英国文学史课件

英国文学史与选读

讲座课件汤富华2004年3月1a英国文学史与选读汤富华2004年3月1a通过作品找意境，通过中西文学对比，让文学课升华至文化课，让我们的学生成为自己的主人。2a通过作品找意境，通过中西文学对比，让文学课升华至文化EarlyandMedievalEnglishLiteratureGeoffreyChaucer,thefounderofEnglishpoetry,wasborn,about1340,inLondon.Hewasthesonofawinemerchantwhohadconnectionswiththecourt.3aEarlyandMedievalEnglishLitFrancisBacon“OfStudies”ToberecitedComparedwith《劝学篇》4aFrancisBacon“OfStudies”Tobe

Studiesservefordelight,forornament,andforability.Theirchiefusefordelight,isinprivatenessandretiring,forornament,isindiscourse;andforability,isinthejudgmentanddispositionofbusiness.Fordifferentexpertmancanexecute,andperhapsjudgeofparticulars,onebyone;Butthegeneralcoursesandtheplotsandmarshallingofaffaires,comebestfromthosethatarelearned.Tospendtoomuchtimeonstudyissloth,tousethemtoomuchforornament,isaffectation,tomakejudgmentonlybytheirrules,isthehumorofascholar.Theyperfectnatureandareperfectedbyexperience,fornatureabilitiesarelikenatureplants,thatneedtobepruningbystudy,andstudiesthemselvesdogiveforthdirectionstoomuchatlarge.OfStudies5aStudiesservefordelight君子曰：学不可以已。青，取之于蓝，而青于蓝；冰，水为之，而寒于水。木直中绳，揉以为轮，其曲中规，虽有槁暴，不复挺者，輮使之然也。故木受绳则直，金就砾则利。君子博学而日参省乎己，则知明而行无过矣。吾尝终日而思矣，不如须臾之所学也。吾尝跂而望矣，不如登高之博见也。登高而招，臂非加长也，而见者远。顺风而呼，声非加疾也，而闻者彰。假舆马者，非利足也，而致千里。假舟辑者，非能水也，而绝江河。君子生非异也，善假于物也。积土成山，风雨兴焉。积水成渊，蛟龙生焉。积善成德，而神明自得，圣心备焉。故不积跬步，无以至千里；不积小流，无以成江海。骐骥一跃，不能十步；驽马十驾，功在不舍。锲而舍之，朽木不折；锲而不舍，金石可镂。蚓无爪牙之利,筋骨之强，上食埃土，下饮黄泉，用心一也。蟹六跪而二螯，非蛇蟺之穴无可寄托者，用心躁也。荀子·劝学6a君子曰：学不可以已。青，取之于蓝，而青于蓝；冰，水为ThomasMore(1478-1535)Hewasborninamiddle-classfamily.hisfatherwasaprominentlawyer,andlaterajudge.Ascholarbynature,hebecamealawyer.QuiteearlyhewaselectedtoParliamentandheactedasthespokesmanofLondonmerchantswhowereoneoftheprincipalstaysoftheTudormonarchy.7aThomasMore(1478-1535)Hewas

DanielDefoe:1660-1731SonofJamesandMaryFoe,amerchantfamilycommittedtoPuritanism(Presbyterians)SoundeducationatMorton’sAcademy.OnlyAnglicanscouldgraduatefromOxfordorCambridge.1684:MarriesMaryTuffley,anheiresswith3,700ayear.8a

DanielDefoe:1660-1731SonofFoughtbrieflyintheDukeofMonmouth’srebellionagainstJamesII.Bankruptcyanddebtturnedhimtowardswriting.1701:writes“TheTrueBornEnglishman”1703:Pilloriedforwriting“TheShortestWaywithDissenters.”9aFoughtbrieflyintheDukeofDefoe’sRobinsonCrusoe1719:FirstvolumeofRobinsonCrusoe.Ahitwithlowerandmiddleclasses.BasedontheexperienceofAlexanderSelkirk.1722:MollFlanders.AnovelthatdrawsonhisownexperienceinNewgateprison.10aDefoe’sRobinsonCrusoe1719:FCrusoe:1810edition11aCrusoe:1810edition11aSamuelJohnson(1709—84)lexicographer,criticandpoet,wasborninLichfield,Stafforshire,thesonofapoorbookseller.AfterstudyingatOxfordforlittlemorethanayear,hewasforcedtoleavetheuniversitybypoverty.Thenfollowedhislongstruggleasahackwriter.In1741,somebooksellersaskedJohnsontocompileadictionaryortheEnglishlanguage.Ittookhimeightyearstofinishthisenormouswork,andin1755his“Dictionary”waspublished.12aSamuelJohnson(1709—8

Johnsonthoughtthat“allwasfalseandhollow”despisedthehoneyedwords,andwrotealettertoLordChestfield,saying“whenIhadonceaddressedyourlordshipinpublic,Ihadexhaustedalltheartorpleasingwhicharetiredanduncourtlyscholarcanpossess.”

LettertoLordChestfield13a13a文艺复兴14a文艺复兴14a《最后的晚餐》（意大利）达·芬奇画1495-1497年米兰圣玛利亚·格拉契修道院藏文艺复兴美术三杰15a《最后的晚餐》（意大利）达·芬奇画文艺复兴《蒙娜丽莎》意大利达·芬奇画木板油画77×53厘米1503-1505年巴黎卢浮尔宫博物馆藏自画像16a《蒙娜丽莎》意大利达·芬奇画木板油画自画像1《西斯廷教堂天顶画》局部壁画36·54×13·14米米开朗期罗（意大利）梵帝冈西斯廷教堂藏（1475-1564年）西斯庭教堂内景17a《西斯廷教堂天顶画》局部壁画36·54×13·14《椅中圣母》（油画）（意大利）拉斐尔（1514-1516年）选自18a《椅中圣母》选自1

WilliamShakespeare

1564-1616“Alltheworld'sastage,Andallthemenandwomenmerelyplayers.”19aWilliamShakespeare

1564-161BorninStratfordThe3rdof8kidsMarriedatage18(hiswifewas26)WorkedasanactorBy1594atleast6 playshadbeen published

20aBorninStratford20a TheGlobeTheater1599Burnedin161321a TheGlobeTheater1599BurTheNewGlobeTheater199922aTheNewGlobeTheater19 ComediesTheTamingoftheShrewMuchAdoAboutNothingAsYouLikeITwelfthNightMidsummerNight’sDream23a ComediesTheTamingof TragediesHamletRomeoandJulietOthelloKingLearMacbeth24a TragediesHamlet24aHamlet25aHamlet25a

Sonnet18WilliamShakespeareShallIcomparetheetoasummer’sday?Thouartmorelovelyandmoretemperate:RoughwindsdoshakethedarlingbudsofMay,Andsummer’sleasehathalltooshortadate:SometimetoohottheeyeoftheheavenshinesAndoftenishisgoldcomplexiondimmed;Andeveryfairfromfairsometimedeclines,Bychanceornature’schangingcourseuntrimmed;Butthyeternalsummershallnotfade,Norlosepossessionofthatfairthouow’st;Norshalldeathbragthouwander’stinhisshade,Whenineternallinestotimethougrow’st:Solongasamancanbreathe,oreyescansee,Solonglivesthis,andthisgiveslivetothee.26aSonnet1826a致橡树我如果爱你——/绝不学攀援的凌霄花，/借你的高枝炫耀自己；

我如果爱你——/绝不学痴情的鸟儿，/为绿荫重复单调的歌曲；

也不止像泉源/常年送来清凉的慰籍；/也不止像险峰，

增加你的高度，/衬托你的威仪。/甚至日光/甚至春雨

不，这些都还不够/我必须是你近旁的一株木棉，

作为树的形像和你站在一起。/根，相握在地下；

叶，相触在云里。/每一阵风吹过，我们都互相致意，

但没有人/听懂我们的言语/你有你的铜枝铁干，

像刀像剑也像戟；/我有我红硕的花朵，/像沉重的叹息，

又像英勇的火炬/我们分担寒潮风雷霹雳；

我们共享雾霭流岚虹霓；/仿佛永远分离，却又终身相依

这才是伟大的爱情，/坚贞就在这里/爱/不仅爱你伟岸的身躯，

也爱你坚持的位置，/足下的土地。27a致橡树27aJohnMilton(1608—1674)“ParadiseLost”ItsmeaningofequityBackground：JohnMilton,thegreatestEnglishpoetafterShakespeare,wastheonegreatliteraryfigurewhowanttriedseriouslytocombineRenaissanceandReformation.Hisrichstoriesofclassicallearningwithrevivalofdeepreligiousfeeling.28aJohnMilton(1608—1674)“Paradi

Milton’sworkcanbedividedintothreecreativeperiod.Thefirstperiodwasupto1641,duringwhichtimehewastobeseenchieflyasasonofthehumanityandElizabethans,althoughhisPuritanismwasnotabsent.MiltonisoneoftheveryfewtrulygreatEnglishwriterswhoisalsoaprominentfigureinpoliticsandwhoisbothagreatpoetandimportantprosewriter.29aMilton’sworkcanbedivid渡边淳一30a渡边淳一30aTheAgeofRomanticism

1750-185031aTheAgeofRomanticism

1750-18Thisculturaleraisacontinuationof,&overlapswith,theEnlightenment.Itscharacteristicsinclude:RomanticloveLiberalismandfreedomAnupsurgeofnationalism&patriotismSympathyforthepoor&lessfortunate.AnappreciationofnatureAfascinationwithhorror32aThisculturaleraisacontinuRomanticArtistsJohnConstableJ.M.W.TurnerEugeneDelacroixJ.F.Goya33aRomanticArtistsJohnConstableARomanticPaintingbyJohnConstable34aARomanticPaintingbyJohnCoRomanticMusiciansWolfgangSebastianBachLudwigvonBeethoven“immortalbeloved”JohanBrahms;FredericChopinFranzList;PeterTchaikovskyFranzSchubert;RichardWagnerGuiseppiVerdi35aRomanticMusiciansWolfgangSebWolfgangSebastianBach

Germancomposer&organist36aWolfgangSebastianBach

GermanLudwigvonBeethoven

Greatcomposerofsymphonies37aLudwigvonBeethoven

GreatcomRomanticHistoriansGeorgHegel-CommunismJulesMichelet-IdealizationofFrenchhistoryGeorgeBancroft-DivineProvidenceforUSAThomasCarlyle-GreatMentheoryThomasBillingtonMcCaulay-BritishhistoryHeinrichvonTreitschke-Germannationalism38aRomanticHistoriansGeorgHegelFirstBicycle:Germany,1816

nopedals,chains,orbrakes.39aFirstBicycle:Germany,1816

nFirstmannedBalloonFlightA70ft.tallballoonscendedinParisinNovember,1783.Ittraveled7&1/2milesin26minutes;andreachedaheightof3000feet.40aFirstmannedBalloonFlightA7RobertBurns(1759—?)

“ARed,RedRose”“AuldLangSyne”RomanticAuthors41aRobertBurns(1759抒发情怀是文人墨客的做派，同时也是所有读书人表达对时事，人生百态的观点的最好的一种方式。中西文化在这一点上是完全相同的。42a抒发情怀是文人墨客的做派，同时也是所有读书人表

Burns的ARed,RedRose是一首难得的好情诗。AuldLangSyne.更是成了全世界家喻户晓的好歌，很像中国的王洛宾的那首《在那遥远的地方》。其实，抒发像AuldLangSyne这种韵味，无论哪个民族都有，如《月光下的凤尾竹》由施光南作曲，云南傣族人用葫芦丝演奏的曲调也有异曲同工的效果。要启发学生读进文学作品，同时也要走出文学作品，将作品给予的启发和感受时刻与现实生活相联系。更要通过阅读脍炙人口的作品提高个人的修养。43aBurns的ARed,RedRHerbertSchillerGermanromanticistwhoidealizedheroicdeedsandstrugglesforfreedom.44aHerbertSchillerGermanromantiWolfgangvonGoethe,authorof“Faust”45aWolfgangvonGoethe,authorSirWalterScottAuthorofIvanhoe&RobRoy.RomanticthemesincludedScottishnationalism&independence.46aSirWalterScottAuthorofIvanSamuelTaylorColeridgeUsedimagesofphantomsandterrorsarisingfromthedepthsoftheemotions.AuthorofTheRimeoftheAncientMariner.47aSamuelTaylorColeridgeUsedimWilliamWordsworth

romanticpoetry48aWilliamWordsworth

romanticp49a49aWilliamWordsworthprincipalpoem：

WearesevenLinesWritteninEarlySpringTothecuckooIWonderedlonelyasacloudTheSolitaryReaperIntimationsorImmortalityThePrelude50aWilliamWordsworth50aIWanderedLonelyasaCloud----WilliamWordsworthIwanderedlonelyasacloudThatfloatsonhigho’ervalesandhills,WhenallatonceIsawacrowd,Ahost,ofgoldendaffodils;Besidethelake,beneaththetress,Flutteringanddanceinthebreeze.ContinuousasthestarsthatshineAndtwinkleonthemilkyway,Theystretchedinthenever-endinglineAlongthemarginofabay;TenthousandsayIataglance,Tossingtheirheadsinsprightlydance.Thewavesbesidethemdanced;buttheyOutdidthesparklingwavesinglee;Apoetcouldnotbutbegay,Insuchajocundcompany;Igazed–andgazed–butlittlethoughtWhatwealththeshowtomehadbrought:Foroft,whenonmycouchIlieInvacantorinpensivemood,TheyflashuponthatinwardeyeWhichistheblissofsolitude;Andthenmyheartwithpleasurefills,Anddancewiththedaffodils.123451aIWanderedLonelyasaCloudI轻轻的我走了，

正如我轻轻的来；

我轻轻的招手，

作别西天的云彩。

那河畔的金柳

是夕阳中的新娘

波光里的艳影，

在我的心头荡漾。

软泥上的青荇，

油油的在水底招摇；

在康河的柔波里，

我甘心做一条水草

再别康桥那树荫下的一潭，

不是清泉，是天上虹

揉碎在浮藻间，

沉淀着彩虹似的梦。

寻梦？撑一支长篙，

向青草更青处漫溯，

满载一船星辉，

在星辉斑斓里放歌

但我不能放歌，

悄悄是别离的笙箫；

夏虫也为我沉默，

沉默是今晚的康桥！

悄悄的我走了，

正如我悄悄的来；

我挥一挥衣袖，

不带走一片云彩。

徐志摩52a轻轻的我走了，

正如我轻轻的来；

我轻轻的招手，

徐志摩是20世纪初中国杰出的诗人、散文家,是一个值得敬佩和怀念的名字。他不仅在五四新文学史上是“新月社”的巨挚、“新月诗派”的祭酒,在新文学创作上所发射的光芒,如日中天,久而不晦;而且他风流、浪漫的人生,同样是那样传奇瑰丽,又富有诗情画意,可与中国的李商隐、温庭绚、杜牧,英国的拜伦、雪莱、济慈相媲美。悲喜交织的爱情,放荡不羁的生活,外圆内方的交际,惊世骇俗的创作,绝顶天才的智慧,卑己自牧的性格,浪迹天涯的漫游,构成了徐志摩的卓尔不群,更为中国文坛平添了不少佳话。53a徐志摩是20世纪初中国杰出的诗人、散文家,是一个值得

徐志摩的一生,是浪漫不羁的一生,虚无缭纱的一生,耐人寻味的一生,所以有人说他胸襟开阔,心灵纯洁,人格高尚,作品光辉,举世无双,名垂千古;也有人说他颓废堕落,道德败坏,色情猥亵,风花雪月,风流倜傥。徐志摩逝世70年来,人们仍没有真正地了解和认识他。那些“评传”之类的书籍,就像流水账一样,记录了徐志摩支离破碎的一生,却未能深入地剖析当时中国知识分子所面临的种种磨难,特别是对西方文化的接受;至于徐志摩的作品如何融合东西方文化的格调和趣味,研究的人更少。54a徐志摩的一生,是浪漫不羁的一生,虚无缭纱的一生,耐人徐志摩原名章垿,号志摩,浙江海宁人。1920年获美国哥伦比亚大学社会学硕士,后转英国剑桥大学取得特别生资格,在王家学院随意选课听讲。从此他抛弃了以往攻读的社会学、经济学,改学文学,他的思想和生活发生了很大变化。徐志摩在剑桥期间致力于西洋文学的钻研,历时两年。这个时期,他的感情如山洪暴发,生命受到一种伟大力量的震撼。缤纷的花雨,不成熟的意念,新诗的心境,我们可以从他的那篇《想飞》看出这时候他思想生活的轨迹。这时的徐志摩已由一个单纯的爱国青年,转变成为一个浪漫诗人,并创立了“生活是艺术”的所谓“艺术的人生观”。55a徐志摩原名章垿,号志摩,浙江海宁人。1920年获

刘心皇曾这样评价说,徐志摩之所以可爱,除了徐志摩绝没有一般文人的小气、多疑、嫉妒、搬弄是非,或是今日连甲攻乙,明日连丙攻甲……的毛病之外,尤其在于(1)性格好:热情诚挚,淳朴天真,有赤子之心,是一团同情,是一团爱。(2)对朋友好:他有同情心,是朋友之间的连锁。(3)对一般人好:他对任何人任何事绝没有怨恨,永不恨人,也永想不到人会恨他。(4)极风趣:很自然地讨人欢喜,他一生决不让人苦闷。这是对徐志摩其人的一个极好的概括,入微入妙,逼真逼肖。摘自：《风流才子——徐志摩》56a刘心皇曾这样评价说,徐志摩之所以可爱,除了徐志摩绝没Oblithenew-comer!Ihaveheard,

Iheartheeandrejoice.

OCuckoo!shallIcalltheeBird,

Or

butawanderingVoice?

WhileIamlyingonthegrass

ThytwofoldshoutIhear;

Fromhilltohillitseemstopass

Atoncefaroff,andnear.

ThoughbabblingonlytotheVale,

Ofsunshineandofflowers,

Thoubringestuntomeatale

Ofvisionaryhours.

Thricewelcome,darlingoftheSpring!

Evenyethouarttome

Nobird,butaninvisiblething,

Avoiceamystery;

AndIcanlistentotheeyet;

Canlieupontheplain

Andlisten,tillIdobeget

Thatgoldentimeagain.

OblessedBird!theearthwepace

Againappearstobe

Anunsubstantial,faeryplace;

Thatisfithomeforthee!Thesamewhominmyschoolboydays

Ilistenedto;thatCry

Whichmademelookathousandways

Inbush,andtree,andsky.

ToseektheedidIoftenrove

Throughwoodsandonthegreen;

Andthouwertstillahope,alove;

Stilllongedfor,neverseen.

57aOblithenew-comer!IhaveheaGeorgeGordon,LordByron:1788-1824Acquireshistitleatage10fromhisgreat-unclethe“WickedLordByron.”MoveswithhismothertoNewsteadAbbey,nearNottingham1801:attendsHarrow1805:CambridgeMeetshishalfsisterAugustaduringthisperiod.1807:FirstvolumeofpoetryHoursofIdleness.58aGeorgeGordon,LordByron:178Byron:1807-18151807:Byrondepartsonhisgrandtour—toLisbon,Spain,GreeceandAlbania.BeginsworkonChildeHarold’sPilgrimage.1810:VisitsTurkey.1811:At24,ByronreturnstoLondon.1812:ThefirsttwocantosofChildeHarold’sPilgrimagepublished.1814:TheCorsair1815:HebrewMelodies

59aByron:1807-18151807:ByrondeThe“mad-bad-anddangerous”LordByronLiaisonswithLadyCarolineLamb;LadyOxford.ScandalandgossipabouthisrelationshipwithAugusta,whosechildisnamedMedora(heroineofTheCorsair).1815:MarriesAnnabellaMilbanke.AnnabellaleavesafewweeksafterthebirthofAugustaAda60aThe“mad-bad-anddangerous”LByron:1816-18191816:ByronsettlesinGeneva,nearPercyandMaryShelley,andClaireClairmont.1817:beginsworkonManfred.LeavesforVenice.ContinuesworkonthethirdandfourthcantosofChildeHarold.SellsNewsteadAbbeyfor£94,5001819:FirsttwocantosofDonJuan.61aByron:1816-18191816:ByronseByron:1819-18241819:MeetsCountessTeresaGuiccioliandherCarbonarifamily.1821:Publishesanothermysteryplay,Cain.RobertSoutheyfollowswithhiscommenton“theSatanicSchool.”ByronpublishesTheVisionofJudgmentarebuttaltoSouthey.1823:JoinstheGreekwarofindependence.Fallsillin1824anddiesinAprilattheageof36.62aByron:1819-18241819:MeetsCoTheByronicHeroGoethe’sFaustPartoneispublishedin1808.InGeneva,ByronmeetsM.G.LewisauthorofTheMonkwhotranslatesFaust.PartTwoofGoethe’sFaustispublishedposthumouslyin1832.ThefigureofGoethe’sEuphorionisbasedonByron.Goethe:“Byronisnotantiqueandisnotromantic,butheisthepresentdayitself.SuchaoneIhadtohave.Moreover,hewasjustmymanonaccountofhisunsatisfiednatureandofhiswarlikebent,whichledhimtohisdoomatMissolonghi.”63aTheByronicHeroGoethe’sFaust

ShewalksinBeautyShewalksinbeauty,likethenight

Ofcloudlessclimesandstarryskies;

Andallthat'sbestofdarkandbright

Meetinheraspectandhereyes:

Thusmellow'dtothattenderlight

Whichheaventogaudydaydenies.Oneshadethemore,oneraytheless,

Hadhalfimpair'dthenamelessgrace

Whichwavesineveryraventress,

Orsoftlylightenso'erherface;

Wherethoughtsserenelysweetexpress

Howpure,howdeartheirdwelling-place.

Andonthatcheek,ando'erthatbrow,

Sosoft,socalm,yeteloquent,

Thesmilesthatwin,thetintsthatglow,

Buttellofdaysingoodnessspent,

Amindatpeacewithallbelow,

Aheartwhoseloveisinnocent!64aShewalksinBeaPercyByssheShelley(1792-1822)“OdeToTheWestWind”“Ozymandias”65aPercyByssheShelley(1792-1822PercyShelly,foughtinjustice;andGreekwarofindependencefromtheTurks.66aPercyShelly,foughtinjustice67a67aMakemethylyre,evenastheforestis:

Whatifmyleavesarefallinglikeitsown?

Thetumultofthymightyharmonies

Willtakefrombothadeepautumnaltone,

Sweetthoughinsadness.Bethou,Spiritfierce,

Myspirit!Bethoume,impetuousone!

Drivemydeadthoughtsovertheuniverse,

Likewither’dleaves,toquickenanewbirth;

And,bytheincantationofthisverse,

Scatter,asfromanunextinguish’dhearth

Ashesandsparks,mywordsamongmankind!

Bethroughmylipstounawaken’dearth

Thetrumpetofaprophecy!OWind,

IfWintercomes,canSpringbefarbehind?

OdetotheWestWindChart5

68aMakemethylyre,evenasthe69a69aJohnKeats(1795-1821)“ToAutumn”Seasonofmistsandmellowfruitfulness,

Closebosom-friendofthematuringsun;

Conspiringwithhimhowtoloadandbless

Withfruitthevinesthatroundthethatch-evesrun;

Tobendwithapplesthemossedcottage-trees,

Andfillallfruitwithripenesstothecore;

Toswellthegourd,andplumpthehazelshells

Withasweetkernel;tosetbuddingmore,

Andstillmore,laterflowersforthebees,

Untiltheythinkwarmdayswillnevercease,

ForSummerhaso'er-brimmedtheirclammycells.

70aJohnKeats(1795-1821)SeasonoWhohathnotseentheeoftamidthystore?

Sometimeswhoeverseeksabroadmayfind

Theesittingcarelessonagranaryfloor,

Thyhairsoft-liftedbythewinnowingwind;

Oronahalf-reapedfurrowsoundasleep,

Drows'dwiththefumeofpoppies,whilethyhook

Sparesthenextswathandallitstwinédflowers:

Andsometimeslikeagleanerthoudostkeep

Steadythyladenheadacrossabrook;

Orbyacider-press,withpatientlook,

Thouwatchestthelastoozingshoursbyhours.

71aWhohathnotseentheeoftamiWherearethesongsofSpring?Ay,wherearethey?

Thinknotofthem,thouhastthymusictoo,—

Whilebarrédcloudsbloomthesoft-dyingday,

Andtouchthestubble-plainswithrosyhue;

Theninawailfulchoirthesmallgnatsmourn

Amongtheriversallows,bornealoft

Orsinkingasthelightwindlivesordies;

Andfull-grownlambsloudbleatfromhillybourn;

Hedge-cricketssing;andnowwithtreblesoft

Thered-breastwhistlesfromagarden-croft;

Andgatheringswallowstwitterintheskies.

72aWherearethesongsofSpring?Http:///byron.html提供拜伦的生平、年谱、诗选、书信选、图像以及诗人同时代人和文学批评家对诗人的评论，还有相关的链接。Http:///engphil/gallery/byron.html提供拜伦的生平、书信和日记全篇以及相关站点链接。Http:///139/提供雪莱的生平和诗歌全集。73aHttp:///byHttp://www.libary.utoronto.ca/utel/rp/authors/shelly.html提供雪莱诗选和散文选。Http:///keats.html提供济慈的生平、年谱、诗选、书信选、图像、诗人同时代人和文学批评家对诗人的评论以及有关济慈的学术论文，还有相关站点链接。Http://www.bl.uk/exhibitions/keats提供济慈生平、诗选、诗歌朗诵及图像等74aHttp://www.libary.utoronto.ca/75a75aDickens’NovelsTheFirstPeriod“SketchesbyBoz”1836-37“PickwickPapers”1837-38“OliverTwist”1838-39“NicholasNickleby”1840-41“OldCuriosityShop”“BarnabyRudge”76aDickens’NovelsTheFirstPerioTheSecondPeriod1842“AmericanNotes”1843-45“MartinChuzzlewit”1843“AChristmasCarol”(aChristmasbook)1844“TheChimes”(aChristmasbook)1845“TheCricketontheHearth”(aChristmasbook)1846-48“DombeyANDSon”1849-50“DavidCopperfield”

77aTheSecondPeriod77aTheThirdPeriod1852-53“BleakHouse”1854“HardTime”1855-57“LittleDorrit”1859“ATaleofTwoCites”1860-61“GreatExpectations”1864-65“OurMutualFriend”1870“EdwinDrood”78aTheThirdPeriod78aHttp://www.helsinki.fi/kasv/nokol/dickens.html提供狄更斯的生平、创作以及各种评论。Http:///victorian/dickens/dickensov.html提供英国维多利亚时代社会历史、政治面貌和宗教习俗以及狄更斯小说的文学意想、人物肖像和叙述结构等。79aHttp://www.helsinki.fi/kasv/noJaneAusten(1775—1817)“PrideandPrejudice”“SenseandSensibility”“Emma”“Persuasion”“MansfieldPark”80a80aJaneAusten(1775—1817)“PrideandPrejudice”Itisthestoryofayounggirlwhorejectsanofferofmarriagebecausetheyoungnoblemanwhomakesithasbeenrudetoherfamily.Itisaveryplotbutaroundittheauthoresshaswovenvividpicturesortheeverydaylifeofsimplecountrysociety.Purpose:askthestudentstoreadnovelsofthetimethattheyclearlygetawareofit.Likethetimeeconomy,historyandpersons.Alsoalotofincidentswhicharerelatedtothem.Onlyonthebaseifthroughunderstandingthehistorywithregardstoeconomic,militaryandevenclimaticchangeordevelopmentcanwefullyunderstandtheheroortheheroingoftheliteraturalworld.81aJaneAusten(1775—1817)81aBesidesthisweshouldcomparethemwithpresenttimeifthetimeofourownculture.LikeVictorianageandlateQingDynasty,studentsshouldknowChaoXueqin,LinZhenxu.Alsosomequestionsshouldberaisedalwaysinthemind.WhyVictorianAgewassopowerfulintermsofhereconomicandmilitaryandindustrialdevelopment.Assignment:AessayonTessoftheD’Urbervilles,JaneEyre,PrideandPrejudice.82aBesidesthisweshouldcom1.Throughallthewritingpracticestudentscangetmorebenefitsinnarration.TalksanddiscussiononTesswouldsetpeoplethinking.SupposeTess’shappyending.Whatitwouldbelike?Askstudentstoprepareimaginedending.hopingTesswillhappilylivewithAngelandwiththebabygrowinghealthily.2.OthernovelistsoftheVictorianAge:ElizabethCleghornGaskell(1818—1865).Shehasastrongsympathyfortheworkers.Masterpiece:Cranford,MarryBarton,BiographyofCharlotteBronte83a1.83aJaneAustencompletedsixnovels,NorthangerAbbey,Persuasion,SenseandSensibility,PrideandPrejudice,MansfieldPark,andEmma.Hernovelswerepublishedanonymouslyowingtotheprejudiceprevailingatthetimeconcerningthewritingofnovelsbyalady.Livingaquietlifeinthecountryside,shekepthereyessteadilyuponthepeopleandincidentsaboutherm,andwrotethesmallpartoftheworldshelivedin.84aJaneAustencompletedsix“PrideandPrejudice”hasbeenthemostwidelyreadamongthem.Austenbegantowriteitwhenshewas21.Butthemanuscript“wentbegging”for16yearsatthedoorsofpublishersbeforeitwaspublishedin1813.Itisthestoryofayounggirlwhorejectedanofferofmarriagebecausetheyoungnoblemanwhomakesithasbeenrudetoherfamily.Itisaverythinplot,butaroundittheauthoresshaswovenvividpicturesiftheeverydaylifeofsimplecountrysociety.Throughdescriptionidthedailytalksanddoingsoftheyoungmenandthewomen.Austenpaintstheircharacters.Sheisatherbestinwritingaboutyounggirls,becausesheunderstoodthemastonishinglywell.85a“PrideandPrejudice”hasbVictorianAgeQueenVictorianwastherulerofEnglishfrom1837to1901,soitiscustomarytocallthewritingproducedduringthislongstretchoryearsVictorianliterature.Threephases:theEarlyVictorianPeriod(1832—1848),atimeoftroubles:theMid—VictorianPeriod(1848—1870),atimeofeconomicprosperingandreligiouscontroversy;andtheLastPeriod(1870—1901),atimecharacterizedbydecayofVictorianvalues.86aVictorianAge86a试图以历史学观察中国文化、经济、政治、军事的发展史兼与英国同时期的文学作品作比较。维多利亚时期的世纪人物：马克思、亚当斯密、达尔文、狄更斯、萨克雷、哈代.中国该时代的人物有慈禧、曹雪芹、林则徐、魏源。细目：1、以英国为首的资本主义大扩张2、工人的生活条件和宪章运动3、改革4、达尔文的进化论5、妇女问题87a试图以历史学观察中国文化、经济、政治、军事的发展史兼维多利亚时期的文学乐观主义与悲观主义者：CharlesDickensDavidCopperfieldWilliamMakepeaceThomasHardyElizabethCleghornGaskell88a维多利亚时期的文学88aVictorianPoetry维多利亚时期的诗歌AlfredLordTennyson89aVictorianPoetry89a“JaneErye”透析Jane与Helen的对话中善与恶的启蒙思想，两人对Helen的不同看法，展示了人群的价值观“善为先”如Jane眼中Temple是可恶的，而Helen如此:MissTempleisfullofgoodness.Sheguiltytellsmeofmymistakes,andpraisesmeifIdowell.Jane在成长的变化中已是显露出起善念的转变。Jane的婶子Mrs.Reed在临死前与Jane的对话又可看出其善念开始下降。90a“JaneErye”90a

“WhydidIneverhearofthis?Iasked,amaze.IhatedyousomuchthatIwrotebacktohim,tellinghimyouhaddiedotyphusfeveratLowood.Thatwasmyrevengeonyou,forcausingmesomuchtrouble!”Shecriedangrily.“Dearaunt,”Isaid,“don’tthinkaboutthatanymore…解释：从Jan对Rochester的求婚的对白试图说明男女之间情爱的追求和人生命赋义。91a“WhydidIneverhearofth92a92aThomasHardy(1840—1928).Novelistandpoet,isoneotherepresentativesofEnglishcriticalrealismattheturnofthe19thcentury.HewasborninDorset,asoutherncountryofEngland,whichhecalledWessexinhisbooks.Hardywroteprodigiously.HisprincipalworksaretheWessexNovel.i.e.thenovelsdescribingthecharactersandenvironmentofhisnativecountryside.Theyinclude“UndertheGreenwoodTree”.FarfromMaddingCrowd.TheMayorofCasterbridge.Judetheobscure.93aThomasHardy(1840—1928).93aThomasHardy“TessoftheD’Urbervilles”Questions:themodernmeaningofemaleproblem;women’sliberation.IstherestillaTessaroundyou?TherefigureAlec,AngelClare,talkerofTess,aregoodpeople.

一百年前的人物在现实社会中的意义，从Tess的悲剧看爱情的宿命和幸福的乌托邦。思考该小说对学生的生活指导意义。

Tess是悲剧的总和，从Alec和Angel的来往，对女性的看法沿袭了古代的做法。94aThomasHardy94aLecturewithDebate：TalksTopic:ComparisonbetweenCharlesDickensandWilliamMakepeaceThackerayThecoincidenceofthesamebirthperiodofthetwogreatnovelistsThemainideaorroughimpressionofthetwo.Whyyoulikeeitherofthem?Thackeray,borrowingBunyan’sidea“Vanitycity”regardthecircleopettybourgeoisandaristocraticsocietyasVanityFaire,afairewhereshouldsoldallsortsofvanity.Therefore,atthisfaireareallsuchmerchandisesold,ashorses,lands,trades,places,honors,preferments,titlescountries,Kingdoms,lusts,pleasuresanddelightsofallsorts,aswhores,bawdswives,husbands,children,masters,servants,lives,blood,bodies,souls,silver,gold,pearls,preciousstonesandwhatnot95aLecturewithDebate：95a96a96aMathewArnold(1822—1888)“DoverBeach”ExplanationoftheircityDoverwhererecentlyabout50ChineseweredeadduringstrugglingtransporttoEnglandfromSpainAlsotellthestudentsthespe