考研考博-英语-大连医科大学考试押题三合一+答案详解4

书山有路勤为径，学海无涯苦作舟！住在富人区的她考研考博-英语-大连医科大学考试押题三合一+答案详解（图片大小可自由调整）全文为Word可编辑，若为PDF皆为盗版，请谨慎购买！第I卷一.综合题库-全考点押密(共120题)1.单选题

Hebuiltahutonapieceofroughlandheararockfall.Inthewetseasontherewasaplentifulstream,andovertheyearsheencouragedthedryforesttosurroundhimwithathickscreen.Thegreeneritbecametheeasieritwastoforgettheoutside.IntimeMelio(notwithoutsometerriblemistakes)learnthowtoliveinspiteofthedifficultiesuponthatmountainshelf.

HisonlyneighborswereafamilygroupofParakanaIndianswho,forreasonsknownonlytothemselves,tookalikingtoMelio.TheirChiefneverlookedcloselyatMelioandsaidtohimselfthatthiswhitemanwasasmadasasnakewhichchewsoffitsowntail.TheparakanastaughtMeliotocatchfishwiththehelpofawildplantwhichmadethemsenselessinthestream.Itgaveoffapowerfuldrugwhenshakenviolentlythroughthewater.Theyshoredhimbowtohuntbylayingtrapsanddigging.IntimeMelio’spieceoflandbecamearegularfarm.Hebadwildbirds,fatlong-leggedonesandthinnearlyfeatherlesschickens,andhiscormandsailedfishwasenoughtokeephimstockedupthoughthewetseason.

TheParakanaswerealwaysaroundhim.He’dneveradmititbuthecouldfeelthatthetreeswerelikethebarsofaprison:theywerewatchinghim.ItwasasifhewastherebycourtesyoftheChief.Whentheycametohim,theIndiansneverenteredhishouse,withitssteeplyslopingroofofdriedgrassandleaves.Theyhadadelicatewayofbehaving.Theyshowedthemselvesbystandingintheshadeofthetreesattheclearing’sedge.Hewasexpectedtocrossthechickenstriptowardsthem.Thentheyhadacuriousbutchiminghabitoftakingapacehackfromhim,justoneoddstepbackwardsintotheirgreencorridors.Melionevercouldpersuadethemtocomeanycloser.

ThegroupguessedatMelio’shatredforhiscivilizedbrothersinthetownsfaraway-TheyknewMeliowouldneverinviteanymorewhitemenuphere.ThispleasedtheParakanas.Itmeantthattraderslookingforrubberandjewelswouldneverreachthem.TheirMeliowouldseetothat.Theyweresafewiththismanandhishatred.

1.ItisknownfromthepassagethatMeliowantedtheforestaroundhimtobecomethickbecausethedenseleaves________.

2.TheChief'scomparisonofMeliotoasnakeisintendedtoshowthat_________.

3.WhichofthefollowingstatementsisNOTtrue?

4.ToMelio,theParakanaIndiansseemed_________.

5.Itcanbeconcludedfromthepassagethatplacedescribedbytheauthorwas___.

问题1选项

A.remindedhimofhishouseinthetownfaraway.

B.preventedtheParakanasfromwatchinghim

C.helpedhimtoforgettheworldhehated

D.protectedhimfrombeingintrudedbythewhitemeninthetown

问题2选项

A.hedidnottrustMelio

B.itwasunwisetogotooclosetoMelio

C.hebelievedMeliohatedtheParakanas

D.hethoughtMeliowasoutofhismind

问题3选项

A.Meliostayedonhisfarmforanumberofyears.

B.Meliofeltlikeaprisonerbecausehecouldn’tescapebeingwatched.

C.Meliokepthimselfalive,duringtherainyseasonbyeatingwhatbehadinstore.

D.TheParakanasthoughtMeliolivedtherebecausehewaslookingforrubberandjewels.

问题4选项

A.oddbuthateful

B.strangebutattractive

C.unhealthybutfriendly

D.cowardlybutsociable

问题5选项

A.farremovedfromcivilization

B.impossibletocultivate

C.thehomeofMelio’sIndianrelatives

D.wetalltheyearround

【答案】第1题:C

第2题:D

第3题:D

第4题:B

第5题:A

【解析】第1题:文章第一段Thegreeneritbecametheeasieritwastoforgettheoutside，树木越多，越容易忘记外面的世界。所以选项C符合题意。

第2题:文章第二段第二句theirChiefneverlookedcloselyatMelioandsaidtohimselfthatthiswhitemanwasasmadasasnakewhichchewsoffitsowntail，酋长认为Melio非常疯狂。选项D符合题意。

第3题:文章最后一段提到Melio绝对不会带其他白人进来，所以他们不需要担心有人为了橡胶和珠宝而来，选项D与之不符，所以符合题意。

第4题:文章提到whentheycametohim,theIndiansneverenteredhishousewithitissteeplyslopingroofofdriedgrassandleaves…striptowardsthem,可以推断出他们很奇怪，所以选项B符合题意。

第5题:文章描述的是一个远离文明的印第安部落，选项A符合题意。

2.翻译题

ReadthefollowingparagraphcarefullyandthentranslateitintoChinese.

Mostsocietiesderiveconsensusfromalonghistory,alanguagealltheirown,acommonreligion,orcommonancestry.Themythsbywhichtheylivearebasedonallofthese.ButtheUnitedStatesisacountryofimmigrants,comingfromagreatvarietyofnations.Lately,ithasbeenemphasizedthatanasocialnarcissisticpersonalityhasbecomecharacteristicofAmericans,andthatitisthistypeofpersonalitythatmakesforthelackofwell-being,becauseitpreventsusfromachievingconsensusthatwouldcounteractatendencytowithdrawintoprivateworlds.Inthisstudyofnarcissism,ChristopherLashsaysthatmodernman,“torturedbyself-consciousness,turnstonewtherapiesnottofreehimselfofhispersonalworriesbuttofindmeaningandpurposeinlife,tofindsomethingtolivefor.”Thereiswidespreaddistressbecausenationalmoralehasdeclined,andwehavelostanearliersenseofnationalvisionandpurpose.

【答案】大多数社会的共识来自于悠久的历史、一种完全属于自己的语言、一个共同的宗教或共同的祖先。他们赖以生存的神话就是建立在所有这些基础之上的。但是美国是一个移民国家，其移民来自许多不同的国家。最近，有人强调，孤僻和自恋已经成为美国人的性格特征，正是这种性格导致了幸福感的缺乏，因为它阻止了我们达成共识，有了共识人们才不会再退缩到自我的小天地中。在这项关于自恋的研究中，克里斯托弗•拉什认为现代人“受到自我意识的折磨，其解决办法不是从个人烦恼中解脱出来，而是在生活中找到意义和目的，并找到一生追求的东西。”由于国民士气下降，人们普遍感到不安，我们也失去了早先对国家远景和目标的认识。

3.写作题

Inthispart,youarerequiredtowriteanessayofnolessthan200wordsonWillaThriftyLifestyleDoHarmtoNationalEconomy?.Theessayshouldbebasedontheoutlinebelow:

1.Somepeopleholdtheviewthatdiligenceandfrugalityaretwovirtueslongcherishedbyournation;

2.Otherpeoplebelievethatmoresavingandlessspendingwilldoharmtooureconomy;

3.Youropinions.

【答案】WillaThriftyLifestyleDoHarmtoNationalEconomy?

Recently,therehasbeenaheateddiscussioninamainstreammagazineastowhetherathriftylifestylewilldoharmtonationaleconomy.Asthisisathought-provokingaswellasadebatableissue,itisveryhardforpeopletoreachaconsensusonit.

AccordingtoarecentquestionnaireconductedbyaneconomicorganizationinChina,48percentofrespondentsareoftheopinionthatathriftylifestyledoesharmtonationaleconomy.Intheireyes,athriftylifestylecannotstimulatethedevelopmentofnationaleconomy.Forexample,duringthelongvacationsinMayandinOctober,ifallofusstayedathomewatchingTV,playingcardsorsurfingtheInternetinsteadoftravelingalloverthecountry,ourcountry’saimofexpandingdomesticdemandwouldbeunabletobeattained.Ifso,ourspirituallifewouldbeboring.Ifso,ournationaleconomycouldnotdevelopatafastpace.

Onthecontrary,52percentofrespondentsarguethatathriftylifestylewillnotdoharmtonationaleconomy.Forexample,ifwerecyclewastethingssuchaswastepaper,wasterubber,wasteplastic,wastewateretc.,wecannotonlysavealotofenergybutalsoprotectourmilieu,whichisundoubtedlyconducivetothesustainabledevelopmentofournationaleconomy.

Inmyopinion,thriftshouldalwaysberegardedasatraditionalvirtueofournation.Intheshortrun,athriftylifestyleseemstobeabarriertothedevelopmentofournationaleconomy.Inthelongrun,beingthriftyistotheadvantageofnationaleconomy.

4.翻译题

吴歌是中国吴语地区民歌民谣的总称。吴语地区包括江苏南部、浙江北部和上海市，大致是指长江下游的三角洲地区。这里是同一种方言的文化圈，同属传统吴文化范畴。“吴”的概念随着历代区域划分而有所变化，如早期的“吴”指的是吴国领域，后来在曾包括现在的南京和扬州等地，现在所说的“吴”是地域和方言区划的概念。苏州恰在它的中心地位，它是一座以“天堂”美名享誉古今中外的历史文化名称，历史上采集吴歌，也以它为中心，在中国文学史上占有一定地位。

【答案】WuSongisthegeneralnametitleoffolksonginWulanguageareaofChina.WulanguageareaincludessouthernJiangsu,NorthernZhejiangandShanghai,referringtothedeltaareaofthelowerreachesoftheYangtzeRiver.ThisisaculturalcircleofthesamedialectbelongingtotraditionalculturalofWuareas.Theconceptof“Wu”haschangedwiththehistoricalregionaldivision,forexample,“Wu”inearlytimereferstoWuarea,lateritincludedsomepresentplaces,suchasNanjingandYangzhou.“Wu”conrrentlyisaconceptofdivisionofregionanddialect.Suzhouexactlyisinthecenterofit,whichisahistoricalculturaltitlefamedas“paradise”.ItwasalsothecenterofWuSongcollectionandoccupieditspositioninthehistoryofliterature.

5.单选题

Thenewrangeofproducts（）lastautumnisalreadysellingfarbetterthanisexpected.

问题1选项

A.launched

B.marketed

C.prevailed

D.envisioned

【答案】A

【解析】动词词义辨析。launch“上市”；market“销售”；prevail“盛行”；envision“想象”。句意：去年秋天上市的新产品销量比预期要好。选项A符合题意。

6.单选题

Thequantumtheorystates（

）,aslight,isgivenoffandabsorbedindefiniteunitscalledquantaorphotons.

问题1选项

A.energythat

B.thatitisenergy

C.itisenergy

D.thatenergy

【答案】D

【解析】考查宾语从句。states是谓语，后面接一个句子做宾语。宾语从句需要一个引导词that,另外宾语从句还缺少主语，故D项正确。句意：量子理论认为，能量，比如光，是以量子或光子的基本单位来释放和吸收的。

7.单选题

Physicsis（

）tothesciencewhichwascallednaturalphilosophyinhistory.

问题1选项

A.alike

B.equivalent

C.likely

D.uniform

【答案】B

【解析】句意:物理学也相当于一门科学，在历史上，这门科学被称为自然哲学。

考查形容词辨析。alike相同的，相似的；equivalent相等的，相同的；likely可能的，预料的，有希望的；uniform一致的，统一的。故B符合句意。

8.单选题

Printmakingisthegenerictermforanumberofprocesses,ofwhichwoodcutandengravingarewoprimeexamples.Printsaremadebypressingasheetofpaper(orothermaterial)againstanim-age-bearingsurfacetowhichinkhasbeenapplied.Whenthepaperisremoved,theimageadherestot,butinreverse.

ThewoodcuthadbeenusedinChinafromthefifthcenturyA.D.forapplyingpatternstotex-tiles.TheprocesswasnotintroducedintoEuropeuntilthefourteenthcentury,firstfortextiledecora-tionandthenforprintingonpaper.Woodcutsarecreatedbyareliefprocess:first,theartisttakesalockofwood,whichhasbeensawedparalleltothegrain,coversitwithawhiteground,andthenrawstheimageinink.Thebackgroundiscarvedaway,leavingthedesignareaslightlyraised.Theoodblockisinked,andtheinkadherestotheraisedimage.Itisthentransferredtodamppaperei-therbyhandorwithaprintingpress.

Engraving,whichgrewoutofthegoldsmith’sart,originatedinGermanyandnorthernItalyintheiddleofthefifteenthcentury.Itisanintaglioprocess(fromItalianintagliare,“tocarve”).Theim-geisincisedintoahighlypolishedmetalplate,usuallycopper,withacuttinginstrument,orburin.Theartistinkstheplateandwipesitcleansothatsomeinkremainsintheincisedgrooves.Anim-pressionismadeondamppaperinaprintingpress,withsufficientpressurebeingappliedsothattheaperpicksuptheink.

Bothwoodcutandengravinghavedistinctivecharacteristics.Engravinglendsitselftosubtlemodelingandshadingthroughtheuseoffinelines.Hatchingandcross-hatchingdeterminethedegreeoflightandshadeinaprint.Woodcutstendtobemorelinear,withsharpercontrastsbetweenlightanddark.Printmakingiswellsuitedtotheproductionofmultipleimages.Asetofmultiplesiscalledanedition.Bothmethodscanyieldseveralhundredgood-qualityprintsbeforetheoriginalblockorplatebeginstoshowsignsofwear.Massproductionofprintsinthesixteenthcenturymadeimagesavailable,atalowercost,toamuchbroaderpublicthanbefore.

1.Whatdoesthepassagemainlydiscuss?

2.Theword“prime”inline2isclosestinmeaningto().

3.Theauthor’spurposeinparagraph2istodescribe().

4.Accordingtothepassage,allofthefollowingaretrueaboutengravingEXCEPTthat

it().

5.Accordingtothepassage,whatdowoodcutandengravinghaveincommon?

问题1选项

A.Theoriginsoftextiledecoration.

B.Thecharacteristicsofgood-qualityprints.

C.Twotypesofprintmaking.

D.Typesofpaperusedinprintmaking.

问题2选项

A.principal

B.complex

C.general

D.recent

问题3选项

A.thewoodcutsfoundinChinainthefifthcentury

B.theuseofwoodcutsinthetextileindustry

C.theprocessinvolvedincreatingawoodcut

D.theintroductionofwoodcutstoEurope

问题4选项

A.developedfromtheartofthegoldsmiths

B.requiresthatthepaperbecutwithaburin

C.originatedinthefifteenthcentury

D.involvescarvingintoametalplate

问题5选项

A.Theirdesignsareslightlyraised.

B.Theyachievecontrastthroughhatchingandcross-hatching.

C.TheywerefirstusedinEurope.

D.Theyallowmultiplecopiestobeproducedfromoneoriginal.

【答案】第1题:C

第2题:A

第3题:C

第4题:B

第5题:D

【解析】1.文章开篇指出版画的制作技法主要有木刻和雕刻两种方式；接着在第二、三段分别介绍木刻、雕刻的起源、发展、制作过程；最后一段总说两种方式的特点。所以，C项Twotypesofprintmaking（两种版画制作）正确。

2.第一段指出：Printmakingisthegenerictermforanumberofprocesses,ofwhichwoodcutandengravingaretwoprimeexamples（木刻和雕刻是版画制作的两种主要方式）。prime在这里指“主要的”，A项principal“主要的”正确。

3.文章第二段主要讲述了木刻的制作过程。C项“制作木刻的过程”准确地概述了该段主旨。

4.第三段指出：Engraving,whichgrewoutofthegoldsmith’sart，originatedinGermanyandnorthernItalyinthemiddleofthefifteenthcentury（雕刻由金匠艺术中发展而来，发源于15世纪中期的德国和意大利北部地区）,所以A、C项正确；Theimageisincisedintoahighlypolishedmetalplate...（图案刻入到光滑的金属板内），所以D项正确。而B项在原文中没有体现，所以选择B项。

5.题干问的是木刻和雕刻的共同点。最后一段指出：Bothmethodscanyieldseveralhundredgood-

qualityprintsbeforetheoriginalblockorplatebeginstoshowsignsofwear（在原始的木块或金属板

用坏之前，可以生产数百张复制品）。D项符合原文意思，因此正确。

9.单选题

Thefishingvillageof1,480peopleisableakandlonelyplace.SetonthesouthwesternedgeofIceland,thevolcaniclandscapeiswhippedbytheNorthAtlanticwinds,whichhusheverythingaroundthem.Asculptureattheentrancetothevillagedepictsanakedmanfacingawallofseawatertwicehisheight.Thereisnomovietheater,andmanyresidentsneverventuretothecapital,a50-minutedriveaway.

ButSandgerdimightbetheperfectplacetoraisegirlswhohavemathematicaltalent.Governmentresearcherstwoyearsagotestedalmostevery15-year-oldinIcelandforitandfoundthatboystrailedfarbehindgirls.Thatfactwasuniqueamongthe41countriesthatparticipatedinthestandardizedtestforthatagegroupdesignedbytheOrganizationofEconomicCooperationandDevelopment.ButwhileIceland’sgirlswerealoneintheworldintheirsignificantleadinmath,theirnationaladvantageof15pointswassmallcomparedwiththeonetheyhadoverboysinfishingvillageslikeSandgerdi,whereitwascloserto30.

TheteachersofSandgerdi’s254studentswereonlymildlysurprisedbytheresults.Theysaythegendergapisastorynotoftalentbutmotivation.Boysthinkofschoolassufferingsonthewaytoafutureoffindingrichesatsea;forgirls,it’stheirticketoutoftown.MargretIngporsdottirandHannaMariaHeidarsdottir,both15,studentsatSandgerdi'sgleamingschool—whichhasasciencelaboratory,acomputerroomandawell-stockedlibrary—havenodoubtthattheyareheadedforuniversity.“IthinkIwillbeapharmacist,”saysHeidarsdottir.TheteenssatinprincipalGudjonKristjansson’sofficelastweek,waitingforaridetothenearbytownofKevlavik,wheretheywerecompetinginWestIceland’syearlymathcontest,oneofmanythroughoutIcelandinwhichgirlsexcel.

Meanwhile,bytheharbor,GisliTorHauksson,14,alreadyhasbigplansthatdon’trequirespendinghisafternoonstoilingovergeometry.“I’llbeafisherman,”hesays,justlikemostofhisancestors.Hisfatherrecentlyreturnedhomefrom60daysatseaoffthecoastofNorway.“Hecamebackwith1.1millionkrona,”about$18,000，saysHauksson.Asforschool,hesays，“itdestroysthebrain.”Heintendstoquitat16,theearliestageatwhichhecandosolegally“Aboyseeshisolderbrotherwhohasbeenatseaforonlytwoyearsandhasabettercarandabiggerhousethantheheadmaster,”saysKristjansson.

ButthestoryoffemaleachievementinIcelanddoesn'tnecessarilyhaveahappyending.Educatorshavefoundthatwhengirlsleavetheirruralenclavestoattenduniversitiesinthenation’scities,theirscienceadvantagegenerallyshrinks.While61%ofuniversitystudentsarewomen,theymakeuponlyone-thirdofIceland’ssciencestudents.Bythetimetheyenterthelabormarket,manyareovertakenbymen,whobecomedoctors,engineersandcomputertechnicians.Educatorssaytheywatchmanybrightgirlssuddenlyflinchbackinthefaceofreal,head-to-headcompetitionwithboys.InamathclassataReykjavikschool,AsgeirGurdmundsson,17,saysthatalthoughgirlswereconsistentlybrighterthanboysatschool,“theyjustseemtoleavethetechnicaljobstous.”SaysSoirunGensdottir,thedirectorofeducationattheMinistryofEducation,ScienceandCulture:“Wehavetofindawaytostopgirlsfromdroppingoutofsciences.”

Teachersacrossthecountryhavebeguntoexperimentwithwaystoraiseboystothelevelofgirlsinelementaryandsecondaryeducation.ThehighschoolinKevlawiktriedanexperimentin2002and2003,separating16-to-20-year-oldsbygenderfortwoyears.Thattimetheboysslippedevenfurtherbehind.“Theboyssaidthegirlswerebetteranyway,”saysKrlstjanAsmundsson,whotaughtthe25boys.“Theydidn’teventry.”

1.WhichofthefollowingwordscanbestdescribeSandgerdi?

2.Accordingtothepassage,thereasonwhygirlsdobetterthanboysinmathatSandgerdiismostprobablythefollowingEXCEPT（

）.

3.Thefifthparagraphsuggeststhatinthefieldofscience

（

）.

4.Girlsflinchbackinthecompetitionwithboysmostprobablybecause

（

）.

5.Whichofthefollowingisthebesttitleforthispassage?

问题1选项

A.desolate

B.poor

C.bustling

D.thriving

问题2选项

A.boysandgirlssharedifferentincentivesinmathlearning

B.thegirlsaremoreanxiousabouttheirfuturecareer

C.theboysconsiderthatfishingdoesn’tnecessarilyneedmath

D.theboysspendmoretimeontheirparttimejobs

问题3选项

A.womenhaveadvantagesovermenincompetition

B.womentendtobeinalessembarrassinglevel

C.menareplyingmoreimportantroles

D.Menareonethirdlessthanwomeninnumber

问题4选项

A.theyareshortofconfidenceinthemselves

B.employersoftenpreferboystotaketechnicaljobs

C.theyhavepoorerperformanceintechnicaljobs

D.theyarewillingtoleavetechnicaljobstoboys

问题5选项

A.AVillageInIceland

B.ALandWhereGirlsRuleinMath

C.BoysClevererThanGirls?

D.ScienceStudentsinSandgerdi

【答案】第1题:A

第2题:D

第3题:C

第4题:A

第5题:B

【解析】1.细节事实题。A选项desolate“荒凉的”；B选项poor“贫穷的”；C选项bustling“繁忙的”；D选项thriving“繁荣的”。由文章第一段中的Thefishingvillageof1,480peopleisableakandlonelyplace.（这个有1480人的渔村是一个荒凉而孤独的地方）可知Sandgerdi是一个荒凉的地方，因此选A。

2.细节事实题。由文章第三段中的Theysaythegendergapisastorynotoftalentbutmotivation.（他们说性别差距不是来自资质的差别，而是学习动力的差别）可知D选项“男孩们把更多的时间花在兼职上”符合题意，A、B、C选项都与“学习动力”有关。

3.推理判断题。由文章第五段中的While61%ofuniversitystudentsarewomen,theymakeuponlyone-thirdofIceland’ssciencestudents.Bythetimetheyenterthelabormarket,manyareovertakenbymen,whobecomedoctors,engineersandcomputertechnicians.（尽管61%的大学生是女性，但她们只占冰岛理科学生的三分之一。当他们进入劳动力市场时，许多人被男性所取代，他们成为医生、工程师和计算机技术人员）可知C选项“男人扮演着更重要的角色”符合题意。

4.推理判断题。由文章倒数第二段中的Educatorssaytheywatchmanybrightgirlssuddenlyflinchbackinthefaceofreal,head-to-headcompetitionwithboys.（教育家们说，他们看到许多聪明的女孩在面对真实的、面对面的与男孩的竞争时突然退缩）可知A选项“她们对自己缺乏信心”符合题意。

5.主旨大意题。文章主要介绍了在冰岛上的Sandgerdi由于男女学生学习的动机不一样，女生在数学成绩上男生优秀，因此B选项“女生在数学上占统治地位的地方”符合题意。

10.单选题

TheindustrializationofEuropewhichstartedinthe18thcenturyproducedurbanslimswhichweresweptperiodicallybyepidemicsoftyphoidandtyphus.WhileisolatedgeographicallyfromthescourgesofEurope,Americawasoccasionallyhitwithepidemicsofitsown,especiallyinthegrowingeastcoastcities.Recognizingthatdiseasemaybecomingfromtheshipsthatdockedintheirports,citiesinstitutedquarantinesduringoutbreaks.Treatmentsforwidespreaddisease,however,didnotimprove.

In1847,thenewly-formedAmericanMedicalAssociationsponsoredaninvestigationoflargeU.ScitiesandfoundthatlivingconditionsformanyresidentshadbecomeasbadastheworstslumsofEurope.Itconcludedthatwithoutimprovementsinhygieneandlivingstandards,European-typeepidemicswouldsoonhitAmericancities.Italsoadvocatedcollectingvitalstatisticstotrackthecountry’sbirthanddeathrates.Soonafterthis,manybureausofvitalstatisticswereorganized.IncludinginOhio,wherebirthanddeathstatisticswerecollectedatthecountrylevelbeginningin1867.Localsanitarycommissionsformedincitiesandtowns,spurredonbyreformmovementswhichstressedhealthierlivingandcleanwater.TheMassachusettsSanitaryCommission,forexample,soughtbetterventingofcityhomestoremoveanynoxiousodorsandfumesthatmightcausedisease.Toprovideplentifulwater,32waterworkswerebuiltinthecountryby1825,andalmost600wereaddedby1880.Unfortunatelyitwasassumedthatfree-flowingwaterwaspure,sothefirstfiltrationplantwasnotbuiltuntil1871.Thefirstnationalconventiontoestablishuniformquarantinelaws,metinPhiladelphiainMay1857,andfourmoresuchconventionstodiscusspublichealthissueswereheldbeforetheCivilWardisruptedthemovement.

TheAmericanPublicHealthAssociationwasfoundedin1872bysomeofthosewhoattendedtheseearlierconventions.ThefollowingyearthenumberofboardsofhealthintheU.S.Increasedfrom4to123.Themostsignificanteventinthepublichealthmovement,however,wasthedevelopmentofthegermtheoryandtherealizationthatdiseasecouldbecontagious.

1.AmericawasprotectedfromtheperiodicepidemicsoftyphoidandtyphusinEuropebecauseof（

）.

2.Theword“hygiene”inline13isclosestinmeaningto（

）.

3.WhatfeardidtheAmericanMedicalAssociationhave?

4.WhichofthefollowingactionsdoestheauthorimplywasdoneinresponsetotheAmericanMedicalAssociationrecommendations?

5.Theword“noxious”inline22isclosestinmeaningto.

6.Thefirstfiltrationplantwasnotbuiltuntil1871because（

）.

7.Theword“contagious”inline36isclosestinmeaningto（

）.

8.Throughoutthepassage,theauthorimpliesthatpublichealth（

）.

问题1选项

A.bettersanitation

B.lessurbanslums

C.delayedindustrialization

D.geographicalisolation

问题2选项

A.salary

B.Sanitation

C.protection

D.behavior

问题3选项

A.thatlivingstandardswouldnotimprove

B.thatAmericanslumswouldbeasbadasthoseinEurope

C.thatAmericanslumscouldleadtoEuropean-typeepidemics

D.thatwithoutimprovements，AmericancitieswouldbecomelikeEuropeancities

问题4选项

A.collectingvitalstatistics

B.quarantinefacilities

C.removingnoxiousodorsandfumes

D.geographicalisolationofdisease

问题5选项

A.harmful

B.unpleasant

C.lingering

D.obvious

问题6选项

A.ofdisruptionbytheCivilWar

B.uniformquarantinelawscouldnotbeagreeduponatthefirstnationalconvention

C.ittookatotaloffivenationalconventionstoagreeonuniformquarantinelaws

D.free-flowingwaterwasthoughttobepure

问题7选项

A.serious

B.inherited

C.contained

D.catching

问题8选项

A.wasregardedasaEuropeproblem

B.wasslowertodevelopinAmericanthaninEurope

C.treatmentswerenotdevelopedwithanunderstandingofthethreats

D.actionswereusuallyuniformedandineffective

【答案】第1题:D

第2题:B

第3题:C

第4题:A

第5题:A

第6题:A

第7题:D

第8题:D

【解析】1.细节判断题。根据文章第一段WhileisolatedgeographicallyfromthescourgesofEurope,Americawasoccasionallyhitwithepidemicsofitsown,especiallyinthegrowingeastcoastcities.由于美国的地理位置远离欧洲，所以是偶尔受到影响，避免了周期性的传染。所以D选项‘地理位置’符合题意。

2.词义推测题。上文提到美国医学会发现美国居民的生活环境十分恶劣，急需提高……A“薪水”、C“保护”和D“行为”都与改善城市的居民生活环境没有关系，排除。文章第二段末尾处提到卫生委员会在各个城市及乡镇中开始成立，出现了Sanitaiy，所以B选项‘环境卫生’符合题意。

3.语义理解题。第二段开头提到美国医学会通过调查发现大多数美国城市的生活环境和欧洲最差的贫民窟相差无几。如果不提高卫生和生活条件，欧洲的流行病会袭击美国。因为美国医学会担心美国恶劣的生活环境会引发类似欧洲的流行病，所以C选项‘美国的贫民窟可能会导致欧洲式的流行病‘符合题意。A“生活条件没有改善”、B“美国贫民窟生活条件会和欧洲的一样差”以及D“如果生活条件不改善，美国城市就会和欧洲城市一样”是美国医学会得出的结论，不是他们害怕的事情。

4.细节判断题。第二段第三句的主语为“It”，指AmericanMedicalAssociation“advocated”v.主张，提倡，和题干中“recommendationn.提倡”意思基本一致。所以可以推断答案为A。B“检疫机构”在疫情爆发期间由城市建立。C“消除有害气体”是MassachusettsSanitary的任务。D“远离病源”是客观存在事实。因此排除B、C、D。

5.词义推测题。...anynoxiousodorsandfumesthatmightcausedisease”中that引导定语从句解释前面的“noxiousodorsandfumes”。只有A“Harmful”与“mightcausedisease”意思相同，所以A选项正确。

6.语义理解题。因为B、C选项文章中都没有提及。文章第二段最后提到“不幸的是，纯净的自来水厂到1871年才建成。”，D“自来水应该是纯净的”不符合文意。第二段最后一句提到“公共卫生领域运动由于内战而中断。”所以A选项正确。

7.词义推测题。全文都在谈论美国意识到病源是从欧洲传染来的，为了降低疾病发生率，因此采取了一系列措施提高居民的生活环境，所以D选项“传染的”符合题意。

8.根据文中第一段Treatmentsforwidespreaddisease,however,didnotimprove文中倒数第二段Unfortunatelyitwasassumedthatfree-flowingwaterwaspure,sothefirstfiltrationplantwasnotbuiltuntil1871.都表明作者认为出现卫生问题时，人们显得无知以及所做的行为无效。所以D选项‘（卫生问题）的行动总是显得无知和无效’正确。文中只说European-typeepidemicswouldsoonhitAmericancities.并不能得到A选项‘公共卫生问题被看作如同欧洲难题’的结论。ThefollowingyearthenumberofboardsofhealthintheU.S.Increasedfrom4to123.可以证明treatment是随着对anunderstandingofthethreats的发展而发展，所以C选项‘临床治疗没有随着对疾病传染的认识而发展‘也是错误的。B选项‘（卫生问题）美国比欧洲发展的慢’文中没有提到，排除。

11.单选题

Oneoftheattractivefeaturesofthecoursewasthewaythepracticalworkhadbeen（）withthetheoreticalaspectsofthesubject.

问题1选项

A.embraced

B.alternated

C.adjusted

D.integrated

【答案】D

【解析】动词词义辨析。embraced包含；alternated交替，轮流；adjusted调整；integrated整合，使……成为整体。句意：这门课程吸引人的一个特点是：实践工作与该学科理论方面相结合。选项D符合句意。

12.单选题

Thetraditionalappealoftheincometaxhascomefromitswideacceptanceasafairtax,closelyrelatedtoanindividual’sabilitytopay.Formanyyearstheincometaxprovidedlargefederalincomewithoutimposingheavyburdensonthegreatmajorityofpeople.Bythemid-20thcentury,however,seriouscriticismsoftaxloopholeswereheard;concertedattemptsatreformresultedonlyinamorecomplexanderodedtaxbase.Thesituationworsenedinthe1970s,asrisinginflationpushedpeopleintohighertaxbracketsalthoughtheirincomewerebarelykeepingpacewithrisingprices.Thispressurefurthererodedpublicconfidenceinthefairnessoftheincometax;atthesametimeitcreatedstrongincentivestoutilizetaxsheltersandotherloopholes,aswellastoconcealoff-the-recordincome.Built-ininflationadjustmentswereadopted,firstbyanumberofstatesandthenin1985bythefederalgovernment.

Incometaxpolicyisinevitablycontroversialbecauseitrestsessentiallyonjudgmentsthatmustbeconstantlyreconsideredassocialvalueschange.Thecomplextaskofworkingoutthemanyreductionsandexclusionstobeallowedfromincomebecausetheyeithermakeforgreaterfairnessamongtaxpayersorpromoteworthysocialgoals(suchascharitablecontributions)isboneofthemostdifficultandpoliticallysensitiveproblemsfacedbygovernments.

Anothermajorareaofdisputeiswhetherwagesandsalariesshouldbetaxedthesamewayasbusinessprofitsor