考研考博-英语-南京师范大学考试押题三合一+答案详解篇

书山有路勤为径，学海无涯苦作舟！住在富人区的她考研考博-英语-南京师范大学考试押题三合一+答案详解（图片大小可自由调整）全文为Word可编辑，若为PDF皆为盗版，请谨慎购买！第I卷一.综合题库-全考点押密(共120题)1.单选题

Beforesittingfortheentranceexaminationforpostgraduatestudents,manycandidatestrytofamiliarizethemselveswiththeformulaoftheexambydoing（

）tests.

问题1选项

A.simulated

B.imitated

C.stimulated

D.illustrated

【答案】A

【解析】动词辨析题。A选项simulated“模拟的，模仿的，仿造的”，simulatedtest“模拟试题”；B选项imitated“模仿的，仿造的（强调对某物的仿造或对某人的模仿）”；stimulate“受刺激的”；D选项illustrated“有插画的”。根据句意在参加研究所入学考试之前，很多应试者已经通过做很多模拟试题来使自己更熟悉考试了。A选项表示‘模拟试题’正确。

2.单选题

Withfacilitiesworth30to50billiondollarsand9,000milesofroadsinthenationalparksystemalone,keepingupwithneededrepairsis_（）_.

问题1选项

A.overwhelming

B.appalling

C.dominant

D.appealing

【答案】B

【解析】形容词词义辨析。overwhelming“势不可挡的”；appalling“令人震惊的”；dominant“主导的”；appealing“吸引力的”。句意：仅国家公园系统就拥有价值300亿到500亿美元的设施和9000英里的道路，维修花费是令人吃惊的。选项B符合题意。

3.翻译题

Mytopictodayis“TheCarandAirPollution.”Inparticular,Iwantfirstlytodiscussthewaysinwhichthecarcausesairpollution;andsecondly,howwecancontrolorreduceairpollutionfromthecar.

First,then,howdoesthecarcauseairpollution?1.Whathappensisthatthecar’sinternalcombustionengineisakindofchemicalfactoryonasmallscale.Itusesamixtureofpetrolandair,andthismixtureexplodesandburns,toproducetheenergywhichpropelsthecar.2.Butwhilethisishappening,manycomplicatedchemicalreactionsaretakingplace.Inparticular,partofthepetrol-airmixtureisnotcompletelyburnedup,andsotheexhaustgasesfromtheenginecontainsomeverydangerouschemicals,suchascarbonmonoxide,nitrogenoxides,leadandhydrocarbons.

Thisisthesituation,then,andit’sgoingtogetmuchworse,unlesswedosomethingaboutit.Solet’sfocusourattentionnowonwaysofcontrollingorreducingtheamountofairpollutioncausedbythecar.

First,wecandiscouragetheuseofcars.Forexample,wecanputhighertaxesonpetrol,andoncarsthemselves,especiallyonlargeronesthatusealotofpetrol.

3.Second,wecanencouragealternativemethodsoftransport,bothbetweenandwithinurbanareas.Forinstance,wecanmaketrainandbusservicescheaperandmoreconvenient.Andwecanbuildamasstransitsysteminlargecities,particularlyanundergroundrailwaysystem.

Next,wecanuseadifferentandcleanerfuelfortheinternalcombustionengine.

Fourth,wecanreplacetheinternalcombustionenginewithotherdesigns.Thereareseveralpossibilitiesbeingresearchedatpresent,suchaselectric,gasturbine,and“steam”enginesgasturbine,andsteamengines.However,eachofthesedesignshasitsowndisadvantages.

4.Lastbutnottheleast,wearetryingtocontroltheemissionsfromtheinternalcombustionenginemuchmorestrictly.This,forexample,isacatalytic(催化式)converter,whichconvertsthemostdangerousingredientsofthecarexhaustintowaterandharmlessgases.

AsI’msureyoucansee,thereareproblemswitheachoftheseways;butatleastthey’reastepintherightdirection.Probablythebestanswerisasynthesisofallfive.

Directions:Readthefollowingpassage,andthentranslatetheunderlinedpartsnumberedfrom(1)to(4),fromEnglishintoChinese.PleasewriteyouranswerontheANSWERSHEET.

【答案】（1）汽车导致空气污染是因为汽车内燃机实际上是一座小型化工厂。内燃机所用的燃料是汽油和空气的混合物。这种混合物燃爆后产生驱动力。

（2）但是，汽油同空气燃爆时，许多复杂的化学反应也同时发生。特别值得注意的是，汽油和空气混合物不能完全燃烧，发动机产生的各种废气含有一些非常有害的化学物质。

（3）第二，我们可以鼓励在城市内部和城市之间使用替代的交通工具。比如，我们可以使火车和公共汽车服务更加廉价和便利。我们可以在大城市建立公交系统，特别是地铁系统。

（4）最后，我们正在尝试更加严格地控制内燃机释放的气体。比如，催化式排气净化器，它将汽车废气中最危险的成分转变成水和无害气体。

4.单选题

Sheboughtahousenearthesealastyearsoshecouldtakea（）alongthebeachwhenevershewantedto.

问题1选项

A.stroll

B.stride

C.stretch

D.strand

【答案】A

【解析】名词辨析题。stroll"散步,漫步";stride"大步";stretch"延伸,延续";strand"（线、绳、发的）股;缕"。句意：她去年在海边买了一所房子，这样她就可以随时在海滩上散步了。选项A符合句意。

5.单选题

WhenyouwatchafootballgameonaSaturdayafternoon,youfeelsecureinyourknowledgeofwhatwillhappenwhenaplayerbootstheball.Itfirstgoesupandthenitconiesdown.That’showitis,was,andwillbe—unless...ifthekickersomedayshouldkicktheballsuchthatattheinstantitlefthistoeitweretravelingupwardatarateof11.2kilometerspersecond(25,000mhr).Wewouldfindthatwewouldnothavetoworryaboutapuntreturn,becausetheballsimplywouldnotcomedown.Thisparticularspeedistheescapevelocityofanobjectfromtheearth.Atthisspeed,anyobject,largeorsmall,willescapefromtheearthtosoarforeverupwarduntilcapturedbythegravitationalattractionofsomeotherplanetorheavenlybody.Atfirstthoughtitmightseemthataheavyobjectmightrequireagreaterinitialspeedtoescapefromthesurfaceoftheearththanalighterone,rememberthatthewayobjectsfall(ormoveupwardagainstgravity)isindependentofthemassoftheobject.Asaresult,ifavelocityof11.2kilometerspersecondisenoughtocausealootballtoescapefromtheearth,itisalsoenoughtosendbowlingball(orfreightcar)onitsway.

Theconceptofescapevelocityappliestoobjectsassmallasatomsandmolecules.Theearth’satmosphereiscomposedprimarilyofoxygenandnitrogen,anditcontainspracticallynotraceofhydrogenorhelium,thelightestelements.Alltheatomsofagastravelinrandommotionatveryhighspeeds,andthelessmassiveatomsandmoleculestravelatthegreatestspeeds.Infact,thelightergasesgosofastthattheirspeedsaregreaterthanthecriticalspeedof11.2kilometerspersecond.Thustheyhavelongagoleftourcomfortablehomeandarenowwanderingthroughspaceinsearchofamorehospitablegravitationalfield.

Themoonhasaweakergravitationheldthantheearth.Theescapevelocityofanobjectonthemoonisabout2.4kilometerspersecond,andeventheheaviergaseshaveenoughspeedtoescapethemoon.Thisexplainswhywefindnoatmospherethere;anygasesthatmaybereleasednearthemoonquicklyescape.

1.Onlywhenaballexceeds11.2kmpersecondcanit（

）.

2.Inordertoescapefromtheearth,aheavierobject

（

）.

3.Heliumisnotfoundintheearth’satmospherebecause

（

）.

4.Thereisnoatmosphereonthemoonbecause（

）.

问题1选项

A.reachotherplanets

B.makeagoal

C.escapefromtheearth

D.goupwards

问题2选项

A.demandsagreaterinitialspeedthanalighterone

B.demandsasgreataninitialspeedasalighterone

C.mustbemadelighterthanitsoriginalweight

D.hastoovercomeagreatergravitythanalighterone

问题3选项

A.itsmovingspeedwellexceeds11.2kmpersecond

B.itlefttheatmospherelongagoinsearchofanotherplanet

C.itsmovingspeedisnotgreatenoughtoreachtheatmosphere

D.itislighterandcannotbethrownupwards

问题4选项

A.itisdryandlifeless

B.ithasagreaterescapevelocity

C.nogasesareproducedbyitself

D.itcannotholdsuchgasesasoxygenandnitrogentoit

【答案】第1题:C

第2题:B

第3题:A

第4题:D

【解析】1.细节事实题。文章第一段最后一句话提到“如果每秒11.2千米的速度能够让一个足球离开地球，那么也足够将一个保龄球（或一辆货车）送离地面”（Asaresult,ifavelocityof11.2kilometerspersecondisenoughtocausealootballtoescapefromtheearth,itisalsoenoughtosendbowlingball(orfreightcar)onitsway），因此选项C“逃离地球”符合题意。

2.推理判断题。题目问的是“为了离开地球，一个较重的物体……”。文章第一段倒数第二句话提到“物体下落的方式与物体的质量无关”（rememberthatthewayobjectsfall(ormoveupwardagainstgravity)isindependentofthemassoftheobject），选项B“需要的初始速度与较轻物体的一样”符合题意。

3.推理判断题。题目问的是“地球大气中没有氦气的原因是……”。文章第二段提到地球的大气主要有氧和氮组成，几乎没有氢和氦，质量轻的其他速度超过了11.2千米每秒的临界值，因此它们没有停留在地球，而是在太空中（Infact,thelightergasesgosofastthattheirspeedsaregreaterthanthecriticalspeedof11.2kilometerspersecond.Thustheyhavelongagoleftourcomfortablehomeandarenowwanderingthroughspaceinsearchofamorehospitablegravitationalfield），由此可以推测氦气的速度超过了11.2千米每秒，选项A符合题意。

4.推理判断题。题目问的是“月球上没有大气的原因是……”。文章最后一段提到月球的引力比地球的引力小。月球上物体的逃逸速度是2.4千米每秒，即使是较重的气体也有足够的速度逃离月球，这就是为什么月球上没有大气的原因，由此可知选项D“它不能将氧和氮这样的气体留在里面”符合题意。

6.单选题

Somehardplasticscanbe（

）metalsinmanufacturingmachineparts.

问题1选项

A.substitutedfor

B.takentheplaceof

C.replacedin

D.givenwayto

【答案】A

【解析】考查动词辨析。substitutefor意为“替代，取代”；taketheplaceof意为“代替”，一般指取代某人的位置；replacein意为“以……代替”，replace后直接接宾语；givewayto意为“向……让步，被……替代”。

句意：在生产机器零件时，一些硬塑料可以取代金属。

7.单选题

Please（）thoseoldnewspaperswhileyou’recleaninguptheroom.

问题1选项

A.disposeout

B.disposeof

C.disposeaway

D.disposein

【答案】B

【解析】考查词组搭配。A选项disposeout非短语搭配；B选项disposeof处理，转让，卖掉；C选项disposeaway非短语搭配；D选项disposein非短语搭配。因此，只有B项为正确搭配，且符合题意。句意：请你在清理房间的时候丢掉这些过期的报纸。

8.单选题

Iam（）ofmakingexcusesforyourrudenesstoourfriends.

问题1选项

A.annoyed

B.worried

C.tired

D.angry

【答案】C

【解析】本题考查形容词用法。A选项annoyed“恼怒的”，一般与with，about，at进行搭配，B选项worried“担心的，发愁的”，一般与about，by进行搭配，C选项tired“疲倦的，困倦的”，tiredofdoingsth“厌倦，厌烦”，D选项angry“发怒的，愤怒的”，一般与at，about，over，with进行搭配。句意：我厌倦了为你对我们的朋友的粗鲁辩解。因此，C选项符合句意。

9.单选题

Mikelosthis______onthebikeandfelloff.

问题1选项

A.equation

B.equivalence

C.equilibrium

D.equality

【答案】C

【解析】考查近义词辨析。A项equation“等式，相等”，是人为的把两个东西等同起来；B项equivalence“等价，等值”，表示某种东西在用途、功能、大小或值上是相等的；C项equilibrium“均衡，平衡”，表示一种平衡状态，尤指对立力量或影响之间的平衡状态，也可指心理平衡；D项equality“平等，相等”，是指客观存在的平等。根据句子意思“迈克在自行车上失去……，摔了下来”可知，空格处是表示“在自行车上失去平衡”，所以选择C项符合句意。句意：迈克在自行车上失去平衡，摔了下来。因此，该题选择C项正确。

10.单选题

Recentresearchhasclaimedthatanexcessofpositiveions（离子）intheaircanhaveanilleffectonpeople’sphysicalorpsychologicalhealth.Whatarepositiveions?Well,theairisfullofions,electricallychargedparticle,andgenerallythereisaroughbalancebetweenthepositiveandthenegativecharged.Butsometimesthisbalancebecomesdisturbedandalargeproportionofpositiveionsarefound.Thishappensnaturallybeforethunderstorms,earthquakesofwhenwindssuchasthemistral（寒冷的西北风）areblowingincertaincountries.Oritcanbecausedbyabuild-upofstaticelectricity（静电）indoorsfromcarpetsorclothingmadeofman-madefibers,orfromTVsets,duplicatorsorcomputerdisplayscreens.

Whenalargenumberofpositiveionsarepresentintheairmanypeopleexperienceunpleasanteffectssuchasheadaches,fatigue,irritability,andsomeparticularlysensitivepeoplesuffernausea（恶心）orevenmentaldisturbance.Animalsarealsofoundtobeaffected,particularlybeforeearthquakes.Snakeshavebeenobservedtocomeoutofhibernation,ratstofleefromtheirburrows,dogshowlandcatsjumpaboutunaccountably.ThishasledtheUSGeographicalSurveytofundanetworkofvolunteerstowatchanimalsinanefforttoforeseesuchdisastersbeforetheyhitvulnerableareassuchasCalifornia.

Conversely,whenlargenumbersofnegativeionsarepresent,thenpeoplehaveafeelingofwell-being.Naturalconditionsthatproducethesearenearthesea,closetowaterfallsoffountains,orinanyplacewherewaterissprayed,orformsaspray.Thisprobablyaccountsforthebeneficialeffortofaholidaybythesea,orinthemountainswithtumblingstreamsorwaterfalls.

33.Toincreasethesupplyofnegativeionsindoors,somescientistsrecommendtheuseofionizers:smallportablemachineswhichgenerateneuativeions.Theyclaimthationizersnotonlycleanandrefreshtheairbutalsoimprovethehealthofpeopleofpeoplesensitivetoexcesspositiveions.Ofcourse,therearethedetractors,otherscientists,whodismisssuchclaimsandareskepticalaboutnegative/positiveionresearch.Thereforepeoplecanonlymakeuptheirownmindsobservingtheeffectsonthemselves,oronothers,ofanegativerichorpoorenvironment.Afterall,itisdebatablewhetherdependingonseismic（地震的）readingstoanticipateearthquakesismoreeffectivethanwatchingthecat.

1.Whateffectdoesexcessivepositiveionizationhaveonsomepeople?

2.Accordingtothepassage,staticelectricitycanbecausedby（）.

3.Ahighnegativeioncountislikelytobefound（）.

4.Whatkindofmachinecangeneratenegativeionsindoors?

5.Somescientistsbelievethat（）.

问题1选项

A.Theythinktheyareinsane.

B.Theyfeelratherbad-tempered.

C.Theybecomeviolentlysick.

D.Theyaretootiredtodoanything.

问题2选项

A.usinghome-madeelectricalgoods

B.wearingclothesmadeofnaturalmaterials

C.walkingonartificialfloorcoverings

D.copyingTVprogramsonacomputer

问题3选项

A.nearapondwithawaterpump

B.closetoslowflowingriver

C.insomebarrenmountains

D.byarotatingwatersprinkler

问题4选项

A.Ionizers.

B.Air-conditioners.

C.Exhaust-fans

D.Vacuum-pump

问题5选项

A.watchinganimalstoanticipateearthquakesismoreeffective

B.theunusualbehaviorsofanimalscannotbetrusted

C.neitherwatchingnorusingseismographisreliable

D.earthquakescannotaffectanyanimals

【答案】第1题:C

第2题:C

第3题:D

第4题:A

第5题:A

【解析】1.推理判断题。由第二段“Whenalargenumberofpositiveionsarepresentintheairmanypeopleexperienceunpleasanteffectssuchasheadaches,fatigue,irritability,andsomeparticularlysensitivepeoplesuffernausea（恶心）orevenmentaldisturbance.当大量的正离子存在空气中时，很多人经历不愉快的影响，如头痛、疲劳、易怒、一些特别敏感的人遭受恶心,甚至精神障碍。可知当空气中存在大量正离子时，人们会变得很不舒服。故C项正确。

2.细节事实题。由第一段“Thishappensnaturallybeforethunderstorms,earthquakesofwhenwindssuchasthemistralareblowingincertaincountries.Oritcanbecausedbyabuild-upofstaticelectricityindoorsfromcarpetsorclothingmadeofman-madefibers,orfromTVsets,duplicatorsorcomputerdisplayscreens.这是在雷暴之前自然发生的，雷暴是指某些国家刮西北风时发生的地震。也有可能是由于人造纤维制成的室内地毯或衣物、电视机、复印机或电脑显示屏产生的静电积聚造成的。”可知C项“人造地毯上行走”正确。A项“家用电器”与文中提到的“电脑、电视机、复印机的显示屏会产生静电”不符，并不是所有家用电器都会产生静电。B项“naturalmaterials”与原文中的“man-madefibers”不符。D项“在电脑上拷贝电视节目”并没有表明电脑在播放节目，原文提到只有显示屏在播放节目时才会产生静电，故D项错误。

3.推理判断题。由第三段“Naturalconditionsthatproducethesearenearthesea,closetowaterfallsoffountains,orinanyplacewherewaterissprayed,orformsaspray.产生这些的自然条件是靠近大海，靠近喷泉的瀑布，或任何水被喷洒的地方，或形成一个水沫。”可知要产生负离子，必须要有水快速流动。故只有D项“通过旋转器洒水的车辆”符合。

4.推理判断题。Toincreasethesupplyofnegativeironsindoors,somescientistsrecommendtheuseofionizers:smallportablemachineswhichgenerateneuativeions.为了增加室内负离子的供应，一些科学家建议使用离子发生器:可以产生中性离子的小型便携式机器。故A项“电离子器”正确。

5.推理判断题。由第二段“ThishasledtheUSGeographicalSurveytofundanetworkofvolunteerstowatchanimalsinanefforttoforeseesuchdisastersbeforetheyhitvulnerableareassuchasCalifornia.这使得美国地理调查局(USGeographicalSurvey)资助了一个由志愿者组成的观察动物的网络，以便这些灾难袭击加州等脆弱地区之前，就预见它们。”可知科学家相信观察动物的表现可以有效地预测地震。故A项正确。BCD三项内容与原文相反。

11.单选题

Questions17-20arebasedonthefollowingtalkaboutpublicspeaking.Younowhave20secondstoreadQuestions17-20.

17.Whatisthemostimportantthinginpublicspeaking?

18.Whatdosethespeakeradviseustodotocapturetheaudience’sattention?

19.Ifyoudon’tstartworkingforthepresentationuntilthedaybefore,youwillfeel（）.

20.Whoisthisspeechmostprobablymeantfor?

问题1选项

A.Confidence.

B.Preparation.

C.Informativeness.

D.Organization.

问题2选项

A.Gatherabundantdata.

B.Organizetheideaslogically.

C.Developagreatopening.

D.Selectappropriatematerial.

问题3选项

A.uneasy

B.uncertain

C.frustrated

D.depressed

问题4选项

A.Thoseinterestedinthepowerofpersuasion.

B.Thosetryingtoimprovetheirpublicimage.

C.Thoseplanningtotakeupsomepublicwork.

D.Thoseeagertobecomeeffectivespeakers.

【答案】第1题:B

第2题:C

第3题:A

第4题:D

【解析】第1题:

第2题:

第3题:

第4题:

12.单选题

Headmittedthathewas___cocaineandcouldn’tgethimselfoutofit.

问题1选项

A.condemned

B.committed

C.addicted

D.abandoned

【答案】C

【解析】【选项释义】

A.condemned判了死刑的B.committed尽心尽力的；坚信的；坚定的

C.addicted入了迷的；上了瘾的

D.abandoned被离弃的；被遗弃的

【考查点】形容词辨析。

【解题思路】句中couldn’tgethimselfoutofit，这里的it指的是and前面的cocaine“可卡因”，句意为不能摆脱可卡因。因为是由and连接两个句子，两个句子表并列关系，综合理解and前面的句子表示他对可卡因上瘾。选C.addicted，形成固定搭配beaddictedto，对……上瘾。

【干扰项排除】A、B、D选项均无法与空格前后构成相应逻辑关系

【句意】他承认他对可卡因上瘾，而且戒不掉。

13.单选题

Peoplehavebeendonatingbloodsincetheearlytwentiethcenturytohelpaccidentvictimsandpatientsundergoingsurgicalprocedures.Usuallyapintofwholebloodisdonated,anditisthendividedintoplatelets,whitebloodcells,andredbloodcells.Peoplecandonateblood(forredbloodcells)aboutonceeverytwomonths.

Transfusingthebloodfromthedonortotherecipientisstraightforward.D.Itinvolvestakingthebloodfromadonor’sarmveinbymeansofahypodermicsyringe.Thebloodflowsthroughaplastictubetoacollectionbagorbottlethatcontainssodiumcitrate,whichpreventsthebloodfromclotting.

Whenthebloodisgiventoapatient,aplastictubeandhypodermicneedleareconnectedtotherecipient’sarm.Thebloodflowsdownfromthecontainerbygravity.Thisisaslowprocessandmaylastaslongas2hourstocompletetheinfusionofbloodintotherecipient.Thepatientisprotectedfrombeinginfectedduringthetransfusion.Onlysterilecontainers,tubing,andneedlesareused,andthishelpsensurethattransfusedorstoredbloodisnotexposedtodisease-causingbacteria.

Negativereactionstotransfusionsarenotunusual.Therecipientmaysufferanallergicreactionorbesensitivetodonorleukocytes.Somemaysufferfromanundetectedred-cellincompatibility.Unexplainedreactionsarealsofairlycommon.Althoughtheyarerare,othercausesofsuchnegativereactionsincludecontaminatedblood,airbubblesintheblood,overloadingofthecirculatorysystemthroughadministrationofexcessblood,orsensitivitytodonorplasmaorplatelets.

Today,hospitalsandbloodbanksgotogreatlengthstoscreenallblooddonorsandtheirblood.D.Alldonatedbloodisroutinelyandrigorouslytestedfordiseases,suchasHIV(whichcauseAIDS),hepatitisB,andsyphilis.Whentherecipientisanewbornoraninfant,thebloodisusuallyirradiatedtoeliminateharmfulclement.Donatedbloodiswashed,andthewhitebloodcellsandplateletsareremoved.

Storingthebloodsometimesrequiresafreezingprocess,tofreezetheredbloodcells,aglycerolsolutionisadded.D.Tounfreeze,theglycerolisremoved.D.Theabilitytostorebloodforlongperiodshasbeenaboontohumanhealth.

1.Accordingtothispassage,howoftencanpeopledonatebloodforredbloodcells?

2.Whichsentenceinparagraph2explainshowclottingispreventedinthebloodcontainer?

3.AllofthefollowingarementionedaspotentialnegativereactionstotransfusionsEXCEPT?

4.Basedontheinformationinthepassage,whatcanbeinferredaboutbloodtransfusedtoinfantsandnewborns?

5.Whatdoestheauthorimplyinthepassage?

问题1选项

A.Everymonth

B.Everytwomonths

C.Everythreemonths

D.Everyyear

问题2选项

A.Thefirstsentence

B.Thesecondsentence

C.Thethirdsentence

D.Noneoftheabove

问题3选项

A.allergies

B.sensitivitytodonorleukocytes

C.red-cellincompatibility

D.airbubblesintheblood

问题4选项

A.Itisasrigorouslytestedasbloodforadults

B.Itistreatedwithradiantenergy

C.Itisnottreateddifferentlyfromadults

D.Itisnotdangerousforchildren

问题5选项

A.Transfusingbloodisadangerousprocess

B.Freezingblooddestroysplatelets

C.Clottingcannotbeprevented

D.Storingbloodbenefitsmankind

【答案】第1题:B

第2题:C

第3题:D

第4题:B

第5题:D

【解析】1.细节事实题。根据文章第一段最后一句话提到的内容Peoplecandonateblood(forredbloodcells)aboutonceeverytwomonths可知选项B符合题意。

2.判断推理题。第二段第一句话提到把献血的血液输血给接受者很简单。第二句话提到通过皮下注射器从献血者手臂的静脉中抽取血液。第三句话提到柠檬酸钠可以防止血液凝固。因此可知是第三句话讲述了如何防止血液凝固，选项C符合题意。

3.细节事实题。根据文章第四段前三句话，可以排除A、B、C三个选项，因此选项D符合题意。

4.细节事实题。文章第五段倒数第二句话提到当接受者是新生儿或婴儿时，通常对血液进行辐射处理以消除有害的毒素（Whentherecipientisanewbornoraninfant,thebloodisusuallyirradiatedtoeliminateharmfulclement），由此可知选项B符合题意。

5.细节事实题。文章第六段最后一句话提到长期储存血液的能力对人类健康大有裨益（Theabilitytostorebloodforlongperiodshasbeenaboontohumanhealth），因此选项D符合题意。

14.单选题

China’sresumingexerciseofsovereigntyoverHongKongandMacaois______ofChineseprosperity.

问题1选项

A.indulgent

B.indifferent

C.indignant

D.indicative

【答案】D

【解析】【选项释义】

A.indulgent纵容的；放纵的B.indifferent漠不关心；不感兴趣的

C.indignant愤慨的；愤怒的D.indicative陈述的；指示的

【考查点】形容词辨析。

【解题思路】根据关键信息China’sresumingexerciseofsovereignty（中国恢复行使主权）和Chineseprosperity（中国繁荣）可推知，对香港和澳门的行使主权的恢复是繁荣的标志，而beindicativeof表示“暗示，表示”，故该题选择D项符合句意。

【干扰项排除】A、B、C项不符合句意。

【句意】中国恢复对香港和澳门行使主权，标志着中国的繁荣。

15.单选题

TheBritishMedicalJournalrecentlyfeaturedastrongresponsetowhatwasjudgedaninappropriatelylenientreactionbyamedicalschooltoastudentcheatinginanexamination.Althoughwehaveinsufficientreliabledataabouttheextentofthisphenomenon,itsprevention,oritseffectivemanagement,muchcanbeconcludedandactedupononthebasisofcommonsenseandconceptswithfacevalidity

Thereisgeneralagreementthatthereshouldbezerotoleranceofcheatinginaprofessionbasedontrustandoneonwhichhumanlivesdepend.Itisreasonabletoassumethatcheatersinmedicalschoolwillbemorelikelythanotherstocontinuetoactdishonestlywithpatients,colleagues,insurersandgovernments.

Thebehaviorsunderquestionaremultifactorialinorigin.Therearefamilial,religious,andculturalvaluesthatareacquiredlongbeforemedicalschool.Forexample,countries,cultures,andsubculturesexistwherebribesanddishonestbehaviorarealmostanorm.Therearesecondaryschoolsinwhichneitherstaffnorstudentstoleratecheatingandotherswherecheatingisrampant;therearehomeswhichimbueyoungpeoplewithhighstandardsofethicalbehaviorandotherswhichleaveethicaltrainingtotheharmfulinfluenceoftelevisionandthemarketplace. 

Medicalschoolsreflectsocietyandcannotbeexpectedtoremedyalltheillsofasociety.Theselectionprocessofmedicalstudentsmightbeexpectedtofavorcandidateswithintegrityandpositiveethicalbehaviorifonehadareliablemethodfordetectingsuchcharacteristicsinadvance.Medicalschoolshouldbethemajorfocusofattentionforimbuingfuturedoctorswithintegrityandethicalsensitivity.Unfortunatelytherearetroubling,ifinconclusive,datathatsuggestthatduringmedicalschooltheethicalbehaviorofmedicalstudentsdoesnotnecessarilyimprove;indeed,moraldevelopmentmayactuallystoporevenregress.

Thecreationofapervasiveinstitutionalcultureofintegrityisessential.Itiscriticalthattheacademicandclinicalleadersoftheinstitutionsetapersonalexampleofintegrity.Medicalschoolsmustmaketheirinstitutionalpositionandtheirexpectationsofstudentsabsolutelyclearfromdayone.Thedevelopmentofaschool'scultureofintegrityrequiresapartnershipwiththestudentsinwhichtheyplayanactiveroleinitscreationandnurturing.Moreover,theschool'sexaminationsystemandgeneraltreatmentofstudentsmustbeperceivedasfair.Finally,thetreatmentofinfractionsmustbefirm，fair,transparent,andconsistent.

1.Whatdoestheauthorsayaboutcheatinginmedicalschools?

2.Accordingtotheauthor,itisimportanttopreventcheatinginmedicalschoolsbecause（）.

3.Whatdoestheauthorsayaboutthecause(s)ofcheating?

4.Accordingtotheauthor,whatprecautionsshouldmedicalschoolstaketopreventstudentsfromcheating?

5.Theauthorwillprobablyagreewithwhichofthefollowingstatements?

问题1选项

A.Extensiveresearchhasbeendoneaboutthisphenomenon.

B.Wehavesufficientdatatoprovethatpreventionisfeasible.

C.Wearesafetoconcludethatthisphenomenonexistsonagrandscale.

D.Reliabledataabouttheextent,preventionandmanagementofthephenomenonislacking.

问题2选项

A.themedicalprofessionisbasedontrust

B.thereiszerotoleranceofcheatinginmedicine

C.themedicalprofessiondependsonthegovernment

D.cheatingexistsextensivelyinmedicalschools

问题3选项

A.Family,cultureandsocietyplayanactivepart.

B.Badschoolenvironmentistheleadingcauseofstudentcheating.

C.Parentsarealwaystoblamefortheirchildren'scheatingbehavior.

D.CheatingexistsprimarilybecausestudentslearnbadthingsfromTV.

问题4选项

A.Medicalschoolsshouldestablishafirmmoralstandardtoweedoutapplicantswithlowintegrity.

B.Medicalschoolsshouldmakeeffortstoremedytheillsofasociety.

C.Medicalschoolsshouldteachfuturedoctorsintegrityandethicalvalues.

D.Thereisnothingmedicalschoolscandotoimprovetheethicalbehavioroftheirstudents.

问题5选项

A.Medicalschoolsshouldmakeexamseasierforthestudentstoalleviatethefiercecompetition.

B.Prominentfiguresinthemedicalinstitutionshouldcreateasetofmoralstandardstobeappliedinmedicalschools.

C.Medicalstudentsshouldplayanactiveroleinthecreationandpreservationofacultureofintegrity.

D.Thosestudentswhocheatintheexamsshouldbeinstantlyexpelledfromschool

【答案】第1题:D

第2题:A

第3题:A

第4题:C

第5题:C

【解析】1.事实细节题。文章第一段提到“Althoughwehaveinsufficientreliabledataabouttheextentofthisphenomenon,itsprevention,oritseffectivemanagement,muchcanbeconcludedandactedupononthebasisofcommonsenseandconceptswithfacevalidity.虽然我们没有足够的可靠数据来说明这一现象的严重程度，也不了解如何预防和进行有效管理，但可以根据常识和看似有效的观念得出很多结论并采取行动”可知，D项“有关这种现象的程度、预防和管控的可靠数据是缺乏的”正确；也由此知A、B、C三项不正确。

2.事实细实题。第二段中提到“Thereisgeneralagreementthatthereshouldbezerotoleranceofcheatinginaprofessionbasedontrustandoneonwhichhumanlivesdepend.人们普遍认为，在基于信任和有关生命安全的职业中的作弊应该零容忍”可知A“医疗职业基于信任”正确；B“医疗作弊是零容忍的”是结果不是原因；C“医疗行业依靠政府”和D“作弊在医学院中广泛存在”原文均未提及，故选A。

3.事实细节题。文章第三段提到“Thebehaviorsunderquestionaremultifactorialinorigin.Therearefamilial,religious,andculturalvaluesthatareacquiredlongbeforemedicalschool.导致这些作弊行为的原因很多。这些原因包括在就读医学院之前受到的家庭、宗教及文化影响。”可知A“家庭，文化和社会发挥重要作用”正确，故选A。

4.事实细节题。A项“医学院应该建立一个可靠的道德标准来淘汰低水平的申请者”，文章第四段提到“ifonehadareliablemethodfordetectingsuchcharacteristicsinadvance.如果医学院有可靠的方法提前识别学生的品质的话”，此句为条件状语从句，由此可知目前还没有找到这种识别方法，故A不正确；B项“医学院应该努力纠正所有的社会问题”，文章第四段中提到“Medicalschoolsreflectsocietyandcannotbeexpectedtoremedyalltheillsofasociety.医学院的问题反映了整个社会问题，我们不能指望社会的所有弊病都能被纠正”可知B不正确；C项“医学院应该培养未来医生诚信和道德价值观”，第四段中提到“Medicalschoolshouldbethemajorfocusofattentionforimbuingfuturedoctorswithintegrityandethicalsensitivity.医学院应该成为未来医生灌输诚信和道德观念的中心”可知C正确；D项“医学院无法改善学生的道德行为”，文章最后一段列举了一些解决学生道德行为问题的方法，如“在医学院中创建一个普遍的诚信文化制度；让医学院的学术领袖树立个人诚信榜样可知D不正确，故选C。

5.判断推理题。A项“医学院应该让学生考试更容易，以缓解激烈的竞争。”和D项“考试作弊的学生应该立即被开除出学校”在文中均未提及；B项“医疗机构中的杰出人物应该制定一套道德标准应用于医学院。”原文最后一段提到“itiscriticalthattheacademicandclinicalleadersoftheinstitutionsetapersonalexampleofintegrity.医学院的学术领袖树立个人的诚信榜样是很关键的”，可知B项中“createasetofmoralstandards创建道徳标准”不正确；C项“医学生应在创建和维护诚信文化方面发挥积极作用”，最后一段提到“Thedevelopmentofaschool'scultureofintegrityrequiresapartnershipwiththestudentsinwhichtheyplayanactiveroleinitscreationandnurturing.学校诚信文化的发展需要与学生建立伙伴关系，使他们在学校的创建和培养中发挥积极作用。”可知C项正确。

16.单选题

Acameratakes