考研考博-英语-北京卫生职业学院考试押题三合一+答案详解2

书山有路勤为径，学海无涯苦作舟！住在富人区的她考研考博-英语-北京卫生职业学院考试押题三合一+答案详解（图片大小可自由调整）全文为Word可编辑，若为PDF皆为盗版，请谨慎购买！第I卷一.综合题库-全考点押密(共120题)1.单选题

Ifapersonisinastatebetweensleepingandbeingawake,oftenasaresultofheatordrinkingalcohol,hefeels_______.

问题1选项

A.tiresome

B.fatigued

C.drowsy

D.restless

【答案】C

【解析】【选项释义】

A.tiresome讨厌的，令人厌烦的B.fatigued身心交瘁，精疲力竭

C.drowsy困倦的，昏昏欲睡的D.restless坐立不安的，不耐烦的

【答案】C

【考查点】形容词辨析。

【解题思路】根据关键词betweensleepingandbeingawake，可知这里指一个人半梦半醒时的感觉，drowsy符合语境，因此C选项正确。

【干扰项排除】A、B、D选项不符合语境。

【句意】如果一个人处于半梦半醒的状态，通常是由于发热或饮酒，他会感到昏昏欲睡。

2.翻译题

大多数中国人十分看重自己的工作，觉得工作会使自己成为团体的一部分。他们相信，工作可以让他们产生归属感。换言之，要得到社会的承认，就必须工作。许多中国经理和员工努力工作，力求保住在公司的职位，原因就是这个。

【答案】

MostChinesevaluetheirjobsverymuch,andfeelthatitmakesthempartofacommunityandtheybelievethatworkgivesthemasenseofbelonging.Inotherwords,inordertoberecognizedbysociety,theyhavetowork.ThatiswhymanyChinesemanagersandemployeeshavetoworkhardandstrivetokeeptheirpositionsinthecompany.

3.单选题

Thestudentslisteningtothepompousofficial’slongspeechweresoonveryboring;nodoubtmanyofthemhadtheirmindsmoreonwhatwasforlunchthanonwhathewassaying.

问题1选项

A.were

B.veryboring

C.hadtheirminds

D.onwhatwasforlunchthanon

E.没有问题

【答案】B

【解析】形容词误用。boring改为bored。boring令人厌烦的。bored感到无聊的。

4.单选题

Inthepast,Americancollegesanduniversitieswerecreatedtoserveadualpurposetoadvancelearningandtoofferachancetobecomefamiliarwithbodiesofknowledgealreadydiscoveredtothosewhowishedit.TocreateandtoimpartthesewerethedistinctivefeatureofAmericanhighereducationpriortothemostrecent,disorderlydecadesofthetwentiethcentury.Thesuccessfulinstitutionofhigherlearninghadneverbeenonewhosemissioncouldbedefinedintermsofprovidingvocationalskillsorasastrategyforresolvingsocietalproblems.InasubtlewayAmericansbelievedhighereducationtobeuseful,butnotnecessarilyofimmediateuse.

AnotherpurposehasnowbeenassignedtothemissionofAmericancollegesanduniversities.Institutionsofhigherlearning—publicorprivate—commonlyfacethechallengeofdefiningtheirprogramsinsuchawayastocontributetotheserviceofthecommunity.

Thisservicerolehasvariousapplications.Mostcommonareprogramstomeetthedemandsofregionalemploymentmarkets,toprovideopportunitiesforupwardsocialandeconomicmobility,toachieveracial,ethnic,orsocialintegration,ormoregenerallytoproduce“productive”ascomparedto“educated”graduates.Regardlessofitsprecisedefinition,theideaofaservice-universityhaswonacceptancewithintheacademiccommunity.

Oneneedonlyberemindedofthechangeinlanguagedescribingthetwo-yearcollegetoappreciatethenewvaluecurrentlybeingattachedtotheconceptofaservice-relateduniversity.Thetraditionaltwo-yearcollegehassheditspejorative“junior”collegelabelandisgenerallycalleda“community”college,aclearlyvalue-ladenexpressionrepresentingthelatestcommitmentinhighereducation.Eventhedoctoraldegree,longrecognizedasarequired“unioncard”intheacademicworld,hascomeunderseverecriticismasthepursuitoflearningforitsownsakeandtheaccumulationofknowledgewithoutimmediateapplicationtoaprofessor’sclassroomduties.Theideaofacollegeoruniversitythatperformsatriplefunction一communicatingknowledgetostudents,expandingthecontentofvariousdisciplines,andinteractinginadirectrelationshipwithsociety一hasbeenthemostimportantchangeinhighereducationinrecentyears.

Thenoveldevelopment,however,isoftenoverlooked.Educatorshavealwaysbeenfamiliarwiththosepartsofthetwo-yearcollegecurriculumthathavea“service”orvocationalorientation.Itisimportanttoknowthis.ButsomecommentariesonAmericanpostsecondaryeducationtendtounderplaytheimpactoftheattemptofcollegesanduniversitiestorelateto,ifnotresolve,theproblemsofsociety.What’sworse,theyobscureafundamentalquestionposedbytheservice-university—whatishighereducationsupposedtodo?

1.Theopeningparagraphiswritteninordertostate（

）.

2.Oneoftherecent,importantchangesinhighereducationrelatesto（

）.

3.Theserviceroleofcollegesspecificallyaimsto（

）.

4.Itcanbeinferredfromthepassagethatthereexistsatendencyto（

）.

5.Theauthor’sattitudetowardtheservice-educationconceptis（

）.

问题1选项

A.thefutureusefulnessoftheknowledgeobtainedincollege

B.themissionsofdifferenteducationalinstitutionsinAmerica

C.thepurposeofAmericanpostsecondaryeducationinthepast

D.thehistoryofthedevelopmentofAmericanhighereducation

问题2选项

A.curriculumupdates

B.service-educationconcepts

C.impartingknowledgetostudents

D.combiningeducationwithproduction

问题3选项

A.improveservices

B.servethecommunity

C.provideskillsforfutureuse

D.makegraduatesemployable

问题4选项

A.playdowntheservice-university

B.highlightservice-educationfunctions

C.alterthemissionofprimaryeducation

D.exaggeratethechangeinhighereducation

问题5选项

A.radical

B.impartial

C.optimistic

D.supportive

【答案】第1题:C

第2题:B

第3题:D

第4题:A

第5题:D

【解析】第1题:1.根据首段第一句可知，作者是为了陈述美国过去高等教育的目的，选项C符合原文。

2.根据第二段的内容可知，现在公立或私立高等教育机构通常都面临着这样一个挑战：明确自己的目标，以便为社会服务。即与服务型的教育概念相关。选项B正确。

3.根据第三段的内容可知，服务角色的应用广泛，最普遍的是满足地区就业市场的需求，为社会和经济的向上流动提供机会，实现种族、族裔或社会融合，或者更普遍地培养“有生产力”的毕业生，而不是“受过教育”的毕业生。这样毕业生才能更好地就业，所以选项D正确。

4.根据最后一段倒数第二句“somecommentaries...theproblemsofsociety.”一些对美国高等教育的评论往往低估了高等院校试图解决社会问题的影响。所以存在于一种贬低服务型大学的倾向，选项A符合原文。

5.根据最后一段可知，学院或大学的想法执行三重功能——传播知识给学生，扩大各学科的内容以及与社会直接互动——是近年来高等教育最重要的改变。然而，这种新颖的发展往往被忽视。作者在最后一段批判了贬低服务型大学的倾向，由此可知，作者的态度是支持的，所以选项D正确。

第2题:

第3题:

第4题:

第5题:

5.单选题

Thestudyshowsthatlayingtoomuchemphasisonexamsislikelyto（）students'enthusiasminlearningEnglish.

问题1选项

A.holdout

B.holdoff

C.holddown

D.holdback

【答案】C

【解析】考查词组辨析。holdout“坚持；伸出；提供”；holdoff“拖延；不接近”；holddown“抑制；压制”；holdback“隐瞒；退缩”。根据前后“将太多重心放在考试”与“同学们学习英语的热情”这二者的逻辑关系可知选项C符合题意，前者会“抑制”后者。

6.单选题

Tosurviveintheintensetradecompetitionbetweencountries,wemust_______thequalitiesandvarietiesofproductswemaketotheworldmarketdemand.

问题1选项

A.improve

B.enhance

C.guarantee

D.gear

【答案】D

【解析】improve改善,增进;enhance增加,提高;guarantee保证,担保;gear适合。句意：为了在国家间激烈的贸易竞争中生存,我们必须使我们生产的产品的质量和品种适应世界市场的需求。gearto使适应,所以选项D正确。

7.单选题

Whatisthenatureofthescientificattitude,theattitudeofthemanorwomanwhostudiesandappliesphysics,biology,chemistry,geology,engineering,medicineoranyotherscience?

Weallknowthatscienceplaysanimportantroleinthesocietiesinwhichwelive.Manypeoplebelieve,however,thatourprogressdependsontwodifferentaspectsofscience.Thefirstoftheseistheapplicationofthemachines,productsandsystemsofappliedknowledgethatscientistsandtechnologistsdevelop.Throughtechnology,scienceimprovesthestructureofsocietyandhelpsmantogainincreasingcontroloverhisenvironment.Thesecondaspectistheapplicationbyallmembersofsocietyofthespecialmethodsofthoughtandactionthatscientistsuseintheirwork.

Whatarethesespecialmethodsofthinkingandacting?Firstofall,itseemsthatasuccessfulscientistisfullofcuriosity—hewantstofindouthowandwhytheuniverseworks.Heusuallydirectshisattentiontowardsproblemswhichhenoticeshavenosatisfactoryexplanation,andhiscuriositymakeshimlookforunderlyingrelationshipsevenifthedataavailableseemtobeunconnected.Moreover,hethinkshecanimprovetheexistingconditionsandenjoystryingtosolvetheproblemswhichthisinvolves.

Heisagoodobserver,accurate,patientandobjectiveandapplieslogicalthoughttotheobservationshemakes.Heutilizesthefactsheobservestothefullestextent.Forexample,trainedobserversobtainaverylargeamountofinformationaboutastarmainlyfromtheaccurateanalysisofthesimplelinesthatappearinaspectrum.

Heisskeptical—hedoesnotacceptstatementswhicharenotbasedonthemostcompleteevidenceavailable—andthereforerejectsauthorityasthesolebasisfortruth.Scientistsalwayscheckstatementsandmakeexperimentscarefullyandobjectivelytoverifythem.

Furthermore,heisnotonlycriticaloftheworkofothers,butalsoofhisown,sinceheknowsthatmanistheleastreliableofscientificinstrumentsandthatanumberoffactorstendtodisturbobjectiveinvestigation.

Lastly,heishighlyimaginativesinceheoftenhastolookforrelationshipsindatawhicharenotonlycomplexbutalsofrequentlyincomplete.Furthermore,heneedsimaginationifhewantstomakehypothesesofhowprocessesworkandhoweventstakeplace.Thereseemtobesomeofthewaysinwhichasuccessfulscientistortechnologistthinksandacts.

1.Manypeoplebelievethatsciencehelpssocietytoprogressthrough（

）.

2.WhichofthefollowingstatementsisINCORRECTaboutcuriosity（

）?

3.Accordingtothepassage,asuccessfulscientistwouldnot（

）.

4.Whatdoesthepassagemainlydiscuss（

）?

5.Whatistheauthor’sattitudetowardsthetopic（

）?

问题1选项

A.appliedknowledge

B.morethanoneaspect

C.technologyonly

D.theuseofmachines

问题2选项

A.Itgivesthescientistconfidenceandpleasureinwork.

B.Itgivesrisetointerestinproblemsthatareunexplained.

C.Itleadstoeffortstoinvestigatepotentialconnections.

D.Itencouragesthescientisttolookfornewwaysofacting.

问题3选项

A.easilybelieveinuncheckedstatements.

B.easilycriticizeothers’researchwork.

C.alwaysusehisimaginationinwork.

D.alwaysuseevidencefromobservation.

问题4选项

A.Applicationoftechnology.

B.Progressinmodernsociety.

C.Scientists’waysofthinkingandacting.

D.Howtobecomeasuccessfulscientist.

问题5选项

A.Critical.

B.Objective.

C.Biased.

D.Unclear.

【答案】第1题:B

第2题:D

第3题:A

第4题:C

第5题:B

【解析】1.事实细节题。题干：很多人相信科学通过_______帮助社会进步。通过题干关键词“Manypeoplebelieve”定位到第二段第二句Manypeoplebelieve,however,thatourprogressdependsontwodifferentaspectsofscience（然而，许多人认为，我们的进步取决于科学的两个不同方面），这里明确指出社会进步要靠twodifferentaspectsofscience，因此B选项正确。A选项“应用知识”，C选项“仅靠技术”，D选项“利用机器”，A，C，D选项都不够全面。综上所述，本题的正确答案为B选项。

2.细节判断题。题干：关于好奇心，以下哪个选项不正确？由题干中的“curiosity”定位至第三段。第三句和第四句对科学家的好奇心进行了详细解释。第三句指出Heusuallydirectshisattentiontowardsproblemswhichhenoticeshavenosatisfactoryexplanation,andhiscuriositymakeshimlookforunderlyingrelationshipsevenifthedataavailableseemtobeunconnected（他通常把注意力放在那些没有令人满意的解释的问题上，他的好奇心使他寻找潜在的关系，即使可用的数据似乎是毫无关联的），选项B对应前一个分句，选项C对应and后的第二个分句。末句Moreover,hethinkshecanimprovetheexistingconditionsandenjoystryingtosolvetheproblemswhichthisinvolves.（此外，他认为他可以改善现有的条件，并乐于尝试解决其中涉及的问题。），表示他对自己有信心，且从这一过程获得愉悦，即pleasure，A也符合文意。综上所述，本题的正确答案为D选项。

3.细节判断题。通过文章可知，一个成功的科学家不会_________。根据第六段首句的内容，选项A中的uncheckedstatements是对“statementswhicharenotbasedonthemostcompleteevidenceavailable”的概括，说明成功的可科学家不应该轻信没有检验的结论，故选A。选项B“容易批判别人的研究工作”与第七段首句的含义一致，所以排除B选项，选项C“在工作中经常利用想象力”和最后一段第一句表达的意思重合，所以排除C选项，选项D“经常利用通过观察得到的证据”和倒数第三段第一句表达的意思重合，所以排除D选项。故排除。从文中可知，科学家不是很容易相信没有检验的结论，但是他不仅批判别人的工作，还批判自己的工作，工作时需要想象力，充分利用自己观察所得。综上所述，本题正确答案是A选项。

4.主旨大意题。题干：文章主要讨论的是？文章开篇通过一个文句引出对科学态度的本质的思考，第二段和第三段介绍了社会进步以来与科学的两个方面，之后第四段首句通过一个问句引出全文主题。后面的内容都是对这个主题的具体说明。末段对这一主旨进行概括，可见本文的主要内容是关注methodsofthinkingandacting，故选C。A、B、D选项均不符合题意。综上所述，本题正确答案是C选项。

5.观点态度题。在第四段提出本文主旨后，作者就逐一介绍成功科学家的思维和行为方式。文中没有任何正面或负面评价，可见作者在文中是非常客观地说明成功科学家的思维和行为方式，故选B“客观的”。A选项“批评的”，C选项“有偏见的”和D选项“不清楚的”，均不是作者的观点。综上所述，本题正确答案是B选项。

8.单选题

Theyhadtoeata(n)（

）meal,ortheywouldbetoolatefortheconcert.

问题1选项

A.temporary

B.hasty

C.immediate

D.urgent

【答案】B

【解析】考查形容词词义辨析。temporary“暂时的，临时的”；hasty“匆忙的，轻率的”；immediate“立即的，直接的”；urgent“紧急的，急迫的”。

句意：他们只能急匆匆地吃了饭，不然音乐会他们就会迟到了。选项B符合题意。

9.单选题

Chinesefarmersaremostlylivingasimpleandthriftylifeasitistoday.

问题1选项

A.miserable

B.economical

C.luxurious

D.sensible

【答案】B

【解析】考查形容词辨析。thrifty“节俭的；节约的”；A选项miserable“悲惨的；痛苦的”；B选项economical“经济的；节俭的”；C选项luxurious“奢侈的；丰富的；放纵的”；D选项sensible“明智的；合乎情理的；意识到的”。句意：中国农民大多像今天这样过着简单节俭的生活。根据句中“simple简单的”可知thrifty在这里的意思为“节俭的”，因此B选项正确。

10.单选题

AsmoreandmoreAfricanAmericansmovedawayfromsegregatedhousing,theyhadlessconnectiontothevernacularandmoreoccasiontospeakstandardAmericanEnglish.

问题1选项

A.restricted

B.isolated

C.outdated

D.exhausted

【答案】B

【解析】【选项释义】

A.restricted限制，限定（数量、范围等）B.isolated（使）隔离，孤立

C.outdated（新东西）使过时D.exhausted使筋疲力尽

【答案】B

【考查点】动词辨析。

【解题思路】segregated的意思为“隔离并区别对待（不同种族、宗教或性别的人）”，这里指的是这些房屋和其他地方是隔离开的，非裔美国人就住在这片区域，isolated与之词义相近，因此B选项正确。

【干扰项排除】A、C、D选项词义与之不符。

【句意】随着越来越多的非裔美国人搬离被隔开的住房，他们与当地方言的联系越来越少，在更多场合中说标准的美式英语。

11.单选题

Thestorywassaidto______ontheinformationfromareliablesource.

问题1选项

A.beingbased

B.havebeenbased

C.base

D.bebased

【答案】B

【解析】【选项释义】

A.beingbased被根据B.havebeenbased被根据

C.base根据D.bebased被根据

【答案】B

【考查点】时态与语态。

【解题思路】Besaidtodosth.是固定搭配，表示“据说……”，所以空格处的动词要用原形；主句的谓语动词为一般过去时wassaid，而base这个动作应该是发生在wassaid之前，所以应用现在完成时，故选择B项。

【干扰项排除】

A项不符合固定搭配；

C、D项不符合时态。

【句意】据说这篇报道是根据可靠的消息来源写成的。

12.单选题

ThepsychologistWilliamJamesbelievedthatfacialexpressionsnotonlyprovideavisible

signofan（

）.

问题1选项

A.emotionbutalsoactuallycontributingtothefeelingitself

B.emotion;theyalsoactuallycontributetothefeelingof

C.emotionbutalsoactuallycontributetothefeelingitself

D.emotion,actuallycontributingtothefeelingitself

【答案】C

【解析】notonly…butalso表示并列关系，前后分句的结构应该保持一致，宾语从句的主语为facialexpressions，notonly后面接的是provide，故butalso后面也应该用动词复数contributeto…故答案C。句意：心理学家威廉•詹姆斯认为,面部表情不仅提供情感的可见迹象，而且也有助于感觉本身。

13.写作题

Writea100—120-wordsummaryofthearticleinquestion3.

【答案】Theso-calledNashequilibriumpredictsthattheoptimalleveloftrustiszeroineconomictransactionsbetweenstrangers.Actually,thisisnottrue.AbouthalfofPlayer1ssendsomemoney,andthree-quartersofPlayer2swhoreceiveitsendsomeback.Sothereishigherleveloftrustbetweenthem.Similarily,whatistrueforindividualsturnsoutalsotobetruefornations.Trustisoneofthemostpowerfulfactorsaffectingacountry’seconomichealth.Trustlevelsdiffergreatlybetweennations,sopolicy-makersinthesecountrieswheretrustislowerthanacriticallevelofabout30%mightbeurgentlyinterestedinmechanismsthatenablethemtoraisenationaltrustlevels.

14.单选题

Thesunisnotgrowingweaker,yetitslightappearstobedimming.Between1960and1990,somescientistsbelieve,theamountofsolarradiationreachingEarth’ssurfacemayhavedeclinedasmuchas10%—andinsomeplaces,HongKong,forexample,morethan35%.

Whatwasgoingon?Well,itappearsthatincreasedairpollutionduringthose30years—overAsia,inparticular—withthehelp,perhaps,ofsomeincreasedcloudiness,mayhaveexertedacoolinginfluenceonthesurfaceoftheplanetevenascarbondioxideandothergreenhousegaseswereencouragingtheatmospheretowarm.Theimpactsofthattug-of-warontheclimatesystemcouldbedevilishlydifficulttountangle.Atthesametime,notaskcouldbemoreurgent.Forifglobalpollutionhashelpedkeepglobalwarmingincheck,saysVeerabhadranRamanthan,anatmosphericscientistattheUniversityofCaliforniaatSanDiego,thenthefullimpactofthebuildupofgreenhousegaseshasyettobefelt.Thisweek,attheAmericanGeophysicalUnionmeetinginMontreal,Ramanathanandotherswillbepresentingthelatestdataonthesolar-dimmingproblemandponderingitsimplicationsfortheclimatesystemasawhole.

Manyscenariosforglobalwarming,forexample,invokeaspeedupinthehydrologicalcyclebywhichwaterevaporatesandthencomesdownasrain.Thecoolingproducedbysolardimming,however,mayslowtherateofevaporation,whilehigherupintheatmospherethepollutantsresponsibleforabsorbingandreflectingsunlightarelikelytointerferewiththeprocessthatproducesrain.

Why?Thesepollutants,whichtaketheformoftiny,airborneparticlescalledaerosols,actasnucleiaroundwhichclouddropletsform.Theproblemis,therearetoomanyaerosolsintheatmospherecompetingforwatermolecules,sotheclouddropletsthatformaretoosmallandneverbecomeweightyenoughtofalltotheground.Asaresult,saysBeateLiepert,anatmosphericphysicistatColumbiaUniversity’sLamont-DohertyEarthObservatory,theatmospherecouldbefilledwithmoisturewhileEarth’ssurfacethirstsforrain.

Manyquestionsremain,includingthetrueextentofthedimming.Oneanalysispegstheaverageworldwidedarkeningtobeabout4%overthreedecades,whileanothercomputesittobemorethantwicethatmuch.TherearealsoquestionsaboutthereliabilityofthedevicesthatmeasurethesunlightreachingEarth’ssurface.Knownasradiometers,theseinstrumentsarenothingmorethanflat,blacksolarcollectorscappedwithglass.Theyaresometimesfinicky:asmudgeofdirtoraspeckofdustcancausebogusreadingsandchangethecalculatedresults.

Solardimming,inotherwords,isaproblemstillintheprocessofbeingdefined,andasitsdimensionsbecomeclearer,sowillthenatureofthechallengetheworldfaces.Althoughscientistshavedonealotofthinkingaboutglobalwarming,theyarejustbeginningtograpplewiththeproblemofhowglobalwarmingandsolardimminginteract.AsRamanthanputsit,“It’slikewehaveanewgorillasittingdownatthetable”—anditcouldturnouttobeaverybiggorillaindeed.

1.Bytug-of-war,(line4,Paragraph2),theauthormeans（

）.

2.Howdothescientistsfeelaboutthecurrentclimatesituation?

3.Whenmentioning“it’slikewehaveanewgorillasittingdownatthetable”(Line4,Paragraph6),theauthorimpliesthat（

）.

4.Whichofthefollowingcannotserveasfactorofcausingthecoolingsurfaceoftheplanet?

5.WhichofthefollowingisTUREaccordingtothetext?

问题1选项

A.thedifferenteffectofsolardimmingandglobalwarming

B.theimpactofthesolardimmingontheclimatesystem

C.theinfluenceofthesolardimmingontheglobalwarming

D.theinteractionbetweenthesolardimmingandglobalwarming

问题2选项

A.Serious

B.Optimistic

C.Carefree

D.Panicked

问题3选项

A.scientistshouldhaveacloselookatthesolardimmingproblem

B.wearefacinganewproblemwhichisverycomplicatedanddifficulttomanage

C.wearejustbeginningtohaveresearchonthisnewfield

D.thenewsolardimmingproblemisbeyondscientists’abilitytotackle

问题4选项

A.Thelackoftherainintheplanet.

B.Theincreasingofthepollutants.

C.Theformingoftheclouddroplets.

D.Thelessweightoftheclouddroplets.

问题5选项

A.Theinstrumentsusedinthestudyaretoosimpletofunctionwell.

B.Livingthingsintheearthwillbegreatlyinfluencedbysolardimming.

C.Thereisstillalongwaytogointhestudyofsolardimming.

D.Thefindingsthatthesolardimminghasinfluenceonthesurfaceoftheplanetaredoubtful.

【答案】第1题:D

第2题:A

第3题:B

第4题:A

第5题:C

【解析】1.词义题。由第二段“Whatwasgoingon?Well,itappearsthatincreasedairpollutionduringthose30years—overAsia,inparticular—withthehelp,perhaps,ofsomeincreasedcloudiness,mayhaveexertedacoolinginfluenceonthesurfaceoftheplanetevenascarbondioxideandothergreenhousegaseswereencouragingtheatmospheretowarm.Theimpactsofthattug-of-warontheclimatesystemcouldbedevilishlydifficulttountangle.发生了什么事?在这30年里，空气污染的加剧——尤其是在亚洲——在云层增加的帮助下，可能对地球表面产生了降温的影响，而二氧化碳和其他温室气体却在促使大气变暖。这种拉锯战对气候系统的影响可能极其难以理清。”可知tug-of-war指全球变暖以及云层增加导致地面降温，太阳变暗的相互作用。故D项正确。

2.观点态度题。由第二段“Atthesametime,notaskcouldbemoreurgent.Forifglobalpollutionhashelpedkeepglobalwarmingincheck…与此同时，没有比这更紧迫的任务了。因为如果全球污染助长了全球变暖的话……。”可知科学家认为当前的气候形势是十分严峻的。故A项正确。

3.推理判断题。通读最后一段“Solardimming,inotherwords,isaproblemstillintheprocessofbeingdefined,andasitsdimensionsbecomeclearer,sowillthenatureofthechallengetheworldfaces.Althoughscientistshavedonealotofthinkingaboutglobalwarming,theyarejustbeginningtograpplewiththeproblemofhowglobalwarmingandsolardimminginteract.换句话说，太阳变暗仍然是一个仍在界定过程中的问题，随着它的范围变得更清楚，世界所面临的挑战的性质也将更清楚。尽管科学家们已经对全球变暖做了很多思考，但他们刚刚开始解决全球变暖和太阳变暗如何相互作用的问题。”可知太阳变暗这个问题，科学家们还才刚刚开始研究，还有很多东西需要了解。最后以Ramanthan的话结尾，那么结尾语应该与上文呼应，即太阳变暗这个问题，还才开始，比较难以处理。故B项正确。

4.推理判断题。通读第四段“Why?Thesepollutants,whichtaketheformoftiny,airborneparticlescalledaerosols,actasnucleiaroundwhichclouddropletsform.Theproblemis,therearetoomanyaerosolsintheatmospherecompetingforwatermolecules,sotheclouddropletsthatformaretoosmallandneverbecomeweightyenoughtofalltotheground.Asaresult,saysBeateLiepert,anatmosphericphysicistatColumbiaUniversity’sLamont-DohertyEarthObservatory,theatmospherecouldbefilledwithmoisturewhileEarth’ssurfacethirstsforrain.为什么?这些污染物以被称为气溶胶的微小空气微粒的形式存在，它们充当云滴形成的核心。问题是，大气中有太多的悬浮颗粒在争夺水分子，所以形成的云滴太小，永远不会重到足以落到地面。哥伦比亚大学拉蒙特-多尔蒂地球观测站的大气物理学家贝亚特•利佩特说，这样一来，大气层就会充满水分，而地球表面却渴望雨水。”可知A项“地球缺少雨水”是结果，而非原因。B项“污染物的增加”，C项“云滴的形成”，D项“云滴的重量较轻”都是导致地球大气层温度低的原因。

5.推理判断题。本文最后一段提到对于太阳变暗这个问题。科学家的研究还才刚开始，还有很多东西不了解，故C项“在太阳变暗这个问题的研究上还有很长的路要走”正确。

15.单选题

Diasporanetworks—ofHuguenots,Scots,Jewsandmanyothers—havealwaysbeenapotenteconomicforce,butthecheapnessandeaseofmoderntravelhasmadethemlargerandmorenumerousthaneverbefore.Therearenow215mfirst-generationmigrantsaroundtheworld:that’s3%oftheworld’spopulation.Iftheywereanation,itwouldbe:littlelargerthanBrazil.TherearemoreChinesepeoplelivingoutsideChinathanthereareFrenchpeopleinFrance.Some22mIndiansarescatteredallovertheglobe.Smallconcentrationsofethnicandlinguisticgroupshavealwaysbeenfoundinsurprisingplaces.

Thesenetworksofkinshipandlanguagemakeiteasiertodobusinessacrossborders.Theyspeedtheflowofinformation:aChinesetraderinIndonesiawhospotsagapinthemarketforcheapumbrellaswillalerthiscousininShenzhenwhoknowssomeonewhorunsanumbrellafactory.Kinshiptiesfostertrust,sotheycansealthedealandgettheunbrellastoJakartabeforetherainyseasonends.Trustmatters,especiallyinemergingmarketswheretheruleoflawisweak.Sodoesaknowledgeofthelocalculture.ThatiswhysomuchforeigndirectinvestmentinChinastillpassesthroughtheChinesediaspora.Andmoderncommunicationsmakethesenetworksanevenmorepowerfultoolofbusiness.Diasporasalsohelpspreadideas.Manyoftheemergingworld’sbrightestmindsareeducatedatWesternuniversities.Anincreasingnumbergohome,takingwiththembothknowledgeandcontacts.IndiancomputerscientistsinBangalorebounceideasconstantlyofftheirIndianfriendsinSiliconValley.Diasporasspreadmoney,too.Migrantsintorichcountriesnotonlysendcashtotheirfamilies;theyalsohelpcompaniesintheirhostcountryoperateintheirhomecountry.AHarvardBusinessSchoolstudyshowsthatAmericancompaniesthatemploylotsofethnicChinesepeoplefinditmucheasiertosetupinChinawithoutajointventurewithalocalfirm.

Suchargumentsareunlikelytomakemuchheadwayagainsthostilitytowardsimmigrantsinrichcountries.Furyagainstforeignersisusuallybasedontwonotions:thatbecausesomanymigrantsclaimwelfaretheyareadrainonthepublicpurse;andthatbecausetheyarepreparedtoworkharderforlesspaytheywilldepressthewagesofthoseatthebottomofthepile.

Thefirstisusuallynottrue,andthesecondishardtoestablisheitherway.Somestudiesdoindeedsuggestthatcompetitionfromunskilledimmigrantsdepressesthewagesofunskilledlocals.Butothersfindthiseffecttobesmallornon-existent.Norisitpossibletoestablishtheimpactofmigrationonoverallgrowth.Thesumsaresimplytoodifficult.Yettherearegoodreasonsforbelievingthatitislikelytobepositive.Migrantstendtobehard-workingandinnovative.Thatspursproductivityandcompanyformation.And,bylinkingtheWestwithemergingmarkets,diasporashelprichcountriestoplugintofast-growingeconomies.

Richcountriesarethuslikelytobenefitfromlooserimmigrationpolicy;andfearsthatpoorcountrieswillsufferasaresultofa“braindrain”areoverblown.Theprospectofworkingabroadspursmorepeopletoacquirevaluableskills,andnotallsubsequentlyemigrate.Skilledmigrantssendmoneyhome,andtheyoftenreturntosetupnewbusinesses.Onestudyfoundthatunlesstheylosemorethan20%oftheiruniversitygraduates,thebraindrainmakespoorcountriesricher.

Governmentaswellasbusinessgainsfromthespreadofideasthroughdiasporas.Asfortheoldworld,itsdesiretocloseitsbordersisunderstandablebutdangerous.Migrationbringsyouthtoageingcountries,andallowsideastocirculateinmillionsofmobileminds.Thatisgoodbothforthosewhoarrivewithsuitcasesanddreamsandforthosewhoshouldwelcomethem.

1.Accordingtothepassage,whichofthefollowingbestdefines“diasporanetworks”?

2.WhichofthefollowingstatementsisNOTtrueconcerningthemeritsofdiaspora?

3.Whatistheauthor’sattitudetowardsdiaspora?

4.Inparagraph6theword“overblown”mostlikelyrefersto（）.

5.Accordingtothepassage,theauthorseemstosuggestEXCEPT（）.

问题1选项

A.Thetiesoftravelers,immigrants,emigrants,etc.

B.Socialconnectionsofpeoplewhoaredispersedfromtheirhomeland.

C.Thesenseofkinshipfeltbyethnicminoritiesorpeoplefromdevelopingcountries.

D.Thesocialtiesofmigrantsresidinginvariedcountries.

问题2选项

A.Itfacilitatesinformationacquisition.

B.Itprovidesemergingcountrieswithmoreknowledgeandtechnologies.

C.Itstimulatestheestablishmentofforeign-fundedenterprisesinmigrants’homecountry.

D.ItinfusesenergyintotheWesternworld.

问题3选项

A.favorable

B.neutral

C.critical

D.ambiguous

问题4选项

A.devastating

B.blooming

C.exaggerated

D.out-dated

问题5选项

A.braindrainwillmakepoorcountriesricherthanbeforeifundercontrol

B.seaturtlesarewillingtobuildamoredemocraticcountry

C.thedevelopedcountryshouldbetoleranttowardsmigrants

D.workingabroadisalluringtopeopleallaroundtheworld

【答案】第1题:B

第2题:B

第3题:A

第4题:C

第5题:D

【解析】1.判断推理题。全文讲到diasporanetworks都是说的移民者之间的关系，在第二段中aChinesetraderinIndonesiawhospotsagapinthemarketforcheapumbrellaswillalerthiscousininShenzhenwhoknowssomeonewhorunsanumbrellafactory.（一个在印度尼西亚的中国商人发现了廉价雨伞市场的缺口，就会提醒他在深圳的表哥，而他的表哥认识一个开伞厂的人。）因此B选项“背井离乡的人们的社会联系”是最佳答案，原文也有讲述很多关于离开家乡的人在异国的发展，以及和家乡的联系