjective:Toobservetheorbitalshape,size,andforeignbodylocalizationcase摄影体位：被检者站立于摄影架前，前额和鼻部紧贴平板，头颅正中矢状面与平板垂直，两侧外耳孔与摄影架等距（还可用俯卧位）

中心线：向足侧倾斜23°角，枕外粗隆上方6～7cm处经鼻根射入Photographyposition:

Patientstandingbeforethephotographicframe,foreheadandnoseclosetotheplate,andflatskullmediansagittalplaneperpendiculartotheoutersidesoftheears,andphotographicframeisometric(pronepositioncanalsobeused)Centerline:footsidetotilt23°angle,theexternaloccipitalprotuberanceatthetop6~7cminjectionthroughnasion额窦上颌窦岩骨眼眶眶上裂筛窦鼻中隔眶下裂眼眶后前位Sinus

frontalisSinus

ethmoidalesFissuraorbitalissuperiorSeptumnasiSinus

maxillarisParspetrosaR标准片:1.两侧眼眶呈圆形对称地显示在照片中

2.岩骨上缘投影于上颌窦内上1/3处

3.眶上裂、眶下裂、鼻中隔、筛窦显示清晰

4.左右（L、R）标记在影像左上角Standardsheet:1roundedsymmetricallyonbothsidesoftheeyesinthephotoshow2rockontheedgeoftheprojectioninthemaxillarysinusbonewithintheupper1/33.Thesuperiororbitalfissure,inferiororbitalfissure,nasalseptum,ethmoidcleardisplay4left(L,R)isstampedintheupperleftcorner

OrbitalPosteroanterior眼眶后前位R紫色的梦浑然天成鼻骨侧位

Lateralnasal鼻骨侧位

Lateralnasal摄影目的：观察鼻骨骨折的情况PhotographyObjective:Toobservethecaseofnasalbonefracture摄影体位：被检者站立于摄影架前，头侧转，双手扶住摄影架，使头颅矢状面与平板平行，瞳间线垂直于探测器

中心线：鼻根下方2cm处Photographyposition:thepatientstandingbeforethephotographicframe,headtilt,hishandsheldontothephotographicframe,sothatthesagittalplanewiththeflatheadparallellinesperpendiculartothedetectorbetweenIPLCenterline:2cmatthebottomnasion鼻骨侧位鼻骨嘴唇Nasalboneslips标准片:1.鼻骨呈侧位显示在照片正中

2.两侧下颌骨重叠良好3.鼻腔软组织层次分明

4.左右（L、R）标记在影像左上角RStandardsheet:1lateralnasalbonewasshowninthephotomiddle2goodoverlaponbothsidesofthemandible3distinctnasalsofttissue4left(L,R)isstampedintheupperleftcorner副鼻窦柯氏位（23°）

Coriolisbitparanasalsinuses副鼻窦柯氏位（23°）Coriolisbitparanasalsinuses摄影目的：观察额窦、筛窦、眼眶、眶上裂的情况PhotographyObjective:Toobservethefrontal,ethmoid,orbit,superiororbitalfissuresituation摄影体位：被检者站立于摄影台前，颏部与鼻尖紧贴探测器，头颅正中矢状面与平板垂直，使中心线与听眦线夹角为23°角，两侧外耳孔与摄影架等距

中心线：枕骨粗隆上7cmPhotographyposition:

Patientstandinginfrontofthestagephotography,chinandnoseclosetothedetectorheadwiththeflatverticalmediansagittalplane,sothattheanglebetweenthecenterlineandlistencanthalangleof23°onbothsidesoftheouterearsandphotographystandequidistantCenterline:7cmontheoccipitalprotuberance柯氏位岩骨嵴眶上裂眼眶额窦上颌窦筛窦副鼻窦柯氏位R筛窦上颌窦额窦岩骨RSinus

frontalisSinus

ethmoidalesSinus

maxillarisSeptumnasiParspetrosaOrbita标准片:1.两侧眼眶呈圆形对称地显示在照片中

2.额窦、筛窦、眼眶、眶上裂显示清晰3.岩骨上缘与上颌窦下缘重叠

4.左右（L、R）标记在影像左上角RStandardsheet:1roundedsymmetricallyonbothsidesoftheeyesinthephotoshow2frontal,ethmoid,orbit,superiororbitalfissurecleardisplay3petrousedgeandtheloweredgeofthemaxillarysinusoverlap4leftright(L,R)isstampedintheupperleftcorner副鼻窦瓦氏位（37°）

ParanasalsinusesofValsalvabit副鼻窦瓦氏位（37°）

ParanasalsinusesofValsalvabit摄影目的：观察上颌窦、额窦、前后组筛窦、上颌骨的骨质及形态PhotographyObjective:Toobservethemaxillary,frontal,ethmoidsinusbefore,maxillaryboneandmorphology摄影体位：被检者坐于摄影架前，双手扶住摄影架，头后仰，颏部接触探测器，鼻尖与平板相距约0.5～1.5cm，听眦线与探测器成37°角中心线：鼻尖（出射点）Photographyposture:sitonthephotographicframebeforethepatient,hishandsheldontothephotographicframe,headthrownback,chincontactdetector,flatnoseandadistanceofabout0.5~1.5cm,listencanthallinewiththedetectorintoa37°angleCenterline:tipofthenose(exitpoint)瓦氏位额窦眼眶筛窦上颌窦岩骨乳突下颌骨Sinus

frontalisSinus

ethmoidalesSinus

maxillarisSeptumnasiMandibulaParspetrosaOrbitaR标准片:1.岩骨上缘投射在上颌窦下缘，无重叠组织影像2.眼眶、筛窦、上颌窦对称地显示在鼻中隔两侧3.上颌窦的窦腔边缘锐利，周围骨质影像清晰4.左右（L、R）标记在影像左上角Standardsheet:1petrousprojectedontheupperedgeoftheloweredgeofthemaxillarysinus,withoutoverlappingtissueimages2orbital,ethmoid,maxillarydisplayedsymmetricallyonbothsidesofthenasalseptum3maxillarysinusessharpedgesofthesurroundingboneimageclarity4leftright(L,R)isstampedintheupperleftcornerR岩骨上颌窦瓦氏位R面骨后前位（45°）

Facialbones

Posteroanterior面骨后前位（45°）

Facialbones

Posteroanterior摄影目的：观察面颅各骨的情况，主要是颧骨的情况PhotographyObjective:Toobservethesurfaceofthecranialboneswerethecase,thesituationismainlycheekbones摄影体位：被检者坐于摄影架前，双手扶住摄影架，头后仰，颏部紧靠平板，鼻尖与探测器相距约1～2.5cm，听眦线与探测器成45°角（还可用俯卧位）

中心线：鼻根Photographyposture:sitonthephotographicframebeforethepatient,hishandsheldontothephotographicframe,headthrownback,chinclosetotheplate,tipofthenoseandthedetectorislocatedabout1~2.5cm,listencanthallineanddetectorangleof45°(canalsobeusedproneposition)CenterLine:nasion大瓦氏位眼眶额窦颧骨下颌颏部鼻腔上颌骨上颌窦乳突OrbitaZygomaticumSinus

frontalisSinus

maxillarisTemperalboneCorpusmandibulaeProcessusmastoideusSeptumnasiR标准片:1.颧骨显示在上颌窦的两侧，骨小梁清晰2.眼眶、上颌窦、额窦、筛窦左右对称3.左右（L、R）标记在影像左上角Standardsheet:1cheekbonesdisplayedonbothsidesofthemaxillarysinus,trabecularclear2eyes,maxillary,frontal,ethmoidsymmetrical3leftright(L,R)isstampedintheupperleftcorner下颌骨正位

Anteroposteriormandibular下颌骨正位

Anteroposteriormandibular摄影目的：观察下颌骨升支及颞颌关节的正位情况PhotographyObjective:Toobservetheascendingbranchofthemandibleandtemporomandibularjointanteroposteriorcase摄影体位：被检者俯卧于摄影台上，屈肘，双手放于头的两侧，头颅正中矢状面垂直探测器中线，前额鼻尖紧贴台面

中心线：嘴唇Photographyposition:proneonphotographywasseizedbythestage,elbow,puthishandsonbothsidesofthehead,theheadmidlinesagittalplaneperpendiculartothedetector,foreheadnoseclosetothetableCenterLine:Lips下颌骨正位颏部下颌角下颌体部下颌支部喙突上颌窦下颌小头乳突上颌牙下颌牙鼻腔AngulusmandibulaeCorpusmandibulaeMaxillaSinus

maxillarisSeptumnasiMandible标准片:1.双侧下颌骨对称地显示在照片中2.下颌骨升支及颞颌关节影像清晰3.下颌骨体部与颈椎有重叠4.左右（L、R）标记在影像左上角RStandardsheet:1bilateralmandibularsymmetrydisplayedinphotos2mandibularramusandtemporomandibularjointimageclarity3mandibularbodyoverlapwithcervical4leftright(L,R)isstampedintheupperleftcorner

Anteroposteriormandibular下颌骨正位R下颌骨侧位

Lateralmandible下颌骨侧位

Lateralmandible摄影目的：观察下