考研英语模拟题

2012考研英语基础阶段测试题及参考答案考试时间：180分钟满分：100分学员姓名：卡号：主管咨询师：是否学数学：参加考试类型：（A、自愿参加B、督促参加C、强制参加）（以上内容请写在答题纸上）SectionIVocabularyandStructureDirections:Beneatheachofthefollowingsentences,therearefourchoicesmarked[A],[B],[C]and[D].Choosetheonethatbestcompletesthesentence.MarkyouranswerontheANSWERSHEETbyblackeningthecorrespondingletterinthebracketswithapencil.（20points）Example:IhavebeentotheGreatWallthreetimes1979.fromafterforsinceThesentenceshouldread,“IhavebeentotheGreatWallthreetimessince1979.“Therefore,youshouldchoose[D].IworkedsolateintheofficelastnightthatIhardlyhadtime bthelastbus.[A]tohavecaught[B]tocatch[C]catching[D]havingcaughtAsitturnedouttobeasmallhouseparty,wed soformally.[A]needn,tdressup[B]didnotneedhavedressedup[C]didnotneeddressup[D]needn,thavedressedupIapologizeifI d you,butIassureyouitwasunintentional.[A]offend[B]hadoffended[C]shouldhaveoffended[D]mighthaveoffendedAlthoughateenager,Fredcouldresist awhattodoandwhatnottodo.[A]tobetold[B]havingbeentold[C]beingtold[D]tohavebeentold(C)Greatereffortstoincreaseagriculturalproductionmustbemadeiffoodshortage cavoided.[A]istobe[B]canbe[C]willbe[D]hasbeenDoingyourhomeworkisasurewaytoimproveyourtestscores,andthisisespeciallytrue d itcomestoclassroomtests.[A]before[B]as[C]since[D]whenThereareover100nightschoolsinthecity,makingitpossibleforaprofessionaltobere-educatednomatterc hedoes.[A]how[B]where[C]what[D]whenI'vekeptupafriendshipwithagirlwhomIwasatschoold twentyyearsago.[A]about[B]since[C]till[D]withHewasn,taskedtotakeonthechairmanshipofthesociety,insufficientlypopularwithallmembers.[A]beingconsidered[B]considering[C]tobeconsidered[D]havingconsidered10.forthetimelyinvestmentfromthegeneralpublic,ourcompanywouldnotbesothrivingasitis.[A]Haditnotbeen[B]Wereitnot[C]Beitnot[D]ShoulditnotbePleaseyourselffromsmokingandspittinginpublicplaces,sincethelawforbidsthem.[A]restrain[B]hinder[C]restrict[D]prohibitWithouttelephoneitwouldbeimpossibletocarryonthefunctionsofeverybusinessoperationinthewholecountry.[A]practically[B]preferably[C]precisely[D]presumably(A)Preliminaryestimationputsthefigureataround$110billion,the$160billionthePresidentisstrugglingtogetthroughtheCongress.[A]inproportionto[B]inreplyto[C]inrelationto[D]incontrasttoHeisplanninganothertourabroad,yethispassportwillattheendofthismonth.[A]expire[B]exceed[C]terminate[D]ceaseAlltheoff-shoreoilexplorerswereinhighspiritsastheyreadlettersfromtheirfamilies.[A]sentimental[B]affectionate[C]intimate[D]sensitiveSeveralinternationaleventsintheearly1990sseemlikelytooratleastweaken,thetrendsthatemergedinthe1980s.[A]revolt[B]revolve[C]reverse[D]reviveIwasunawareofthecriticalpointsinvolved,somychoicewasquite[A]arbitrary[B]rational[C]mechanical[D]unpredictableThelocalpeoplewerejoyfullysurprisedtofindthepriceofvegetablesnolongeraccordingtotheweather.[A]altered[B]converted[C]fluctuated[D]modifiedThepursuitofleisureonthepartoftheemployeeswillcertainlynottheirprospectofpromotion.[A]spur[B]further[C]induce[D]reinforceInwhattoalastminutestayofexecution,acouncilannouncedthatemergencyfundingwouldkeepalivetwoagingsatellites.[A]applies[B]accounts[C]attaches[D]amountsSectionIIClozeTestDirections:Foreachnumberedblankinthefollowingpassage,therearefourchoicesmarked[A],[B],[C],[D].ChoosethebestoneandmarkyouransweronANSWERSHEETbyblackeningthecorrespondingletterinthebracketswithapencil.(10points)UntilrecentlymosthistoriansspokeverycriticallyoftheIndustrialRevolution.They_21_thatinthelongrunindustrializationgreatlyraisedthestandardoflivingforthe_22_man.Buttheyinsistedthatits_23_resultsduringtheperiodfrom1750to1850werewidespreadpovertyandmiseryforthe_24_oftheEnglishpopulation._25contrast,theysawintheprecedinghundredyearsfrom1650to1750,whenEnglandwasstilla_26_agriculturalcountry,aperiodofgreatabundanceandprosperity.Thisview,_27_,isgenerallythoughttobewrong.Specialists_28historyandeconomics,have_29_twothings:thattheperiodfrom1650to1750was_30_bygreatpoverty,andthatindustrializationcertainlydidnotworsenandmayhaveactuallyimprovedtheconditionsforthemajorityofthepopulace.[A]admitted[B]believed[C]claimed[D]predicted[A]plain[B]average[C]mean[D]normal[A]momentary[B]prompt[C]instant[D]immediate[A]bulk[B]host[C]gross[D]magnitude[A]0n[B]With[C]For[D]By[A]broadly[B]thoroughly[C]generally[D]completely[A]however[B]meanwhile[C]therefore[D]moreover[A]at[B]in[C]about[D]for[A]manifested[B]approved[C]shown[D]speculated[A]noted[B]impressed[C]labeled[D]markedSectionIIIReadingComprehensionDirections:Eachofthepassagesbelowisfollowedbysomequestions.Foreachquestiontherearefouranswersmarked[A],[B],[C]and[D].Readthepassagescarefullyandchoosethebestanswertoeachofthequestions.ThenmarkyouranswerontheANSWERSHEETbyblackeningthecorrespondingletterinthebrackets.(40points)Text1Fewcreationsofbigtechnologycapturetheimaginationlikegiantdams.PerhapsitishumankindJslongsufferingatthemercyoffloodanddroughtthatmakestheideaofforcingthewaterstodoourbiddingsofascinating.Buttobefascinatedisalso,sometimes,tobeblind.Severalgiantdamprojectsthreatentodomoreharmthangood.Thelessonfromdamsisthatbigisnotalwaysbeautiful.Itdoesn'thelpthatbuildingabig,powerfuldamhasbecomeasymbolofachievementfornationsandpeoplestrivingtoassertthemselves.Egypt'sleadershipintheArabworldwascementedbytheAswanHighDam.Turkey'sbidforFirstWorldstatusincludesthegiantAtaturkDam.Butbigdamstendnottoworkasintended.TheAswanDam,forexample,stoppedtheNilefloodingbutdeprivedEgyptofthefertilesiltthatfloodsleft-allinreturnforagiantreservoirofdiseasewhichisnowsofullofsiltthatitbarelygenerateselectricity.Andyet,themythofcontrollingthewaterspersists.Thisweek,intheheartofcivilizedEurope,SlovaksandHungariansstoppedjustshortofsendinginthetroopsintheircontentionoveradamontheDanube.Thehugecomplexwillprobablyhavealltheusualproblemsofbigdams.ButSlovakiaisbiddingforindependencefromtheCzechs,andnowneedsadamtoproveitself.Meanwhile,inIndia,theWorldBankhasgiventhego-aheadtotheevenmorewrong-headedNarmadaDam.Andthebankhasdonethiseventhoughitsadvisorssaythedamwillcausehardshipforthepowerlessandenvironmentaldestruction.Thebenefitsareforthepowerful,buttheyarefarfromguaranteed.Proper,scientificstudyoftheimpactsofdamsandofthecostandbenefitsofcontrollingwatercanhelptoresolvetheseconflicts.Hydroelectricpowerandfloodcontrolandirrigationarepossiblewithoutbuildingmonsterdams.Butwhenyouaredealingwithmyths,itishardtobeeitherproper,orscientific.ItistimethattheworldlearnedthelessonsofAswan.Youdon,tneedadamtobesaved.Thethirdsentenceofparagraph1impliesthat.peoplewouldbehappyiftheyshuttheireyestorealitytheblindcouldbehappierthanthesightedover-excitedpeopletendtoneglectvitalthings(C)fascinationmakespeoplelosetheireyesightInparagraph5,“thepowerless”probablyrefersto.areasshortofelectricitydamswithoutpowerstationspoorcountriesaroundIndia(D)commonpeopleintheNarmadaDamareaWhatisthemythconcerninggiantdams?Theybringinmorefertilesoil.Theyhelpdefendthecountry.Theystrengtheninternationalties.(D)Theyhaveuniversalcontrolofthewaters.Whattheauthortriestosuggestmaybestbeinterpretedas."It'snousecryingoverspiltmilk”uMorehaste,lessspeed”"Lookbeforeyouleap"(C)"Hewholaughslastlaughsbest”Text2Well,nogainwithoutpain,theysay.Butwhataboutpainwithoutgain?EverywhereyougoinAmerica,youheartalesofcorporaterevival.Whatishardertoestablishiswhethertheproductivityrevolutionthatbusinessmenassumetheyarepresidingoverisforreal.Theofficialstatisticsaremildlydiscouraging.Theyshowthat,ifyoulumpmanufacturingandservicestogether,productivityhasgrownonaverageby1.2%since1987.Thatissomewhatfasterthantheaverageduringthepreviousdecade.Andsince1991,productivityhasincreasedbyabout2%ayear,whichismorethantwicethe1978-1987average.Thetroubleisthatpartoftherecentaccelerationisduetotheusualreboundthatoccursatthispointinabusinesscycle,andsoisnotconclusiveevidenceofarevivalintheunderlyingtrend.Thereis,asRobertRubin,thetreasurysecretary,says,a"disjunction“betweenthemassofbusinessanecdotethatpointstoaleapinproductivityandthepicturereflectedbythestatistics.Someofthiscanbeeasilyexplained.Newwaysoforganizingtheworkplace-allthatre-engineeringanddownsizing-areonlyonecontributiontotheoverallproductivityofaneconomy,whichisdrivenbymanyotherfactorssuchasjointinvestmentinequipmentandmachinery,newtechnology,andinvestmentineducationandtraining.Moreover,mostofthechangesthatcompaniesmakeareintendedtokeepthemprofitable,andthisneednotalwaysmeanincreasingproductivity:switchingtonewmarketsorimprovingqualitycanmatterjustasmuch.Twootherexplanationsaremorespeculative.First,someofthebusinessrestructuringofrecentyearsmayhavebeenineptlydone.Second,evenifitwaswelldone,itmayhavespreadmuchlesswidelythanpeoplesuppose.LeonardSchlesinger,aHarvardacademicandformerchiefexecutiveofAuBongPain,arapidlygrowingchainofbakerycafes,saysthatmuch“re-engineering“hasbeencrude.Inmanycases,hebelieves,thelossofrevenuehasbeengreaterthanthereductionsincost.Hiscolleague,MichaelBeer,saysthatfartoomanycompanieshaveappliedre-engineeringinamechanisticfashion,choppingoutcostswithoutgivingsufficientthoughttolongtermprofitability.BBDO,sAlRosenshineisblunter.Hedismissesalotoftheworkofre-engineeringconsultantsasmererubbish-"theworstsortofambulancecashing.”Accordingtotheauthor,theAmericaneconomicsituationis.notasgoodasitseemsatitsturningpointmuchbetterthanitseems(A)neartocompleterecoveryTheofficialstatisticsonproductivitygrowth.excludetheusualreboundinabusinesscyclefallshortofbusinessmen'santicipationmeettheexpectationofbusinesspeople(B)failtoreflectthetruestateofeconomyTheauthorraisesthequestionuwhataboutpainwithoutgain?”because.hequestionsthetruthof"nogainwithoutpain”hedoesnotthinktheproductivityrevolutionworkshewondersiftheofficialstatisticsaremisleading(B)hehasconclusiveevidencefortherevivalofbusinessesWhichofthefollowingstatementsisNOTmentionedinthepassage?Radicalreformsareessentialfortheincreaseofproductivity.Newwaysoforganizingworkplacesmayhelptoincreaseproductivity.Thereductionofcostsisnotasurewaytogainlongtermprofitability.(A)Theconsultantsareabunchofgood-for-nothings.Text3Sciencehaslonghadanuneasyrelationshipwithotheraspectsofculture.ThinkofGallileo,s17th-centurytrialforhisrebellingbeliefbeforetheCatholicChurchorpoetWilliamBlake,sharshremarksagainstthemechanisticworldviewofIsaacNewton.Theschismbetweenscienceandthehumanitieshas,ifanything,deepenedinthiscentury.Untilrecently,thescientificcommunitywassopowerfulthatitcouldaffordtoignoreitscritics-butnolonger.Asfundingforsciencehasdeclined,scientistshaveattacked“anti-science“inseveralbooks,notablyHigherSuperstition,byPaulR.Gross,abiologistattheUniversityofVirginia,andNormanLevitt,amathematicianatRutgersUniversity;andTheDemon-HauntedWorld,byCarlSaganofCornellUniversity.Defendersofsciencehavealsovoicedtheirconcernsatmeetingssuchas“TheFlightfromScienceandReason,heldinNewYorkCityin1995,and“ScienceintheAgeof(Mis)information,“whichassembledlastJunenearBuffalo.Anti-scienceclearlymeansdifferentthingstodifferentpeople.GrossandLevittfindfaultprimarilywithsociologists,philosophersandotheracademicswhohavequestionedscience,sobjectivity.Saganismoreconcernedwiththosewhobelieveinghosts,creationismandotherphenomenathatcontradictthescientificworldview.Asurveyofnewsstoriesin1996revealsthattheanti-sciencetaghasbeenattachedtomanyothergroupsaswell,fromauthoritieswhoadvocatedtheeliminationofthelastremainingstocksofsmallpoxvirustoRepublicanswhoadvocateddecreasedfundingforbasicresearch.FewwoulddisputethatthetermappliestotheUnabomber,whosemanifesto,publishedin1995,scornsscienceandlongsforreturntoapre-technologicalutopia.Butsurelythatdoesnotmeanenvironmentalistsconcernedaboutuncontrolledindustrialgrowthareanti-science,asanessayinUSNews&WorldReportlastMayseemedtosuggest.Theenvironmentalists,inevitably,respondtosuchcritics.Thetrueenemiesofscience,arguesPaulEhrlichofStanfordUniversity,apioneerofenvironmentalstudies,arethosewhoquestiontheevidencesupportingglobalwarming,thedepletionoftheozonelayerandotherconsequencesofindustrialgrowth.Indeed,someobserversfearthattheanti-scienceepithetisindangerofbecomingmeaningless."Theterm'anti-science'canlumptogethertoomany,quitedifferentthings,“notesHarvardUniversityphilosopherGeraldHoltoninhis1993workScienceandAnti-Science."Theyhaveincommononlyonethingthattheytendtoannoyorthreatenthosewhoregardthemselvesasmoreenlightened.”Theword“schism”(Line3,Paragraph1)inthecontextprobablymeansconfrontationdissatisfactionseparation(C)contemptParagraphs2and3arewrittento.discussthecauseofthedeclineofscience'spowershowtheauthorssympathywithscientistsexplainthewayinwhichsciencedevelops(D)exemplifythedivisionofscienceandthehumanitiesWhichofthefollowingistrueaccordingtothepassage?Environmentalistswereblamedforanti-scienceinanessay.Politiciansarenotsubjecttothelabelingofanti-science.Theamoreenlightenedvtendtotagothersasanti-science.(A)Taggingenvironmentalistsas“anti-science“isjustifiable.Theauthor*sattitudetowardtheissueofasciencevs.anti-science"is.impartialsubjectivebiased(A)puzzlingText4Emergingfromthe1980censusisthepictureofanationdevelopingmoreandmoreregionalcompetition,aspopulationgrowthintheNortheastandMidwestreachesanearstandstill.Thisdevelopment-anditsstrongimplicationsforUSpoliticsandeconomyinyearsahead-hasenthronedtheSouthasAmerica'smostdenselypopulatedregionforthefirsttimeinthehistoryofthenation,sheadcounting.Altogether,theUSpopulationroseinthe1970sby23.2millionpeop1e-numerical1ythethirdlargestgrowtheverrecordedinasingledecade.Evenso,thatgainaddsuptoonly11.4percent,lowestinAmericanannualrecordsexceptfortheDepressionyears.AmericanshavebeenmigratingsouthandwestinlargernumbersinceWorldWarII,andthepatternstillprevails.Threesun-beltstates-Florida,TexasandCalifornia-togetherhadnearly10millionmorepeoplein1980thanadecadeearlier.Amonglargecities,SanDiegomovedfrom14thto8thandSanAntoniofrom15thto10th-withClevelandandWashington.D.C.droppingoutofthetop10.Notallthatshiftcanbeattributedtothemovementoutofthesnowbelt,censusofficialssay,Nonstopwavesofimmigrantsplayedarole,too-andsodidbiggercropsofbabiesasyesterdays“babyboom“generationreacheditschildbearingyears.Moreover,demographersseethecontinuingshiftsouthandwestasjoinedbyarelatedbutnewerphenomenon:Moreandmore,Americansapparentlyarelookingnotjustforplaceswithmorejobsbutwithfewerpeople,too.Someinstances-IRegionally,theRockyMountainstatesreportedthemostrapidgrowthrate-37.1percentsince1970inavastareawithonly5percentoftheUSpopulation.1Amongstates,NevadaandArizonagrewfastestofall:63.5and53.1percentrespectively.ExceptforFloridaandTexas,thetop10inrateofgrowthiscomposedofWesternstateswith7.5millionpeople-about9persquaremile.Theflightfromovercrowdednessaffectsthemigrationfromsnowbelttomorebearableclimates.Nowheredo1980censusstatisticsdramatizemoretheAmericansearchforspaciouslivingthanintheFarWest.There,Californiaadded3.7milliontoitspopulationinthe1970s,morethananyotherstate.Inthatdecade,however,largenumbersalsomigratedfromCalifornia,mostlytootherpartsoftheWest.Oftentheychose-andstillarechoosing-somewhatcolderclimatessuchasOregon,IdahoandAlaskainordertoescapesmog,crimeandotherplaguesofurbanizationintheGoldenState.Asaresult,California'sgrowthratedroppedduringthe1970s,to18.5percent-littlemorethantwothirdsthe1960s'growthfigureandconsiderablybelowthatofotherWesternstates.Discernedfromtheperplexingpictureofpopulationgrowththe1980censusprovided,Americain1970s.enjoyedthelowestnetgrowthofpopulationinhistorywitnessedasouthwesternshiftofpopulationunderwentanunparalleledperiodofpopulationgrowth(B)broughttoastandstillitspatternofmigrationsinceWorldWarIIThecensusdistinguisheditselffrompreviousstudiesonpopulationmovementinthat.itstressestheclimaticinfluenceonpopulationdistributionithighlightsthecontributionofcontinuouswavesofimmigrantsitrevealstheAmericans'newpursuitofspaciousliving(C)itelaboratesthedelayedeffectsofyesterday's"babyboom”Wecanseefromtheavailablestatisticsthat.CaliforniawasoncethemostthinlypopulatedareainthewholeUSthetop10statesingrowthrateofpopulationwerealllocatedintheWestcitieswithbetterclimatesbenefitedunanimouslyfrommigration(D)ArizonarankedsecondofallstatesinitsgrowthrateofpopulationThewordademographersn(Line1,Paragraph8)mostprobablymeanspeopleinfavorofthetrendofdemocracyadvocatesofmigrationbetweenstatesscientistsengagedinthestudyofpopulation(C)conservativesclingingtooldpatternsoflifeText5Scatteredaroundtheglobearemorethan100smallregionsofisolatedvolcanicactivityknowntogeologistsashotspots.Unlikemostoftheworld*svolcanoes,theyarenotalwaysfoundattheboundariesofthegreatdriftingplatesthatmakeuptheearth*ssurface;onthecontrary,manyofthemliedeepintheinteriorofaplate.Mostofthehotspotsmoveonlyslowly,andinsomecasesthemovementoftheplatespastthemhaslefttrailsofdeadvolcanoes.Thehotspotsandtheirvolcanictrailsaremilestonesthatmarkthepassageoftheplates.Thattheplatesaremovingisnowbeyonddispute.AfricaandSouthAmerica,forexample,aremovingawayfromeachotherasnewmaterialisinjectedintotheseafloorbetweenthem.Thecomplementarycoastlinesandcertaingeologicalfeaturesthatseemtospantheoceanareremindersofwherethetwocontinentswereoncejoined.Therelativemotionoftheplatescarryingthesecontinentshasbeenconstructedindetail,butthemotionofoneplatewithrespecttoanothercannotreadilybetranslatedintomotionwithrespecttotheearthJsinterior.Itisnotpossibletodeterminewhetherbothcontinentsaremovinginoppositedirectionsorwhetheronecontinentisstationaryandtheotherisdriftingawayfromit.Hotspots,anchoredinthedeeperlayersoftheearth,providethemeasuringinstrumentsneededtoresolvethequestion.Fromananalysisofthehot-spotpopulationitappearsthattheAfricanplateisstationaryandthatithasnotmovedduringthepast30millionyears.Thesignificanceofhotspotsisnotconfinedtotheirroleasaframeofreference.Itnowappearsthattheyalsohaveanimportantinfluenceonthegeophysicalprocessesthatpropeltheplatesacrosstheglobe.Whenacontinentalplatecomestorestoverahotspot,thematerialrisingfromdeeperlayerscreatesabroaddome.Asthedomegrows,itdevelopsdeepfissures(cracks);inatleastafewcasesthecontinentmaybreakentirelyalongsomeofthesefissures,sothatthehotspotinitiatestheformationofanewocean.Thusjustasearliertheorieshaveexplainedthemobilityofthecontinents,sohotspotsmayexplaintheirmutability(inconstancy).Theauthorbelievesthat.themotionoftheplatescorrespondstothatoftheearth*sinteriorthegeologicaltheoryaboutdriftingplateshasbeenprovedtobetruethehotspotsandtheplatesmoveslowlyinoppositedirections(B)themovementofhotspotsprovesthecontinentsaremovingapartThatAfricaandSouthAmericawereoncejoinedcanbededucedfromthefactthat.thetwocontinentsarestillmovinginoppositedirectionstheyhavebeenfoundtosharecertaingeologicalfeaturestheAfricanplateshasbeenstablefor30millionyears(B)over100hotspotsarescatteredallaroundtheglobeThehotspottheorymayproveusefulinexplaining.thestructureoftheAfricanplatestherevivalofdeadvolcanoesthemobilityofthecontinents(D)theformationofnewoceansThepassageismainlyabout.thefeaturesofvolcanicactivitiestheimportanceofthetheoryaboutdriftingplatesthesignificanceofhotspotsingeophysicalstudies(C)theprocessoftheformationofvolcanoesSectionIVEnglish-ChineseTranslationDirections:ReadthefollowingpassagecarefullyandthentranslatetheunderlinedsentencesintoChinese.YourtranslationmustbewrittenclearlyontheANSWERSHEET2.(15points)Theywere,byfar,thelargestandmostdistantobjectsthatscientistshadeverdetected:astripofenormouscosmiccloudssome15billionlight-yearsfromearth.51)Butevenmoreimportant,itwasthefarthestthatscientistshadbeenabletolookintothepast,forwhattheywereseeingwerethepatternsandstructuresthatexisted15billionyearsago.Thatwasjustaboutthemomentthattheuniversewasborn.Whattheresearchersfoundwasatoncebothamazingandexpected:theUSNationalAeronauticsandSpaceAdministration'sCosmicBackgroundExplorersate11ite-Cobe-haddiscoveredlandmarkevidencethattheuniversedidinfactbeginwiththeprimevalexplosionthathasbecomeknownastheBigBang(thetheorythattheuniverseoriginatedinanexplosionfromasinglemassofenergy).52)TheexistenceofthegiantcloudswasvirtuallyrequiredfortheBigBang,firstputforwardinthe1920s,tomaintainitsreignasthedominantexplanationofthecosmos.Accordingthetheory,theuniverseburstintobeingasasubmicroscopic,unimaginabledenseknotofpureenergythatflewoutwardinalldirections,emittingradiationasitwent,condensingintoparticlesandthenintoatomsofgas.Overbillionsofyears,thegaswascompressedbygravityintogalaxies,stars,plantsandeventually,evenhumans.Cobeisdesignedtoseejustthebiggeststructures,butastronomerswouldliketoseemuchsmallerhotspotsaswell,theseedsoflocalobjectslikeclustersandsuperclustersofgalaxies.Theyshouldn,thavelongtowait.53)Astrophysicistsworkingwithground-baseddetectorsattheSouthPoleandballoon-borneinstrumentsareclosinginonsuchstructures,andmayreporttheirfindingssoon.Ifthesmallhotspotslookasexpected,thatwillbeatriumphforyetanotherscientificidea,arefinementoftheBigBangcalledtheinflationaryuniversetheory.Inflationsaysthatveryearlyon,theuniverseexpandedinsizebymorethanatrillionfoldinmuchlessthanasecond,propelledbyasortofantigravity.55)Oddthoughitsounds,cosmicinflationisascientificallyplausibleconsequenceofsomerespectedideasinelementaryparticlephysics,andmanyastrophysicistshavebeenconvincedforthebetterpartofadecadethatitistrue.SectionVWritingDirections:Studythefollowingcartooncarefullyandwriteanessayinnolessthan150words.YouressaymustbewrittenclearlyontheANSWERSHEET.(15points)Youressayshouldmeettherequirementsbelow:Writeoutthemessagesconveyedbythecartoon.Giveyourcomments2012年考研英语基础阶段测试题答案SectionIVocabularyandStructure.正确答案为B项。本题考查不定式作名词的定语。本句表示“有时间做某事”，应为havetimetodosth.o句子译文：“昨晚我在办公室工作到很晚，几乎没有时间赶上末班车。”.正确答案为D项。本题考查“needn't+现在完成时”，表示“本不必做某事”。句子译文“这是个小型家庭聚会，所以我们原本没有必要穿戴得这样正式。”.正确答案为B项。由if引导的从句是针对过去的虚拟，itwasunintentional是事实表达。句子译文：“如果刚才我得罪了您，我表示歉意，但是我向您保证,那不是故意的。”.正确答案为C项。本题考查动词resist的用法，该词要求其后作宾语的动词使用动名词形式。句子译文：“虽然还是个十几岁的孩子，弗莱得就能不听别人的吩咐。”.正确答案为A项。在条件状语从句中，不能使用will表示将来时，但可以使用beto结构，表示按计划、要求等要做的事。句子译文：“如果要避免粮食短缺，就必须加大努力提高农业产量。”.正确答案为D项。whenitcomesto...是固定表达，意思是“当谈到……”、“当涉及到……”。句子译文：“做作业是提高考试成绩的一个有把握的途径，特别是在课堂测试中尤其如此。”.正确答案为C项。从句中的动词does缺宾语，how,where和when都是副词，不能做动词的宾语，所以只能选择what。句子译文：“这个城市有100多所夜校，这使得职业人员可以重新接受教育，不管从事的是什么工作。”.正确答案为D项。本题考查定语从句中的介词。定语从句修饰girl,短语atschoolwithsb.表示“和某人是同窗”。句子译文：“我和20年前同窗的一位女孩一直是好朋友。”.正确答案为A项。本题考查现在分词的被动式。本句的前后两部分之间没有连词连接，故此可以判断主句之外的动词应使用分词形式，而且，分词动词consider和主语he之间存在被动关系，所以选择beingconsideredo句子译文：“没有让他来承担协会主席的职务，因为考虑到他不怎么受所有会员的欢迎。”.正确答案为A项。题干表达的是错综时间虚拟：从句针对过去，主句针对现在。当连词if被省略时，从句须构成部分倒装。句子译文：“要不是来自广大公众的及时投奥，我们的公司就不会像现在这样兴旺了。”.本题的答案是(A)(A)restrain："抑制，制止”，后面可接反身代词和from,构成“restrainoneselffrom……"意为"戒掉(……习惯)”，这与题意正好相符，故应选(A)。(B)hinder："妨碍，阻止"，后不接"from”,故(B)应排除。(C)restrict："限制"，后接"to",构成"restrictto”表示："仅限于……:这与题意不符，故(C)也应排除。(D)prohibit："禁止”,可直接接宾语。如:Thelawprohibitssmokinginpublicplaces.或Smokingisprohibitedbylaw。注意prohibit后不接from,故(D)也应排除。.本题的答案是(A)(A)practically：”实际上，几乎，简直"。(B)preferably："更可取地”。(C)precisely：”精确地，正好，恰好”。(D)presumably：”大概，推测起来从上下文看(A)与题意相吻合，故应选(A)。全句的意思是：要是没有电话，在全国范围内就儿乎不可能发挥商业经营的作用。.本题的答案是案)(A)inproportionto："与成比例"。(B)inreplyto："以作答"。(C)inrelationto：”关于;关系到(D)incontrastto："与比较起来，与形成对照”。根据上下文的意思，(D)为正确答案。全句的意思为：初步估计的数字大约为1100亿美元，与总统竭力使国会通过的1600亿美元形成对照。.本题的答案是(A)(A)expire：”到期，失效〃，主要用于有效证件、产品保质期限、合同、条约等使用期满，不能再使用，这与题意完全吻合，故(A)为正确答案。(B)exceed："超过，超越”，常指超过某一限度、某规章的限度或超过某种分寸，超过速度限制，在数量与质量上超过别人等等。这个词语的内涵与题意有一定的差距，故(B)应排除。(C)terminate：”停止，结束”，主要指使某一关系、限度结束。(C)与上下文也有出入，故(C)也应排除。(D)cease："停止”，常指结束某种状态、条件等等。如：ceasefire(停火)。(D)与题意有一定的出入，故(D)也应排除。该句的意思是：他正打算再到国外走一趟，不过他的护照在本月底到期