名词解释+问题

名词解释+问题名词解释+问题名词解释+问题资料仅供参考文件编号：2022年4月名词解释+问题版本号：A修改号：1页次：1.0审核：批准:发布日期：ExplanationsChapter1NewEngland:thenortheasterncorneroftheUnitedStatesincludingthepresentstatesofMaine,NewHampshire,Vermont,Massachusetts,RhodeIslandandConnecticut.GreatLakes:thefivelakesbetweenCanadaandtheUS.TheyareLakeSuperior,LakeMichigan,LakeHuron,LakeErieandLakeOntario.Chapter3MayflowerCompact:thefirstgoverningdocumentofPlymouthColony,draftedbythe“Pilgrims”whocrossedtheAtlanticaboardtheMayflower,seekingreligiousfreedom.ItwassignedonNovember11,1620.InthisCompacttheyagreedtosticktogether,toabidebymajorityrole,andtohavearighttochoosetheirownleader.ThanksgivingDay:Itisanannualone-dayholidaytogivethanksattheconclusionoftheharvestseason.TheUnitedStatescelebratesThanksgivingonthefourthThursdayofNovember.Chapter4BostonTeaParty:ontheeveningof,1773,inBoston,whenshipsofteareachedBostonandthegovernorwasdeterminedtoseethatteawaslegallyprotectedinitsdistribution,agroupofangrycolonists,knownastheBostonTeaParty,dressedthemselvesupasIndiansandboardedthethreecompanyships,rippedopen342chestsofteavaluedat￡17000,anddumpedalltheteaintotheharbor.TheFirstContinentalCongress:In1774,theFirstContinentalCongresswasheldinPhiladelphia,whichencouragedAmericanstorefusetobuyBritishgoods,andorganizedcolonialmilitiaunits.Chapter5Confederation:aconfederationisagovernmentinwhichtheconstituentgovernments,calledstatesintheUS,createacentralgovernmentbyconstitutionalcompactbutdonotgiveitpowertoregulatetheconductofindividuals.TheBillofRights:In1789,JamesMadisonintroducedintheHouseofRepresentativesaseriesofamendmentswhichlaterweredraftedintotwelveproposedamendmentsandsenttothestatesforratification.Tenofthemwereratifiedin1791andthefirsttenamendmentstotheconstitutionwerecalledtheBillsofRightsbecausetheyweretoinsureindividualliberties.Chapter6MissouriCompromise:in1820,theNorthandSouthreachedasolution,“MissouriCompromise”.Missouriwasadmittedasaslavestate,butthebalanceofpoliticalpowermaintainedbyadmissionofMaineasafreestate;inaddition,slaverywastobeprohibitedintherestofLouisianaTerritorynorthoftheline36’30’paralleloflatitude.GettysburgAddress:ItreferstotheshortspeechPresidentLincolnmadewhenhededicatedthenationalcemeteryatGettysburg.Heendedthespeechwith“thegovernmentofthepeople,bythepeople,forthepeople,shallnotperishfromtheearth”.Chapter7OpenDoorPolicy:inSin-Americarelations,TheodoreRooseveltpushedtheso-called“OpenDoorPolicy”whichdemandedthatalltheimperialistpowersshouldenjoyequalchanceinChinaasfreelyasotheraggressors.TheKuKluxKlan:theKKKwasthefirstorganizedin1866andthenreformedin1867.TheKKKterrorizedandattackednotonlyblacks,butalsoprogressives,laborunionorganizerscommunistorsocialistpartymembers.ProclamationofAmnestyandReconstruction:itwaspassedin1866.ItdividedalltheformerConfederatestates,exceptTennessee,intofivemilitarydistrictsandeachwasputunderthecontrolofaNorthernarmyofficer.Theofficerhadthepowertokeeporderandtoenforcemartiallawifnecessary.Chapter8RoaringTwenties:thetenyearsbetween1919and1929usuallycalledthe“RoaringTwenties”orthe“JazzAge”:atimeofcarefreeprosperity,isolationfromtheworld’sproblems,bewilderingsocialchangesandfeverishpursuitofpleasure.TheSocialSecurityAct:in1935,itwassignedbyRooseveltwhichprovidedasystemofpensionsfortheretired,unemploymentinsurance,andcareforthedependentanddisabled.Chapter9TheColdWar:a.InthepostwarperiodthedifferentbetweenRussiaandtheUSincreasedandledtoanewkindofwar,awar,withoutfighting,whichwascalledtheColdWar.b.TheColdWarwasmarkedbyinternationaltensionandhostilityarousingfromvariousmilitary,diplomatic,social,propagandistic,andeconomicpressuresemployedbyonesideagainsttheordertogainadvantageeconomicallyintermsofsecurity,orintermsworldopinion.c.TheColdWarwasendedwiththedissolutionoftheUSSRin1991.TrumanDoctrine:On,1949,PresidentTrumanputforwardtheTrumanDoctrineinhisspeechtothejointsessionofCongress.TheDoctrinemeanttosupportanycountrywhichsaiditwasfightingcommunism.TheMarshallPlan:ItwasannouncedbyGeorgeMarshallon,1947,andwastheeconomicaidplanforWesternEurope.ItwasalsousedtopreventthelossofWesternEuropeintotheSovietsphere.Chapter10Pocketveto:Apocketvetoisalegislativemaneuverinlawmakingthatallowsapresidentorotherofficialwithvetopowereffectivelytoexercisethatpoweroverabillbytakingnoaction.Federalism:①Thedivisionofpowersbyaconstitutionbetweenthecentralgovernmentiscalledfederalism.②Federalismoperatesontwolevels,thenationalandthestate.③Unitsofgovernmentswithinastateenjoynoindependentexistence.Separationofpowers:Constitutionaldivisionofpowersamongthelegislative,executive,andjudicialbranches.Chapter11Selectiveveto:Judicialreview:JohnMarshall,themostfamouschiefjusticeinAmericanhistory,calledthepoweroftheinterpretationoftheConstitutionjudicialreview.Chapter12ElectionDay:TuesdayafterthefirstMondayinNovember,eachleapyear.Winner-take-all:thecandidatewiththemostvotesinastatewinsallofthatstate’selectoralvotes.QuestionChapter3Q:WhydidsomanyEnglishpeoplemovetotheNewWorldinthe17thcenturyA:a.TheNewWorldwasagreatandrichland.IntheNewWorldtherewereallthoseresourcesnecessaryforagriculturalandindustrialdevelopment.b.DuringthereignofQueenElizabethⅠ(1588-1603),theEnglishingrowingnumbersrealizedmaketheirfortunes,andtoworshipandliveaccordingtotheirbeliefs.c.SomeofthemmightmovetoAmericatoleaveoppressivepoliticalinstitutions,toescapeburdensomechurchduties,toacquirelargelandholdingsormerelytochangetheirgeneralpatternofliving.Ofcourse,materialgainwasacommonfactor.Q:Whatwasthesocialstructureofthe13coloniesA:Societyinthe13colonieswaslikeapyramid.Thetopwasmadeupofmerchantsandlandlords.ThebasewasmadeupofrefugeesfromEurope,blackslavesfromAfrica,andthenativeIndians.Chapter4Q:WhatwerethemainthecontentsoftheDeclarationofIndependenceA:TheDeclarationincludesthesefiveparts:thePreamble,whichexplainswhytheDeclarationwasissued;astatementofprinciplesofgovernmenttowhichtheAmericanpeoplewerecommitted;alistofinjusticessufferedbythecolonies;asummaryofeffortsthecolonieshadmadetoavoidabreakwiththemothercountry;andTheproclamationthatthe“ColoniesareFreeandIndependentStates.”Chapter5Q:WhatwerethechiefcausesoftheWarof1812A:a.TheBritishwerenotreconciledtothelossoftheirthirteencolonies.UsingCanadaasthebase,theyalwayschallengedtobattlewiththeyoungRepublic.b.Thisangerreacheditspeakin1807whenoneBritishwarshipattachedandboardtheAmericanship,killingandwounding21menandimpressingfoursailors.Q:WhatpowersdothenationalandtheindividualhaveundertheArticlesofConfederationA:UndertheArticlesofConfederationthenationalgovernmentconsistedofonlyalegislature;ithadnoseparateexecutiveandjudicialdivisions.Thestategovernmenthadsolerighttolegislatemattersconcerningdebts,contracts,familyaffairsanditcouldtaxtheircitizens.Chapter6Q:WhatwastheMonroeDoctrineA:TheforeignpolicyofJamesMonroe,the5th.President.Itwasannouncedin1823.TheessenceoftheDoctrinewas“AmericaforAmericans”,whichlaterbecameacornerstoneoftheUSforeignpolicy.Q:WhatwerethebasiccausesoftheCivilWarA:In1825,HarrietBeecherStowepublishedherfamousbookUncleTom’sCabin.ThisnovelhasbeendescribedasoneofthesignificanteventsleadinguptotheCivilWar.Twodifferentsocial-economicsystemsexistedsidebysideintheUS.IntheSouthslaverywasthefoundationoftheeconomicsystemwhileintheNorthindustryandcommercewerethemaincharacterofitseconomy.TheswiftlygrowingindustriesintheNorthrequiredtherestrictionofslaveryaswellasanexpandingterritoryinordertoprovidecapitalistproductionwithrawmaterials,marketsandabundantlaborsupply.TheslaveeconomyintheSouthwasanobstacletoindustrialgrowthandexpansion.ThiseconomicantagonismledtoincreasedconflictsbetweentheNorthandtheSouth.Chapter7Q:DoyouthinkChicagoisacitywithgloriousrevolutionarytraditionWhyA:Yes.InChicago,fourstrikersdiedatthehandsofpolice.Onthenightofthe4th,1886,workersgatheredatHaymarketSquareofChicagotomournforthedead.Unfortunatelyeightleadersoftheworkers’organizationwerearrestedbythepolice.Newsspreadout.Workersofthewholecountryandofsomeothercountriesexpressedtheirsupport.PayingtributetoAmericanmartyrs,theSecondInternationalmeetingwasheldatParisin1889.ThemeetingadoptedaresolutiondesignatingMay1asInternationalLaborDaytobeobservedbytheworkersofallcountries.TheUSworkingclassmovementhadanewupsurgeattheturnofthecentury.OnMarch8,1909,womenworkersinChicagolaunchedabigstruggleforfreedomandequalrightswithmen.TheireffortswontherecognitionoftheSecondInternationalCongressofWomenSocialistswhichdecidedin1910thatMarch8eachyearwastobeobservedasInternationalWorkingWomen’sDay.Chapter8Q:WhydidtheUSjointheAlliesinthewarA:a.TheUSwaslackofmilitarypreparednesswhenthewarbegan.AnotherfactorfortheUStojointhewarwastheAmericanfinancialandindustrialcommitmenttotheAlliedcause.Finally,thefactorthatpushedtheUSintothewarwasGermany’ssubmarinecampaignagainstmerchantships.ThatwastoattackeveryshipthatapproachedtheBritishIsles.Q:WhatwerethebasicideasoftheNewDealHowdoyoucommentontheNewDealA:a.①ThemainaimsoftheNewDealweretoraisecommoditypricesbylimitingproduction,andtocarrythroughamodestinflationbyprovidingmoneyatlowratesofinteresttofarmersandtoindustry.②Forfarmers,theAgriculturalAdjustmentActwaspassedin1933,whichenabledthegovernment,amongotherthingstopaygrantstofarmerstoinducethemtoreducetheamountofproducts,whichincludedsuchcommoditiesascotton,wheat,corn,pigs,rice,tobacco,milk,sugar,andothers.③Inindustry,Roosevelt,bytheNationalRecoveryActof1933,wasgivenpowertocontrolworkinghoursandworkingconditions,andtofixminimumwages.Furthermore,throughtheNationalRecoveryActavastschemeofpublicworkswereprovidedbythegovernment.④By1938,theNewDealwasoverwiththeexpansionoftheEuropeancrisis.Roosevelthadtoswitchhisemphasisfromdomestictoforeignaffairs.b.ThebasicideasbehindtheNewDeal,thatthefederalgovernmenthastheprimeresponsibilityforthewelfareofthepeopleandmustnotbelimitedbynarrowconceptsofstates’rights,thatboldexperimentationisthewaytofindsolutionstonewsocialproblems,andthatactivepresidentialleadershipofCongressandthepeopleisvitalinaworldofgrowingcomplexity,havenotbeenchallengedstronglyintheyearssince1938.Chapter9Q:HowdidAmerica’sforeignpolicieschangearoundWorldWarⅡA:⒈Fromisolationtointervention.Between1935and1937theCongresspassedthreeNeutralActswhichprohibitedthesaleofmunitionsandthelendingofmoneytonationsatwar.ItevenoutlawedtravelbytheUScitizensonbelligerents’vessels.⒉WWⅡeruptedin1939.TheUSCongressrepealedthearmsembargoandsubstituteda“Cash-and-Carry”policy.ThepolicyrequiredthatbelligerentstradingwithAmericanmerchantstransporttheirgoodsinforeignvesselsandthatthegoodsbepaidforbeforetheyleftAmericanports.⒊InMarch1941,CongresspassedtheLend-LeaseAct,whichenabledanycountrywhosedefensethePresidentconsideredvitaltothatoftheUStoreceivearmsandotherequipmentandsuppliesbysale,transfer,exchange,orlease.InPresidentRoosevelt’swords,thisactmadetherepublicthearsenalofworlddemocracy.⒋JapansuddenlyattackedtheUSnavalbaseatPearlHarborinHawaiionDecember7,1941.ThismadeAmericaformallyenterthewar.Q:WhatarethemajorformsofAmericanCivilRightsMovementfrom1955to1968CanyougivetwospecificexamplesA:Chapter10Q:HowdoesabillbecomealawinCongressA:Withtheexceptionofrevenueortax,legislationcanbeintroducedineithertheHouseortheSenate;sometimesidenticalbillsareintroducedinbothhouses.Whenbillsareintroduced,theyaresenttotheappropriatecommitteesbytheSpeakeroftheHouseortheSenatemajorityleader.Thechairofthecommitteethensendsthebilltoasubcommittee,whichusuallyissuesareportthatiseitherfavorableorunfavorabletothebill.Oritmayreportoutanamendedorchangedbillorrewritetheoriginalbill.AbillfavorablyreportedoutofaSenatecommitteeisputonthecalendarforflooraction.Q:WhatarethethreebasicprinciplesofUSpoliticalsystemA:TheThreeBasicPrinciples:federalism,theseparationofpowersandrespectfortheconstitutionandtheruleofthelaw.Chapter11Q:HowisthePresident’powerlimitedA:Inspiteofhisgreatpower,thePresidentisactuallymovingwithinthelimitsalreadydrawnforhim.Forexample,allappropriationsofthegovernmentarelegislatedbyCongress.TheSupremeCourthasthepowertodeclarehispolicy,evenifithasalreadybeenapprovedbyCongress,unconstituti