高级英语课件Inaugural-Address

InauguralAddressJohnF.KennedyUnit4

1InauguralAddressJohnF.KenneTeachingObjectivesToknowthefeaturesofapoliticalspeechToappreciatethelanguagefeaturesofKennedy’saddressToacquaintthestudentswithsomefamousEnglishspeechesTotakethisspeechasagoodexampletolearnsometechniquesinwritingaspeech2TeachingObjectivesToknowtheTeachingFocusThedifferencebetweenaspeechandanargumentPoliticalbackgroundBiblicalandancientRomanstylewritingsandallusionsAround-aboutwayinvaguetermstoconveypoliticalviewswhicharenotopenlystated3TeachingFocusThedifferencebTeachingMethodsTeacher-orientedteachingmethodStudent-orientedteachingmethodTheelicitedmethod4TeachingMethodsTeacher-orientTeachingProcedureⅠ.IntroductoryRemarksⅡ.BackgroundInformationⅢ.LearningFocusⅣ.KeywordsandExpressionsⅤ.ExplanationoftheText5TeachingProcedureⅠ.IntroductⅥ.DivisionoftheTextⅦ.TheWritingStyleⅧ.RhetoricalDevicesⅨ.Exercises6Ⅵ.DivisionoftheText6IntroductoryRemarks7IntroductoryRemarks7Ⅰ.IntroductoryRemarksJ.F.Kennedyaddressesaworldwideaudienceinhisinauguralspeech.Hemakesageneralstatementofbasicpolicygoals.8Ⅰ.IntroductoryRemarksJ.F.KTheUnitedStatesispreparedtopayanyprice,bearanyburden,andmeetanyhardshiptodefendhumanrights,libertyandindependenceoffreenations.Headdressesdifferentgroupsofalliednationsorwould-beallies,aswellastheUnitedNations.9TheUnitedStatesispreparedHeturnstohisenemy,warningthattheU.S.ispreparedtoopposeanyfoeatallcosts,sothey’dbetternegotiateandcooperatewithU.S..Heappealstohiscountrymenandcitizensoftheworldforsupportandsacrificeinordertodefendhumanrightsandfreedom.10Heturnstohisenemy,warningPresidentKennedy’sfinestmasterpieceandoneofthebestspeeches.Itisapersuasivespeechwiththeclearpurpose:toexplain,convinceandpersuadethepeoplethatwhatheissayingandwhatheisplanningtodobestrepresenttheirinterestssotheyshouldsupporthim.11PresidentKennedy’sfinestmasDetailedStudyoftheText12DetailedStudyoftheText12Ⅱ.BackgroundInformation1.BriefIntroductiontoJohnKennedyOnNovember22,1963,whenhewashardlypasthisfirstthousanddaysinoffice,JohnFitzgeraldKennedywaskilledbyanassassin'sbulletsashismotorcadewoundthroughDallas,Texas.KennedywastheyoungestmanelectedPresident;hewastheyoungesttodie.

13Ⅱ.BackgroundInformation1.2．InaugurationthepeacefultransferofpowerfromoneindividualtoanothergoingbacktoPresidentGeorgeWashingtontheinductionofthenewpresidentwasscheduledonMarch4,everyfourthyearsince1793142．Inauguration14ithastakenplaceonJanuary20since1937theinauguralballin1809fourorfiveballroomsinWashington15ithastakenplaceonJanuary3.SolemnOath

“IdosolemnlyswearthatIwillfaithfullyexecutetheOfficeofPresidentoftheUnitedStates,andwill,tothebestofmyability,preserve,protectanddefendtheConstitutionoftheUnitedStates.”163.SolemnOath16Ⅲ.LearningFocusTounderstandthepoliticalbackgroundToappreciatethebiblicalandancientRomanstylewritingsandallusionsTounderstandaround-aboutwayinvaguetermstoconveypoliticalviewswhicharenotopenlystated17Ⅲ.LearningFocusTounderstand1818Ⅳ.KeywordsandExpressions1.inaugural:a.ofaninaugurationinauguration(n.),inaugurate(v.)theprofessor’sinaugurallecture2.symbolize:v.tobeasymbolof;standforInEurope,thecolorwhitesymbolizespurity.19Ⅳ.KeywordsandExpressions1.3.signify:v.tobeasignorindicationof;meanRecentchangesinclimatemaysignifythatglobalwarmingisstartingtohaveaneffect.4.almighty:a.havingunlimitedpower;all-powerfulAlmightyGod/Father203.signify:v.tobeasignor5.prescribe:v.tosetdownasaruleordirection;orderwhatpunishmentdoesthelawprescribeforcorruption?6.abolish:v.todoawaywithcompletely;putanendto;Thelegislaturepassedalawtoabolishthesurtax.215.prescribe:v.tosetdowna7.temper:v.tostrengthenthroughexperienceorhardship;toughenThosesoldiershadbeentemperedbycombat.8.discipline:v.tosubjecttodiscipline;train;controlStudentsmustlearntodisciplinethemselves.227.temper:v.tostrengthenth9.oppose:v.toresist;withstand;Manymembersofthecouncilopposedthebuildingoftheluxuryhousesinthecenterofthecity.10.assure:v.tomake(difficultthing)certain;guaranteeIcanassureyouofthereliabilityofthenews.239.oppose:v.toresist;withs11.venture:n.abusinessprojectoractivity,especiallyonethatinvolvestakingrisksajointventure12.iron:a.cruel,mercilessirondiscipline2411.venture:n.abusinesspro13.renew:v.togooveragain;sayagain;repeatIrenewedmyspiritsinthecountry.14.forum:n.assemblyforthediscussionofpublicmattersorcurrentquestionsTheletterpageofthisnewspaperisaforumforpublicargument.2513.renew:v.togooveragain15.shield:n.anypersonorthingthatguards,protectordefends16.unleash:v.toreleaseorletgofromorasfromaleashleash:n.(leadesp.AmE)Alldogsmustbekeptonaleashinpublicplaces.leash:v.tocontrolananimal,esp.adog,withleadorleash2615.shield:n.anypersonort17.stay:v.restrainThegovernmenttriestostaytheprogressofthedisease.18.invoke:v.toasksolemnlyfor;begfor;imploreIinvokedtheirforgiveness.2717.stay:v.restrain2719.eradicate:v.togetridof;wipeout;destroyTheirgoalwastoeradicatethepovertyinthecountryside.20.testimony:n.formofevidence,indication;proofTheseresultsareatestimonytoyourhardwork.2819.eradicate:v.togetrido21.shrink:v.toavoidorwishtoavoidtakingaction;bereluctant;withdrawAshymanshrinksfrommeetingstrangers.22.atissue:indispute;tobedecided;indisagreementWhatisatissueistheextenttowhichexamresultsreflectastudent’sability.2921.shrink:v.toavoidorwis23.atodds:indisagreement;quarrelling;antagonisticHewasatoddswithhiscolleagues.24.castoff:todiscard;abandonThetownisstilltryingtocastoffitsdullimage.3023.atodds:indisagreement;Ⅴ.ExplanationoftheTextPara.1:Kennedyemphasizestheimportanceofhiselectionaspresident.ItisnotsimplyavictoryoftheDemocraticPartyovertheRepublicanParty.Itcelebratesthefreedomofpeopletoelectfreelytheirownheadofthestate.Itsymbolizestheendofonepresidentialtermandthebeginningofnewone.Thepresidencyiscontinued,butthepresidenthaschanged.31Ⅴ.ExplanationoftheTextParaPara.2:Notonlytheadministrationhasbeenchanged,buttheworldhaschangedalot.Para.3:Kennedyexhortshiscountrymenandforcefullydeclareshisdeterminationto“payanyprice”todefendhumanrightandlibertyathomeandaroundtheworld.32Para.2:NotonlytheadministPara.4:Liketheprecedingone,Kennedyaddressestofriendandfoeatthesametime.Itpromisetosupportanyfriendandopposeanyfoe.Para.5:transitionfromthegeneralcountriestospecificones.33Para.4:LiketheprecedingonePara.6:Itreferstothoseoldallieswiththesameculturalandspiritualorigins,esp.Englishspeakingcountries,suchasCanada,Britain,Australia,NewZealandetc.34Para.6:ItreferstothoseoldParas.7&8:Kennedyaddressesthegovernmentsandpeopleofnewlyindependentcountries,thethirdworlddevelopingcountries.HepromisetogivethemeconomicaidbutwarnthemnottogoovertheCommunist.35Paras.7&8:KennedyaddressestPara.9:KennedyaddressesallthecountrieslyingtoSouthoftheU.S.incentralandsouthAmerica.TheU.Shasalwaystriedtodominatethesecountriesandhasquiteofteninterferedintheirinternalaffair.36Para.9:KennedyaddressesallPara.10:KennedypledgeshissupporttoUnitedNations.Para.11-13:Kennedyaddresseshisenemy.Hepointsoutthedestructivepowerofwarandputforwardproposalforarmscontrolnegotiation,cooperationinfieldsofscienceandspaceexploration.37Para.10:KennedypledgeshissPara.14-20:Kennedyputsforwardhisdifferentproposalsbyemployingtheparallelstructuresthroughouttheseparagraphs.38Para.14-20:KennedyputsforwaPara.21-27:KennedyappealstohisfellowAmericanstosupporthimandbereadytodoeverythingtheycan,eventosacrificetheirlives,ifnecessary,fortheircountry.39Para.21-27:KennedyappealstoMainPointsTheAppropriateUseofWordsa.“Tooursisterrepublics…”(para.9)b.“…makethemselvesadversary…”(para.11)40MainPointsTheAppropriateUse1.Threewaystoswaypeople1)throughevidenceandreasoning;2)throughhisowncredibility;3)throughappealstothepeople’sbasicsocial,biological,andpsychologicalneeds,wants,anddesires411.Threewaystoswaypeople412.Thedeliberateuseofapseudo-RomanstyleandBiblicallanguagea.“andyetthesamerevolutionary…fromthehandofGod.”(para.2)b.“Lettheworldgoforthfromthistimeandplace…(para.3)422.Thedeliberateuseofapsec.“tostrengthenitsshieldofthenew,…whichitswritmayrun.”(para.10)d.“Andso,myfellowAmericans…yourcountry.”(para.25)43c.“tostrengthenitsshiⅥ.DivisionoftheTextPart1

Paras.1-5:ageneralstatementofbasicpolicygoals.Part2

Paras.6-9:Kennedyaddressesdifferentgroupsofalliednationsorwould-beallies.44Ⅵ.DivisionoftheTextPart1Part3Paras.11-19:Kennedyspeakstohisenemy.Part4Paras.21-27:Kennedyappealstohiscountrymenforsupportandsacrifice.45Part345SummaryoftheText46SummaryoftheText46Ⅶ.TheWritingStyleWellorganizedandhighlyrhetoricalVariousfiguresofspeechTheappropriateuseofwords,parallelandbalancedstructures47Ⅶ.TheWritingStyleWellorganRepetitionofimportantwordsandphrases,andantithesisDeliberateuseofapseudo-RomanstyleorBiblicallanguageinsomeplaces48RepetitionofimportantwordsSummaryoftheTextoneofthebestinauguraladdressesitsobject:toexplain,convinceandpersuadepeoplethatwhatheissayingandplanningtodobestrepresentstheirinterestssotheyshouldsupporthim49SummaryoftheTextoneoftaddressingaworldwideaudienceandappealingnotonlytotheAmericanpeoplebutalsotothedifferentgroupsofnationsintheinternationalcommunity50addressingaworldwideaudiconsistingofthreeparts:introduction,bodyandconclusionextremelywellorganized,highlyrhetoricalandfulloflogicalreasoningandemotionalappeal51consistingofthreeparts:variousfiguresofspeechtheappropriateuseofwords,somestructuralrhetoricaldevices:parallelandbalancedstructures,repetitionofimportantwordsandphrasesantithesisforthesakeofforce,vividnessandemotionalappeal52variousfiguresofspeech5FeaturesoftheSpeechMostlypersuasionwithverylittleexplanationTorelychieflyonasuccessfulappealtoemotionsNotimetocitefactsandreasonswhichcouldconvinceFirsttounderstandthepsychologyoftheaudiencetowhomheisdirectinghiswords53FeaturesoftheSpeechMostlToemploysuitablerhetoricaldevicesandwordstocreatethedesiredemotionalimpactSuccessfulwhentheaudienceisexcitedanddoesnothavemuchtimetothinkorwhentheaudienceisreadysusceptibletothemessageofthespeakerPoliticaldemagogyreliesonemotionalappealforitssuccess54ToemploysuitablerhetoricⅧ.RhetoricalDevicesalliteration:friendandfoe(para.3)payanyprice,bearanyburden55Ⅷ.RhetoricalDevicesalliteratmetaphor:torch--inspirationandidealsridingthebackoftiger--seekingtheaidofthesocialistcountriesthemasterofitsownhouse--Americathatfirecantrulylighttheworld--theenergy,faith,devotionofAmericanpeople56metaphor:56parallel:verbphrase--payanyprice,…meetanyhardship,supportanyfriend,andopposeanyfoe.(para.4)Paras.6,7,8,10,11beginwiththesametypeofphrases:Tothoseoldallies…Paras.15,16,17,18beginwiththesametypeofphrases:Letbothsides…57parallel:57repetition:“allforces”and“belief”(para2)“committed”(para.3)“good”and“free”(para9)“beyonddoubt”(para12)58repetition:58antithesis:Afigureofspeechwhichassumesabalancedstructureandemphasizesacontrastinmeaningbyplacingantonymsinparallelposition,generallytoproduceasoundrhythm,andexpressesgreatwisdomthroughbrevity.59antithesis:59antithesis:“United,thereislittle,Divided,thereislittle..”(para.6)“Ifafreesocietycannot…whoarerich”(para.8)“Letbothsidesexplore…divideus.”(para.15)“…asknotwhatyourcountrycandoforyou…foryourcountry”(para.25)“…notasacall…tobattle,..”(para.22)60antithesis:60synecdoche:“…thatstaythehandofmankind’sfinalwar.”(para.13)rhetoricalquestion:

“Canweforgeagainst…forallmankind?”(para.23)61synecdoche:61Exercises62Exercises62Ⅸ.ExercisesOralPresentationMakeafive-minutepresentationinclassbasedonyourresearch.Suggestedtopics:1.ThepositionofJohnF.KennedyinAmericanhistory2.TheColdWar63Ⅸ.ExercisesOralPresentation6Discriminatebetweenthesesynonyms.1.mortal,fatal,deadly,lethal2.faithful,loyal,constant,staunch,resolute64Discriminatebetweenthesesyn1.mortal,fatal,deadly,lethalFatalifusedtodescribeanythingthatiscapableofcausingorthatactuallyhascauseddeath;itcarriesastrongsuggestionoftheinevitabilityoffateAnillnesswhichmightnotbeseriousforayoungperson,butwhichwillalmostcertainlyprovefataltoanoldperson.651.mortal,fatal,deadly,lethDeadlyisinterchangeablewithfatalinthissense.LeukemiaisadeadlydiseaseDeadly,however,inawaythatfatalcannot,canrefertoapersonwhodesiresorseekstocausethedeathofanotherperson.Themurderedmanhadmanydeadlyenemies.66DeadlyisinterchangeablewithMortal,likedeadly,canbeappliedbothtothingsorpeoplethatcause,arecapableofcausing,orseektocausesomeone’sdeath.(Becauseofanancientfamilyfeud,thetwocousinshadbeenmortalenemiesfrombirth).67Mortal,likedeadly,canbeapInitsreferencetothings,mortaldiffersfromfatalanddeadlyonlyinthefactthatitisusuallyfoundincontextswhichdetailadeaththathasalreadyoccurred.Hewasstruckdownbyamortalblowuponthehead.68Initsreferencetothings,moLethalreferstosomethingwhich,becauseofsomeintrinsicqualityinitsmake-up,iscertaintocausedeath,andmayindeedexistfortheexpresspurposesofcausingdeath.Cyanideisalethalpoison.69LethalreferstosomethingwhiWiththeexceptionoflethal,allthesewordscanbeusedtodescribesomethingthatcausesgreatfearordiscomfort,orthatbringsaboutdisasterorruin,butthatdosenotleadtophysicaldeath.afatalmistake;adeadlyinsult;inmortalterror.70Withtheexceptionoflethal,2.faithful,loyal,constant,staunch,resoluteFaithfulimpliescontinued,steadfastadherencetoapersonorthingtowhichoneisboundbyanoath,duty,obligation,etc.afaithfulwifeorhusband712.faithful,loyal,constant,loyalimpliesundeviatingallegiancetoaperson,cause,institution,etc.whichonefeelsmorallyboundtosupportordefendaloyalfriendconstantsuggestsfreedomfromficklenessinaffectionsorloyaltiesaconstantlover72loyalimpliesundeviatingallestaunch(orstanch)impliessuchstrongallegiancetoone’sprinciplesorpurposeasnottoturnedasidebyanycauseastaunchdefenderofthetruth73staunch(orstanch)impliessuresolutestressesunwaveringdetermination,ofteninadheringtoone’spersonalendsoraimsShewasresoluteinherdecisiontostay.74resolutestressesunwaveringdREAD,THINKANDCOMMENTThefollowingispartofMartinLutherKing’sspeech“IHaveaDream–AddressatMarchonWashington”deliveredonAugust28,1963,inWashington,D.C.Readitandsumupandcommentonhisrhetoricaldevices.75READ,THINKANDCOMMENT75MartinLutherKingJr.’sspeech“IhaveaDream”isoneofthegreatestspeechesinAmericanhistoryandoneofthemostfamousaroundtheworld.Thespeakerusesavarietyofrhetoricaldevicestogiveforceandrhythmtohisspeech.Thefollowingaresomeofthem.76MartinLutherKingJr.’sspeecParallelsentencestructures:“Ihaveadreamtoday.Ihaveadreamthat…”;“Letfreedomring…”;“Withthisfaith…”Repetitionofkeywords:“together”Metaphors:“whosegovernor’slipsarepresentlydrippingwiththewords”;“everyvalleyshallbeexalted,everyhillandmountainshallbemadelow,theroughplaceswillbemadeplain,andthecrookedplaceswillbemadestraight”;“thejanglingdiscordsofournationintoabeautifulsymphonyofbrotherhood”;etc.77Parallelsentencestructures:Quotationfrom“MyCountry,‘TisofThee”,alsoknownas“America”,anAmericanpatrioticsong.WordsfromtheoldNegrospiritual:“Freeatlast!Freeatlast!ThankGodAlmighty,wearefreeatlast!”Biblicalstyle:“thegloryoftheLordshallberevealed,andallfleshshallseeittogether”;“whenallofGod’schildrenbeabletosing”;“Letfreedomringfrom…”78Quotationfrom“MyCountry,‘T2022/11/24792022/11/2379InauguralAddressJohnF.KennedyUnit4

80InauguralAddressJohnF.KenneTeachingObjectivesToknowthefeaturesofapoliticalspeechToappreciatethelanguagefeaturesofKennedy’saddressToacquaintthestudentswithsomefamousEnglishspeechesTotakethisspeechasagoodexampletolearnsometechniquesinwritingaspeech81TeachingObjectivesToknowtheTeachingFocusThedifferencebetweenaspeechandanargumentPoliticalbackgroundBiblicalandancientRomanstylewritingsandallusionsAround-aboutwayinvaguetermstoconveypoliticalviewswhicharenotopenlystated82TeachingFocusThedifferencebTeachingMethodsTeacher-orientedteachingmethodStudent-orientedteachingmethodTheelicitedmethod83TeachingMethodsTeacher-orientTeachingProcedureⅠ.IntroductoryRemarksⅡ.BackgroundInformationⅢ.LearningFocusⅣ.KeywordsandExpressionsⅤ.ExplanationoftheText84TeachingProcedureⅠ.IntroductⅥ.DivisionoftheTextⅦ.TheWritingStyleⅧ.RhetoricalDevicesⅨ.Exercises85Ⅵ.DivisionoftheText6IntroductoryRemarks86IntroductoryRemarks7Ⅰ.IntroductoryRemarksJ.F.Kennedyaddressesaworldwideaudienceinhisinauguralspeech.Hemakesageneralstatementofbasicpolicygoals.87Ⅰ.IntroductoryRemarksJ.F.KTheUnitedStatesispreparedtopayanyprice,bearanyburden,andmeetanyhardshiptodefendhumanrights,libertyandindependenceoffreenations.Headdressesdifferentgroupsofalliednationsorwould-beallies,aswellastheUnitedNations.88TheUnitedStatesispreparedHeturnstohisenemy,warningthattheU.S.ispreparedtoopposeanyfoeatallcosts,sothey’dbetternegotiateandcooperatewithU.S..Heappealstohiscountrymenandcitizensoftheworldforsupportandsacrificeinordertodefendhumanrightsandfreedom.89Heturnstohisenemy,warningPresidentKennedy’sfinestmasterpieceandoneofthebestspeeches.Itisapersuasivespeechwiththeclearpurpose:toexplain,convinceandpersuadethepeoplethatwhatheissayingandwhatheisplanningtodobestrepresenttheirinterestssotheyshouldsupporthim.90PresidentKennedy’sfinestmasDetailedStudyoftheText91DetailedStudyoftheText12Ⅱ.BackgroundInformation1.BriefIntroductiontoJohnKennedyOnNovember22,1963,whenhewashardlypasthisfirstthousanddaysinoffice,JohnFitzgeraldKennedywaskilledbyanassassin'sbulletsashismotorcadewoundthroughDallas,Texas.KennedywastheyoungestmanelectedPresident;hewastheyoungesttodie.

92Ⅱ.BackgroundInformation1.2．InaugurationthepeacefultransferofpowerfromoneindividualtoanothergoingbacktoPresidentGeorgeWashingtontheinductionofthenewpresidentwasscheduledonMarch4,everyfourthyearsince1793932．Inauguration14ithastakenplaceonJanuary20since1937theinauguralballin1809fourorfiveballroomsinWashington94ithastakenplaceonJanuary3.SolemnOath

“IdosolemnlyswearthatIwillfaithfullyexecutetheOfficeofPresidentoftheUnitedStates,andwill,tothebestofmyability,preserve,protectanddefendtheConstitutionoftheUnitedStates.”953.SolemnOath16Ⅲ.LearningFocusTounderstandthepoliticalbackgroundToappreciatethebiblicalandancientRomanstylewritingsandallusionsTounderstandaround-aboutwayinvaguetermstoconveypoliticalviewswhicharenotopenlystated96Ⅲ.LearningFocusTounderstand9718Ⅳ.KeywordsandExpressions1.inaugural:a.ofaninaugurationinauguration(n.),inaugurate(v.)theprofessor’sinaugurallecture2.symbolize:v.tobeasymbolof;standforInEurope,thecolorwhitesymbolizespurity.98Ⅳ.KeywordsandExpressions1.3.signify:v.tobeasignorindicationof;meanRecentchangesinclimatemaysignifythatglobalwarmingisstartingtohaveaneffect.4.almighty:a.havingunlimitedpower;all-powerfulAlmightyGod/Father993.signify:v.tobeasignor5.prescribe:v.tosetdownasaruleordirection;orderwhatpunishmentdoesthelawprescribeforcorruption?6.abolish:v.todoawaywithcompletely;putanendto;Thelegislaturepassedalawtoabolishthesurtax.1005.prescribe:v.tosetdowna7.temper:v.tostrengthenthroughexperienceorhardship;toughenThosesoldiershadbeentemperedbycombat.8.discipline:v.tosubjecttodiscipline;train;controlStudentsmustlearntodisciplinethemselves.1017.temper:v.tostrengthenth9.oppose:v.toresist;withstand;Manymembersofthecouncilopposedthebuildingoftheluxuryhousesinthecenterofthecity.10.assure:v.tomake(difficultthing)certain;guaranteeIcanassureyouofthereliabilityofthenews.1029.oppose:v.toresist;withs11.venture:n.abusinessprojectoractivity,especiallyonethatinvolvestakingrisksajointventure12.iron:a.cruel,mercilessirondiscipline10311.venture:n.abusinesspro13.renew:v.togooveragain;sayagain;repeatIrenewedmyspiritsinthecountry.14.forum:n.assemblyforthediscussionofpublicmattersorcurrentquestionsTheletterpageofthisnewspaperisaforumforpublicargument.10413.renew:v.togooveragain15.shield:n.anypersonorthingthatguards,protectordefends16.unleash:v.toreleaseorletgofromorasfromaleashleash:n.(leadesp.AmE)Alldogsmustbekeptonaleashinpublicplaces.leash:v.tocontrolananimal,esp.adog,withleadorleash10515.shield:n.anypersonort17.stay:v.restrainThegovernmenttriestostaytheprogressofthedisease.18.invoke:v.toasksolemnlyfor;begfor;imploreIinvokedtheirforgiveness.10617.stay:v.restrain2719.eradicate:v.togetridof;wipeout;destroyTheirgoalwastoeradicatethepovertyinthecountryside.20.testimony:n.formofevidence,indication;proofTheseresultsareatestimonytoyourhardwork.10719.eradicate:v.togetrido21.shrink:v.toavoidorwishtoavoidtakingaction;bereluctant;withdrawAshymanshrinksfrommeetingstrangers.22.atissue:indispute;tobedecided;indisagreementWhatisatissueistheextenttowhichexamresultsreflectastudent’sability.10821.shrink:v.toavoidorwis23.atodds:indisagreement;quarrelling;antagonisticHewasatoddswithhiscolleagues.24.castoff:todiscard;abandonThetownisstilltryingtocastoffitsdullimage.10923.atodds:indisagreement;Ⅴ.ExplanationoftheTextPara.1:Kennedyemphasizestheimportanceofhiselectionaspresident.ItisnotsimplyavictoryoftheDemocraticPartyovertheRepublicanParty.Itcelebratesthefreedomofpeopletoelectfreelytheirownheadofthestate.Itsymbolizestheendofonepresidentialtermandthebeginningofnewone.Thepresidencyiscontinued,butthepresidenthaschanged.110Ⅴ.ExplanationoftheTextParaPara.2:Notonlytheadministrationhasbeenchanged,buttheworldhaschangedalot.Para.3:Kennedyexhortshiscountrymenandforcefullydeclareshisdeterminationto“payanyprice”todefendhumanrightandlibertyathomeandaroundtheworld.111Para.2:NotonlytheadministPara.4:Liketheprecedingone,Kennedyaddressestofriendandfoeatthesametime.Itpromisetosupportanyfriendandopposeanyfoe.Para.5:transitionfromthegeneralcountriestospecificones.112Para.4:LiketheprecedingonePara.6:Itreferstothoseoldallieswiththesameculturalandspiritualorigins,esp.Englishspeakingcountries,suchasCanada,Britain,Australia,NewZealandetc.113Para.6:ItreferstothoseoldParas.7&8:Kennedyaddressesthegovernmentsandpeopleofnewlyindependentcountries,thethirdworlddevelopingcountries.HepromisetogivethemeconomicaidbutwarnthemnottogoovertheCommunist.114Paras.7&8:KennedyaddressestPara.9:KennedyaddressesallthecountrieslyingtoSouthoftheU.S.incentralandsouthAmerica.TheU.Shasalwaystriedtodominatethesecountriesandhasquiteofteninterferedintheirinternalaffair.115Para.9:KennedyaddressesallPara.10:KennedypledgeshissupporttoUnitedNations.Para.11-13:Kennedyaddresseshisenemy.Hepointsoutthedestructivepowerofwarandputforwardproposalforarmscontrolnegotiation,cooperationinfieldsofscienceandspaceexploration.116Para.10:KennedypledgeshissPara.14-20:Kennedyputsforwardhisdifferentproposalsbyemployingtheparallelstructuresthroughouttheseparagraphs.117Para.14-20:KennedyputsforwaPara.21-27:Ken