考研考博-英语-南京理工大学考试押题三合一+答案详解1

书山有路勤为径，学海无涯苦作舟！住在富人区的她考研考博-英语-南京理工大学考试押题三合一+答案详解（图片大小可自由调整）全文为Word可编辑，若为PDF皆为盗版，请谨慎购买！第I卷一.综合题库-全考点押密(共120题)1.单选题

PricesforcarsintheU.S.canrun______$20,800.

问题1选项

A.ashighas

B.sohighas

C.sohighto

D.sohighthat

【答案】A

【解析】【选项释义】

A.ashighas高达B.sohighas那么高

C.sohighto如此高D.sohighthat如此高以致于……

【答案】A

【考查点】固定搭配。

【解题思路】根据句子意思“美国的汽车价格______20800美元”可知，空格处填入“高达”符合句意，且as…as…为固定搭配，表示“和……一样”。因此，该题选择A项。

【干扰项排除】

B、C项没有这个用法；

D项后面一般要跟句子。

【句意】在美国，汽车的价格可高达20800美元。

2.写作题

Inthispart,youarerequiredtowriteanessayofnolessthan200wordsonWhatMadeLiNaSuchaGreatTennisPlayer?Theessayshouldbebasedontheoutlinebelow:

1.SomepeoplemaintainthatLi’ssuccesshasentirelyreliedonherownhardwork;

2.Othersholdtheviewthatthestate-runsportssystemhaslaidasolidfoundationforhertoflyalone;

3.Youropinions.

【答案】WhatMadeLiNaSuchaGreatTennisPlayer?

Asisknowntoall,LiNaisthemostincredibletennisplayerinChina.Uptonow,shehasgotfoursingletitlesandtwodoubletitlesofWTA,andwhat’smore,sheisthefirstChineseplayerwhohasgotthesingletitleduringtheWTAtour.Besides,sheisthefirsttop-tenplayerinChinawhohasgotNo.7sofar.

WhenitcomestoLiNa’sathleticachievements,peoplecannothelpaskingsuchaquestion:WhatMadeLiNaSuchaGreatTennisPlayer?

AccordingtoarecentinvestigationconductedbyasportingorganizationinChina,43.6percentofrespondentsholdtheviewthatLiNa,ssuccessreliescompletelyonherownhardwork.Whenshewasonlysixyearsold,shebegantopractiseplayingtennis.Duetoherarduoustrainingonthesportsground,shebecameaprofessionalplayer.Asshewasnotusedtothetrainingstyleinthestate-runsportssystem,shebrokeawayfromthestate-runsportssystemandbegantoflyalone.

However,56.4percentofrespondentsarguethatthestate-runsportssystemhaslaidasolidfoundationforhertoflyalone.Herfellowplayershadtheirstricttrainingwithherandbecameherrivals.IfithadnotbeenforLiNa’spastexperienceinthestate-runsportssystem,shecouldnothavebeenasuccessfulplayerandshecouldnothaveflownalonelateron.

Inmyopinion,LiNa’shardworkandherflyingalonearethetwoindispensableelementsofhersuccess.Bothelementsarecomplementary.It’shardtoimagineherflyingalonewithouthardworkwithinthestate-runsportssystemorherhardworkwithinthissystemwithoutflyingalone.

3.单选题

Overathirdofthepopulationwasestimatedtohaveno（）tothehealthservice.

问题1选项

A.assessment

B.assignment

C.exception

D.access

【答案】D

【解析】句意:据估计，超过三分之一的人口无法获得公共医疗卫生服务。

考查固定搭配。Haveaccessto有权使用，有机会使用。

4.单选题

Nottoomanydecadesagoitseemed“obvious”bothtothegeneralpublicandtosociologiststhatmodernsocietyhaschangedpeople'snaturalrelations,loosenedtheirresponsibilitiestokinandneighbors,andsubstitutedintheirplacesuperficialrelationshipswithpassingacquaintances.However,inrecentyearsagrowingbodyofresearchhasrevealedthatthe“obvious”isnottrue.Itseemsthatifyouareacityresident,youtypicallyknowasmallerproportionofyourneighborsthanyoudoifyouarearesidentofasmallercommunity.But,forthemostpart,thisfacthasfewsignificantconsequences.Itdoesnotnecessarilyfollowthatifyouknowfewofyourneighborsyouwillknownooneelse.

Eveninverylargecities,peoplemaintainclosesocialtieswithinsmall,privatesocialworlds.Indeed,thenumberandqualityofmeaningfulrelationshipsdonotdifferbetweenmoreandlessurbanpeople.Small-townresidentsaremoreinvolvedwithkinthanarebig-cityresidents.Yetcitydwellerscompensatebydevelopingfriendshipswithpeoplewhosharesimilarinterestsandactivities.Urbanismmayproduceadifferentstyleoflife,butthequalityoflifedoesnotdifferbetweentownandcity.Norareresidentsoflargecommunitiesanylikeliertodisplaypsychologicalsymptomsofstressoralienation,afeelingofnotbelonging,thanareresidentsofsmallercommunities.However,citydwellersdoworrymoreaboutcrime,andthisleadsthemtoadistrustofstrangers.

Thesefindingsdonotimplythaturbanismmakeslittleornodifference.Ifneighborsarcstrangerstooneanother,theyarelesslikelytosweepthesidewalkofanelderlycouplelivingnextdoororkeepaneyeoutforyoungtroublemakers.Moreover,asWirthsuggested,theremaybealinkbetweenacommunity’spopulationsizeanditssocialheterogeneity.Forinstance,sociologistshavefoundmuchevidencethatthesizeofacommunityisassociatedwithbadbehaviorincludinggambling,drugs,etc.Large-cityurbanitesarealsomorelikelythantheirsmall-towncounterpartstohaveacosmopolitanoutlook,todisplaylessresponsibilitytotraditionalkinshiproles,tovoteforleftistpoliticalcandidates,andtobetolerantofnontraditionalreligiousgroups,unpopularpoliticalgroups,andso-calledundesirables.Everythingconsidered,heterogeneityandunusualbehaviorseemtobeoutcomesoflargepopulationsize.

1.Whichofthefollowingstatementsbestdescribestheorganizationofthefirstparagraph?

2.Accordingtothepassage,itwasonceacommonbeliefthaturbanresidents（

）.

3.Oneoftheconsequencesofurbanlifeisthatimpersonalrelationshipsamongneighbors（

）.

4.Itcanbeinferredfromthepassagethatthebiggeracommunityis（

）.

5.Whatisthepassagemainlyabout?

问题1选项

A.Twocontrastingviewsarepresented.

B.Anargumentisexaminedandpossiblesolutionsgiven

C.Researchresultsconcerningthequalityofurbanlifearepresentedinorderoftime.

D.Adetaileddescriptionofthedifferencebetweenurbanandsmall-townlifeisgiven

问题2选项

A.didnothavethesameinterestsastheirneighbors

B.couldnotdeveloplong-standingrelationships

C.tendedtobeassociatedwithbadbehavior

D.usuallyhadmorefriends

问题3选项

A.disruptpeoplednaturalrelations

B.makethemworryaboutcrime

C.causethemnottoshowconcernforoneanother

D.causethemtobesuspiciousofeachother

问题4选项

A.thebetteritsqualityoflife

B.themoresimilaritsinterests

C.themoretolerantandopen-mindeditis

D.thelikelieritistodisplaypsychologicalsymptomsofstress

问题5选项

A.Similaritiesintheinterpersonalrelationshipsbetweenurbanitesandsmall-towndwellers

B.Advantagesoflivinginbigcitiesascomparedwithlivinginsmalltowns.

C.Thepositiverolethaturbanismplaysinmodemlife.

D.Thestrongfeelingofalienationofcityinhabitants.

【答案】第1题:A

第2题:B

第3题:C

第4题:C

第5题:A

【解析】1.推理判断题。题干询问‘下列哪个陈述最能描述第一段的结构?’。文章在第一段的第一句指出了几十年前存在的一个看起来非常“明显的”事实。下一句用However一词表示内容发生了转折。表示近年来的研究表明这一曾经看起来非常‘明显的’事实其实是假的。”在这之后便就近年来的研究结果进行说明。所以A选项‘提出了两种截然不同的观点。’正确。

2.细节事实题。题干询问‘根据这篇文章，城市居民…曾经是一个普遍的信念’。根据文章第一段中第一句“modemsocietyhaschangedpeople'snaturalrelations,loosenedtheirresponsibilitiestokinandneighbors,andsubstitutedintheirplacesuperficialrelationshipswithpassingacquaintances.现代社会改变了人们的自然关系，放松了人们对亲属和邻居的责任，取代了他们与泛泛之交的肤浅关系。”确定B选项‘不能发展长期的关系’正确。

3.细节事实题。题干询问‘城市生活的后果之一就是邻里之间缺乏人情味的关系…’。根据文章第三段中第二句“Ifneighborsarestrangerstooneanother,theyarelesslikelytosweepthesidewalkofanelderlycouplelivingnextdoororkeepaneyeoutforyoungtroublemakers.如果邻居彼此都是陌生人，他们就不太可能去扫住在隔壁的老夫妇的人行道，也不太可能留意年轻的捣乱分子。”确定C选项‘让他们不关心彼此’正确

4.推理判断题。题干询问‘从文章中可以推断，一个社区越大…’。根据文章最后一段中第五句“Large-cityurbanitesarealsomorelikelythantheirsmall-towncounterpartstohaveacosmopolitanoutlook,todisplaylessresponsibilitytotraditionalkinshiproles,tovoteforleftistpoliticalcandidates,andtobetolerantofnontraditionalreligiousgroups,unpopularpoliticalgroups,andso-calledundesirables.大城市的都市人也比小城镇的都市人更有可能拥有国际化的视野，对传统的亲属角色表现出较少的责任感，投票给左派政治候选人，并对非传统宗教团体、不受欢迎的政治团体和所谓的不受欢迎的人持宽容态度。”确定C选项‘越宽容，越豁达’正确

5.主旨大意题。题干询问‘这篇文章主要讲的是什么?’。文章在第一段的第一句指出了几十年前存在的一个看起来非常“明显的”事实。后面马上转折表示近年来的研究表明这一曾经看起来非常‘明显的’事实其实是假的。之后对比了大城市与小城镇中的人际关系，重点在于指出大城市与小城镇居民人际关系的相同之处。并且第二段第二句明确表示“Indeed,thenumberandqualityofmeaningfulrelationshipsdonotdifferbetweenmoreandlessurbanpeople.事实上，有意义的人际关系的数量和质量并没有因城市人口的增多而有所不同。’’所以A选项‘城市居民和小城镇居民之间人际关系的相似性’正确。

5.单选题

Language,cultureandpersonalitymaybeconsidered（）ofeachotherinthought,buttheyareinseparableinfact.

问题1选项

A.indistinctly

B.indefinitely

C.irrelevantly

D.independently

【答案】D

【解析】indistinctly朦胧地；indefinitely无限地,不明确地；irrelevantly不相干地；independently独立地。根据句意可知应填入与inseparable相反的词,选项D符合语境。

6.单选题

Afterseveralnucleardisasters,a（

）hasragedoverthesafetyofnuclearenergy.

问题1选项

A.quarrel

B.suspicion

C.verdict

D.controversy

【答案】D

【解析】考查名词辨析。A选项quarrel“争执”；B选项suspicion“怀疑”C选项verdict“结论，裁定”；D选项controversy“辩论，论战”。句意：在几次核事故后，（）在关于核能源安全问题上的（）开始激烈。这里根据关键词rage，固而答案选D。quarrel是指人与人之间相互产生了不愉快的事情产生的争论、吵架，所以不能选。

7.单选题

ParadiseLostisMilton’smasterpiece.ItsstoryistakenfromtheBible,about“thefallofman",thatis,howAdamandEvearetemptedbySatantodisobeyGodbyeatingtheforbiddenfruitfromtheTreeofKnowledge,andhowtheyarepunishedbyGodanddrivenoutofParadise.InMilton’swords,thepurposeofwritingtheepicisto“justifythewaysofGodtomen”,butapparently,Miltonisutteringhisintensehatredofcruelnessoftherulerinthepoem.BydepictingSatanandhisfollowersaswellastheirfieryutteranceandbraveactions,MiltonisshowingaPuritan’srevoltagainstthedictatorandagainsttheestablishedCatholicsandtheAnglicanChurch.

InthepoemGodisnobetterthanacruelandselfishruler,seatedonathronewithagroupofangelsabouthimsingingsongstopraisehim.Hislongspeechesarenotpleasingatall.HeiscruelandunjustinpunishingSatan.Hisangelsarestupid.ButSatanisbyfarthemoststrikingcharacterinthepoem,whorisesagainstGodand,thoughdefeated,stillpersistsinhisfighting.

ThestoryofAdamandEveshowsMilton’sbeliefinthepowerofman.Goddeniesthemachancetopursueforknowledge.Itisthislongingforknowledgethatopensbeforemankindawideroadtointelligentandactivelife.IthasbeennotedbymanycriticsthatMilton’srevolutionaryfeelingmakeshimforgetreligiousdoctrines.TheangelswhosurroundGodneverthinkofexpressinganyopinionsoftheirown,andtheyneverseemtohaveanyopinionsoftheirown.TheimageofGodsurroundedbysuchangelsresemblesthecourtofanabsolutemonarch.ButSatanandhisfollowers,whofreelydiscussallissuesincouncil,remindusofaRepublicParliament.

1.Thispassageismostprobablytakenfrom（）.

2.Inthepoem,Satanisdescribedas（）.

3.WhichofthefollowingcanNOTbeinferredfromthispassage?

4.Accordingtothispassage,themainpurposeofParadiseLostisto（）.

问题1选项

A.areviewofMilton’sParadiseLost

B.anintroductiontoMilton’sParadiseLost

C.adepictionofthecruelnessoftheBritishruler

D.anintroductiontoEnglishliterature

问题2选项

A.anevilperson

B.arebellioushero

C.selfishandcrueldevil

D.astupiddevil

问题3选项

A.GodactsasthedictatoroftheKingdom.

B.SatanandhisfollowersactasmembersofParliament.

C.TheangelsaredepictedasfollowersoftheKing.

D.AdamandEvearethepeopletobeenlightened.

问题4选项

A.praiseGodforthecreationoftheworld

B.changepeople’sunfavorableimpressionofSatan

C.expresshissupportforthefightofSatan

D.criticizethecruelnessoftheBritishruler

【答案】第1题:A

第2题:B

第3题:B

第4题:D

【解析】第1题:1.【选项释义】

1.Thispassageismostprobablytakenfrom______.1.这篇文章很可能摘自______。

A.areviewofMilton’sParadiseLostA.弥尔顿的《失乐园》的书评

B.anintroductiontoMilton’sParadiseLostB.弥尔顿《失乐园》的序言

C.adepictionofthecruelnessoftheBritishrulerC.对残忍的英国统治者的描绘

D.anintroductiontoEnglishliteratureD.英国文学概论

【考查点】推理判断题。

【解题思路】结合文章内容可知，本文仅用只言片语简单介绍了《失乐园》的内容，更多的是讲述弥尔顿的写作目的以及反映出来的思想感情。由此可以推测，这篇文章很有可能节选自弥尔顿《失乐园》的书评，所以A项正确。

【干扰项排除】

B项“弥尔顿《失乐园》的序言”根据解题思路可知，这篇文章对《失乐园》内容的描述很少，所以不可能是序言，该项曲解原文；

C项“对残忍的英国统治者的描绘”，文中没有描述残忍的英国统治者，该项属于无中生有；

D项“英国文学概论”包含范围太广，曲解原文。

第2题:2.【选项释义】

2.Inthepoem,Satanisdescribedas______.2.在诗中，撒旦被描述为______。

A.anevilpersonA.一个邪恶的人

B.arebelliousheroB.一个具有反抗精神的英雄

C.selfishandcrueldevilC.自私残忍的魔鬼

D.astupiddevilD.一个愚蠢的魔鬼

【考查点】推理判断题。

【解题思路】根据第二段最后一句“撒旦是迄今为止这首诗中最引人注目的人物，他奋起反抗上帝，虽然被打败了，但仍然坚持战斗”，上文提到上帝不过是一个残忍自私的统治者，所以可以推断撒旦是一个具有反抗精神的英雄，B项正确。

【干扰项排除】A项“一个邪恶的人”、C项“自私残忍的魔鬼”和D项“一个愚蠢的魔鬼”根据解题思路可知，这三项属于曲解原文。

第3题:3.【选项释义】

3.WhichofthefollowingcanNOTbeinferredfromthispassage?3.下面哪个选项不能从这篇文章中推断出来？

A.GodactsasthedictatoroftheKingdom.A.上帝是这个王国的独裁者。

B.SatanandhisfollowersactasmembersofParliament.B.撒旦和他的追随者充当国会议员。

C.TheangelsaredepictedasfollowersoftheKing.C.天使被描绘成国王的追随者。

D.AdamandEvearethepeopletobeenlightened.D.亚当和夏娃是应该被启蒙的人。

【考查点】推理判断题。

【解题思路】根据最后一段的最后一句“撒旦和他的追随者们，在议会中自由地讨论所有问题，让我们想起共和议会”可知，这里只是一个比喻的用法，将撒旦和他的追随者们比喻成国会议员，但他们在这首诗中并不是真正的国会议员，所以选项B不符合原文，但符合题意。故该题选择B项正确。

【干扰项排除】

A项“上帝是这个王国的独裁者”，根据文章第二段可知，上帝是一个残忍自私的统治者，该项符合原文，属于反向干扰；

C项“天使被描绘成国王的追随者”，根据第二段第一句中的“上帝不过是一个残忍自私的统治者，坐在宝座上，周围有一群天使唱歌赞美他”可知，该项符合原文，属于反向干扰；

D项“亚当和夏娃是应该被启蒙的人”，根据第三段前几句“亚当和夏娃的故事表明弥尔顿相信人的力量。上帝不给他们追求知识的机会。正是这种对知识的渴望为人类开辟了一条通往智慧和积极生活的宽阔道路。”可知，像亚当和夏娃一样的人类，应该有追求知识的机会，该项符合原文，属于反向干扰。

第4题:4.【选项释义】

4.Accordingtothispassage,themainpurposeofParadiseLostisto______.4.根据这篇文章，《失乐园》的主要目的是为了______。

A.praiseGodforthecreationoftheworldA.赞美上帝创造了世界

B.changepeople’sunfavorableimpressionofSatanB.改变人们对撒旦的不良印象

C.expresshissupportforthefightofSatanC.表达对与撒旦战斗的支持

D.criticizethecruelnessoftheBritishrulerD.批评英国统治者的残酷

【考查点】推理判断题。

【解题思路】根据第一段倒数第二句“用弥尔顿的话来说，写史诗的目的是‘证明上帝对人类的方式是正当的’，但显然，弥尔顿在诗中表达了他对统治者残酷的强烈仇恨”，从中可知，弥尔顿在诗中表达了他对统治者残忍行为的强烈憎恨。所以可以推断，《失乐园》的主要目的是批判英国统治者的残酷无情。选项D符合原文。

【干扰项排除】

A项“赞美上帝创造了世界”，原文中描述的是一个残暴自私的上帝，所以该项不符合原文，属于反向干扰；

B项“改变人们对撒旦的不良印象”和C项“表达对与撒旦战斗的支持”在文章中虽然有依据，但是并不是文章的主要目的，属于本末倒置。

8.单选题

Somewomen______agoodsalaryinajobinsteadofstayinghome,buttheydecidednottoworkforthesakeofthefamily.

问题1选项

A.mustmake

B.shouldhavemade

C.wouldmake

D.couldhavemade

【答案】D

【解析】【试题解析】考查虚拟语气。句意：有些妇女本可以在工作中获得高薪而不是呆在家里，但她们为了家庭而决定不工作。mustdo“必须做某事”；shouldhavedone“过去本应该做某事却未做”；woulddo“过去将会做某事”；couldhavedone“过去本能够做某事却未做”。根据语境，这里指的是过去本可以工作却没有去工作，D选项couldhavemade符合题意。因此D选项正确。

9.单选题

Mostof

whatBillsaidwas（）;onlyone

ortwominorpointshemadewerenotcloselyconnectedwiththematterbeing

discussed.

问题1选项

A.reliable

B.relative

C.related

D.relating

【答案】B

【解析】reliable可靠的；relative指相较的；related指相关的；relating是动词relate的分词形式。句意：比尔讲的大多都很切题,只有一两点与主题关系不是很紧密。选项B正确。

10.填空题

Directions:Thispartconsistsofashortpassage.Inthispassage,therearealtogether10mistakes,oneineachnumberedline.Youmayhavetochangeaword,addawordordeleteaword.Ifyouchangeaword,crossitoutandwritethecorrectwordinthecorrespondingblank.Ifyouaddaword,putaninsertion(∧)inthecorrectplaceandwritethemissingwordintheblank.Ifyoudeleteaword,crossitoutandbesuretoputaslash(/)intheblank.

Example:

Televisionisrapidlybecomingtheliteratureofourperiod.

1.Period→Time

Manyoftheargumentshavingusedforthestudyofliteratureasa

2.Having→/

schoolobjectarevalidforstudyoftelevision.

3.∧study→the

Wefrequentlyhearthatdrinkingasmallamountofcoffeecan

behealthy,Thisalwayscomesbacktotheevidencewheresome

1.______

coffee-drinkingisacommonbehavioramonglong-lived,healthy

peopleacrosspopulations.Newsstoriestendtointerpretthis

evidenceoptimistically,reportedthatcoffeemaybegoodforyou.

2.______

Inreality,itmightjustbeaninterestingcorrelation.Randomized,

controlledtrialsonnutritionareextremedifficulttoconduct,asthe

3.______

effectsofdietarychangesarecomplexandoftentakesyears,ifnot

4.______

alifetime,torevealthemselves.

Thosewhoclaimthatcoffeeishealthfultendtopointtothose

5.______

highlevelofantioxidants.Butantioxidantsupplementshavenot

beenprovedtocorrelatewithhealthandlongevity.Antioxidants

representavastspectrumofsubstances.VitaminEisan

6.______

antioxidant,andtakingVitamin-Esupplementshasbeenshownto

increasemen’sriskofprostatecancer.

Ifcoffeedoeshaveanaffectonlongevity,itislikelyaresult

7.______

ofsomethingmoreglobalthanthepotentialeffectofantioxidants

—suchthefactthatconstantexposuretocaffeine,evenatlow

8.______

levels,suppressesappetite(inaworldwheremostpeopleeatmore

thanisideal).Orthatitencouragessocialinteraction-itinclines

ustogooutanddothingswithpeople-whichitselfisgenerally

beneficialwithhealth.Thesearelegitimatelypositiveresults.But

9.______

aswithallchemicals,thecomprehensiveeffectofcaffeineonour

healthdependsonhow,andhowmany,weuseit.

10.______

【答案】1.where→that

2.reported→reporting

3.extreme→extremely

4.takes→take

5.to→out

6.vast→broad

7.affect→effect

8.∧the→as

9.with→to

10.many→much

【解析】1.考查同位语从句。evidence后面的从句是用来补充说明evidence，所以应该是一个同位语从句；而where是用来修饰地点的定语从句，故将where改为that。

2.考查非谓语动词。report的逻辑主语是newstories，它们之间是主动的关系，所以report应该用现在分词形式表示伴随。

3.考查副词使用。根据句子“controlledtrialsonnutritionareextremedifficulttoconduct”可知，extreme和difficult都是形容词，形容词无法修饰另外一个形容词，故应将extreme改为extremely。

4.考查主谓一致。根据句子“astheeffectsofdietarychangesarecomplexandoftentakesyears”可知，take的主语是theeffectsofdietarychanges，是复数形式，因此take应该和主语保持一致，故把takes改为take。

5.考查词组。pointto多用来表示指向离说话人较远的事物，意为“指向”，to是介词，着重于指的方向；而后面的thosehighlevelofantioxidants表示“高度抗氧化剂”，这个句子的意思是“那些声称咖啡有益健康的人往往指出咖啡中含有大量的抗氧化剂”，所以把pointto改为pointout合适。

6.考查形容词使用。vast表示“广阔的，巨大的”；avastspectrumof表示“广泛的光谱”这与句子意思不符合；应该将vast改为broad，abroadspectrumof固定搭配，表示“广泛的”。

7.考查动词词性辨析。根据句子可知affect在句中是作名词，而affect是动词，表示“影响”；如果要用名词应该改为effect“影响”；haveaneffecton表示“对……有影响”。

8.考查固定搭配。根据句子可知破折号后面是举例，而suchas为固定搭配，表示“例如，比如”；所以应该在such后面加入as。

9.考查固定搭配。Bebeneficialto固定搭配，表示“对……有益”，所以应该把with改为to。

10.考查副词用法。本句中的howmany是修饰it，即前面的caffeine“咖啡因”，这是一个不可数名词，不能用many来修饰，故应该将many改为much。

11.单选题

Accordingtothe“hygienehypothesis”firstproposedin1989,exposuretoavarietyofbacteria,virusesandparasiticwormsearlyinlifehelpsprimeachild’simmunesystem,muchlikesensoryexperiencesprogramhisbrain.Withoutsuchearlyinstruction,theimmunesystemmaygoindisorderandoverreactwithallergiestofoods,pollenandpetfurorturnonthebody’sowntissue,settingoffautoimmunedisorders.

Manyofthesemicroorganismsevolvedsymbioticallywithhumansovermillionsofyears—theso-called"oldfriends’’theory.Butwheretheyhavebeeneradicated,akeypartofhumandevelopmenthasbeenthrownoff.“Thevastmajorityofmicrobesareharmless.Thereareonlyafewdozenthatcancauselethalinfections.”saysThomasMcDade,directoroftheLaboratoryforHumanBiologyResearchatNorthwesternUniversity.

In1998,aboutoneinfivechildreninindustrializedcountriessufferedfromallergicdiseasessuchasasthma,allergiesandrashes,accordingtotheInternationalStudyofAsthmaandAllergiesinChildhood,aglobalresearchinitiative.TheincidenceofpeanutallergyintheUStripledbetween1997and2008,accordingtoareportfromMountSinaiSchoolofMedicineinNewYork.ButsuchdiseasesarestillrelativelyrareinAfricaandruralAsia.“Thegeographicaldistributionofallergicandautoimmunediseasesisamirrorimageofthegeographicaldistributionofvariousinfectiousdiseases.”saysareportbyFrenchresearchersdevotedtothehygienehypothesis.

Exposuretoimmune-stimulatinggermsmayalsolowertheriskofheartdisease,accordingtoDr.McDade.Butthereareotherdangerslurkinginmuddywaterandanimalfaces.MichaelBell,aninfectiousdiseasespecialistanddeputydirectorofHealthcareQualityPromotionattheCentersforDiseaseControlandPrevention,saysthatpeopleshouldbevigilantaboutwoundcaresincebacteriacancauseproblemsiftheygetintothebloodstream,andhestilladvocateshand-washing.“Ifyou’renotdoingittentimesaday,you'reprobablynotdoingitenough.”hesays.Butheandotherexpertssaythatregularsoapandwaterarefineinmostcases.Sterilizinghandsiscriticalmainlyforhealth-careworkersandinhospitals,wheredisease-causinggermsareprevalentandcaneasilyspread.

Manyexpertsadvisecommonsense.“Wedon’twanttosaytochildren.OK,playbythedirtyriverbankandcatchwhateveryoucan.”saysDr.Weinstocks."Butwecansaythere'snothingwrongwithkidsplayinginthedirt.Theydon'thavetoliveintotalsanitation,andtheywon’tdiefromeatingsomethingoffthefloor.It’sprobablymorehealthythannot.”

1.The“hygienehypothesis”proposedthatexposuretovariousvirusesandgermsinearlychildhood（

）.

2.Whatifwelivewithoutanymicroorganisms?

3.AccordingtoFrenchresearchers,thegeographicaldistributionofallergicandautoimmunediseases

（

）.

4.WhatdoesMichaelBellsuggestwedoindailylife?

5.Whatcanwelearnfromthelastparagraph?

问题1选项

A.eliminateschildhooddiseasessuchasasthmaandallergies

B.provestobeanimportantpreventionagainstcancer

C.provestobenecessaryforthedevelopmentofimmunesystem

D.increasessusceptibilitytoallergicandautoimmunediseases

问题2选项

A.Wewillneverbeinvolvedintheallergies.

B.Wewilleradicatetheoutbreaksofmanyinfectiousdiseases.

C.Wemaymissanimportantpartofhumandevelopment.

D.Wemayfindnoeffectivemedicalcuretomanydisease.

问题3选项

A.hasnothingtodowiththatofvariousinfectiousdiseases

B.isexactlythesamewiththatofvariousinfectiousdiseases

C.iscompletelyoppositetothatofvariousinfectiousdiseases

D.showsnocomparabilitywiththatofvariousinfectiousdiseases

问题4选项

A.Becarefulaboutwoundcare.

B.Washhandswithin10timesaday.

C.Consulthealth-careworkers.

D.Sterilizeyourhandseveryday.

问题5选项

A.Childrenshouldbeencouragedtoplayindirtyplaces.

B.Moreeffortsshouldbemadeinpublichealth.

C.Parentsneedn’tworryaboutchildrenplayinginthedirt.

D.Excessivecleannessisrequiredathomebutnotoutdoors.

【答案】第1题:C

第2题:C

第3题:C

第4题:A

第5题:C

【解析】1.判断推理题。根据第一段第一句“根据1989年首次提出的“卫生假说”，儿童在早期的生活中接触各种细菌、病毒和寄生虫，有助于儿童的免疫系统做好准备，就像感官体验对大脑进行编程一样。”由此可推断，这个“卫生假说”证明了免疫系统发展的重要性，选项C符合原文。

2.细节事实题。根据第二段一二句“Manyofthesemicroorganismsevolvedsymbioticallywithhumansovermillionsofyears—theso-called“oldfriends”theory.Butwheretheyhavebeeneradicated,akeypartofhumandevelopmenthasbeenthrownoff.许多微生物在数百万年的时间里与人类共生进化，这就是所谓的“老朋友”理论。但是，在它们被根除的地方，人类发展的一个关键部分就被抛弃了。”选项C符合原文。

3.判断推断题。根据关键词“Frenchresearchers”定位到第三段最后一句“‘Thegeographicaldistributionofallergicandautoimmunediseasesisamirrorimageofthegeographicaldistributionofvariousinfectiousdiseases.’saysareportbyFrenchresearchersdevotedtothehygienehypothesis.‘过敏和自身免疫性疾病的地理分布是各种传染病地理分布的一个镜像。’一份由法国研究人员撰写的关于卫生假说的报告称。”镜像与原像是相反的，这里是说他们的地理分布也是完全相反的，所以选项C正确。

4.细节事实题。根据关键词“MichaelBell”定位到倒数第二段第三句“MichaelBell,...,saysthatpeopleshouldbevigilantaboutwoundcaresincebacteriacancauseproblemsiftheygetintothebloodstream,andhestilladvocateshand-washing.MichaelBell表示，人们应该要注意伤口的护理，因为细菌一旦进入血液就会引发问题，他还提倡勤洗手。”选项A符合原文；选项B和D不符合原文描述；选项D在文中没有提及，所以本题选A。

5.判断推理题。根据最后一段第二句“...there'snothingwrongwithkidsplayinginthedirt.Theydon'thavetoliveintotalsanitation,...孩子们在泥土里玩耍没有什么错，他们不必生活在完全卫生的环境中...”所以选项C“父母不必担心孩子在泥土里玩耍”符合原文。

12.单选题

Itisanoffencetoshow（）againstpeopleofdifferentraces.

问题1选项

A.distinction

B.difference

C.separation

D.discrimination

【答案】D

【解析】句意:对不同种族的人表现出歧视是一种冒犯。

考查名词辨析。distinction区别，特性;difference差异，不同;separation分离，距离;discrimination歧视，区别，辨别。故D符合句意。

13.单选题

Tounderstandthemarketingconcept,itisonlynecessarytounderstandthedifferencebetweenmarketingandselling.Nottoomanyyearsago,mostindustriesconcentratedprimarilyontheefficientproductionofgoods,andthenreliedon“persuasivesalesmanship”tomoveasmuchofthesegoodsaspossible.Suchproductionandsellingfocusesontheneedsofthesellertoproducegoodsandthenconvertthemintomoney.

Marketing,ontheotherhand,focusesonthewantsofconsumers.Itbeginswithfirstanalyzingthepreferencesanddemandsofconsumersandthenproducinggoodsthatwillsatisfythem.Thiseye-on-the-consumerapproachisknownasthemarketingconcept,whichsimplymeansthatinsteadoftryingtosellwhateveriseasiesttoproduceorbuyforresale,themakersanddealersfirstendeavortofindoutwhattheconsumerwantstobuyandthengoaboutmakingitavailableforpurchase.

Thisconceptdoesnotimplythatbusinessisbenevolentorthatconsumersatisfactionisgivenpriorityoverprofitinacompany.Therearealwaystwosidestoeverybusinesstransaction—thefirmandtheconsumer—andeachmustbesatisfiedbeforetradeoccurs.Successfulmerchantsandproducers,however,recognizethatthesurestroutetoprofitisthroughunderstandingandcateringtoconsumers.Astrikingexampleoftheimportanceofcateringtotheconsumerpresenteditselfinmid-1985whenCocaColachangedtheflavorofitsdrink.Thenon-acceptanceofthenewflavorbyasignificantportionofthepublicbroughtaboutapromptrestorationoftheClassicCoke,whichwasthenmarketedalongsidethenew.KingCustomerruled!

1.Themarketingconceptdiscussedinthepassageis,inessence,______.

2.Whatwasthemainconcernofindustrialistsbeforethemarketingconceptwaswidelyaccepted?

3.InParagraph1,“tomoveasmuchofthesegoodsaspossible”means.

4.WhatdoestherestorationoftheClassicCokebestillustrate?

5.Indiscussingthemarketingconcept,theauthorfocuseson.

问题1选项

A.aformofpersuasivesalesmanship

B.theconsumer-centeredapproach

C.makinggoodsavailableforpurchase

D.thequickmovementofgoods

问题2选项

A.Theneedsofthemarket

B.Thepreferencesofthedealer

C.Theefficiencyoftheproduction

D.Thesatisfactionoftheuser

问题3选项

A.toredesignthesegoodforlarge-scaleproduction

B.totransportgoodsasefficientlyaspossible

C.tosellthelargestpossibleamountofgoods

D.todisposeofthesegoodsinlargequantities

问题4选项