高中必备学习-thomas edison born in america

ThomasEdisonborninAmerica,ThomasEdisonwasagreatscientistandinventor.Hewasoncethoughttobeaboywhowasnotwortheducating.Infact,hewasamanfullofimagination.IadmireEdisonalotbecauseofhisgreatcontributiontotheworld.Hehadmorethan1,000inventions.Inhislifetime,hewasalwayseagertoknowhowthingsworked,whichhelpedhimtoearnthenickname"theWizardofMeloPark".Hewasalsosodiligentthatheworkeddayandnight.Andthisexplainedwhyhehadsomanygreatinventions.Whatimpressesmemostishisfamoussaying,"Geniusisonepercentinspirationandninety-ninepercentperspiration."ProbablyIcannotbeanEdisonmyself,butIcanbeahard-workinglearner.Fromhim,Irealizethesecrettosuccessisnotwhenorwhereyouwereborn,butwhatyouarengandhowyoutinyourlife.素材专项SocratesSocrates(469BC–399BC)wasaClassicalGreekAthenianphilosopher.CreditedasoneofthefoundersofWesternphilosophy,heisanenigmaticfigureknownchieflythroughtheaccountsoflaterclassicalwriters,especiallythewritingsofhisstudentsPlatoandXenophon,andtheplaysofhiscontemporaryAristophanes.ManywouldclaimthatPlato'sdialoguesarethemostcomprehensiveaccountsofSocratestosurvivefromantiquity.ThroughhisportrayalinPlato'sdialogues,Socrateshaserenownedforhiscontributiontothefieldofethics,anditisthisPlatonicSocrateswhoalsolendshisnametotheconceptsofSocraticironyandtheSocraticmethod,orelenchusThelatterremainsacommonlyusedtoolinawiderangeofdiscussions,andisatypeofpedagogyinwhichaseriesofquestionsareaskednotonlytodrawindividualanswersbutalsotoencouragefundamentalinsightintotheissueathand.ItisPlato'sSocratesthatalsomadeimportantandlastingcontributionstothefieldsofepistemologyandlogic,andtheinfluenceofhisideasandapproachremainsstronginprovidingafoundationformuchwesternphilosophythatfollowed.Asonerecentcommentatorhasputit,Plato,theidealist,offersanidolamasterfigure,forphilosophy.ASaint,aprophetofthe'Sun-God',ateacher,condemnedforhisteachingsasaheretic."Yetthe'realSocrateslikemanyoftheotherAncientphilosophers,remainsatbestenigmaticandatworstunknown.（历史对后人的影响，老师对学生的影响，历史的真实性？）AristotleAristotle(384BC322BC)wasaGreekphilosopherastudentofPlatoandteacherofAlexandertheGreat.Hiswritingscovermanysubjects,includingphysics,metaphysics,poetry,theater,music,logic,rhetoric,politics,ernment,ethics,biology,andzoology.TogetherwithPlatoandSocratesPlato'steacher),AristotleisoneofthemostimportantfoundingfiguresinWesternphilosophy.Aristotle'swritingswerethetocreateacomprehensivesystemofWesternphilosophy,passingmoralityandaesthetics,logicandscience,politicsandmetaphysics.(师生关系？对真理的追求？)andtheirinfluenceextendedwellintotheRenaissance,althoughtheywereultimayreplacedbyNewtonianphysics.Inzoologicalsciences,someofhisobservationswereconfirmedtobeaccurateinthe19thcentury.Hisworkscontaintheearliestknownformalstudyoflogic,whichwasincorporatedinthelate19thcenturyintomodernformallogic.Inmetaphysics,AristoianismhadaprofoundinfluenceonphilosophicalandtheologicalthinkingintheIslamicandJewishtraditionsintheMiddleAges,anditcontinuestoinfluenceChristiantheology,especiallyEasternOrthodoxtheology,andthescholastictraditionoftheCatholicChurch.Hisethics,thoughalwaysinfluential,gainedrenewedinterestwiththemodernadventofvirtueethics.AllaspectsofAristotle'sphilosophycontinuetobetheobjectofactiveacademicstudytoday.ThoughAristotlewrotemanyeleganttreatisesanddialogues(Cicerodescribedhisliterarystyleas"ariverofgold"),itisthoughtthatthemajorityofhisportionoftheAristoiancorpusasauthenticallyAristotle'sown.（质疑既定）yticsandtheOrganon（分析法和推理法）WhatwetodaycallAristoianlogic,Aristotlehimselfwouldhavelabeled"ytics".Theterm"logic"hetomeandialectics.MostofAristotle'sworkisprobablynotinitsoriginalform,sinceitwasmostlikelyeditedbystudentsandlaterlecturers.ThelogicalworksofAristotlewerecompiledintosixbooksinabouttheearly1stcentury1.Categories2.OnInterpretation3.Priorytics4.Posterior5.Topics6.OnSophisticalRefutationsTheorderofthebooks(ortheteachingsfromwhichtheyarecomposed)isnotcertain,butthislistwasderivedfromysisofAristotle'swritings.Itgoesfromthebasics,theysisofsimpletermsintheCategories,theysisofpropositionsandtheirelementaryrelationsinOnInterpretation,tothestudyofmorecomplexforms,namely,syllogisms(intheytics)anddialectics(intheTopicsandSophisticalRefutations).Thethreetreatisesformthecoreofthelogicaltheorystrictosensu:thegrammarofthelanguageoflogicandthecorrectnessrulesofreasoning.ThereisonevolumeofAristotle'sconcerninglogicnotfoundintheOrganon,namelythefourthbookofMetaphysics.Chanceandspontaneity（机遇性、自发性）Spontaneityandchancearecausesofeffects.Chanceasanincidentalcauseliesintherealmofaccidentalthings.Itbebettertothinkof"coincidence":Somethingtakesplacebychanceifathing(notintended)takingplace.Forexample:Aseeksdonations.Thatmayfindanotherwillingtodonateasubstantialsum.However,iftheseekingthedonationsmetthedonating,notforthepurposeofcollectingdonations,butforsomeotherpurpose,Aristotlewouldcallthecollectingofthedonationbythatparticulardonatoraresultofchance.Itmustbeunusualthatsomethinghappensbychance.Inotherwords,ifsomethinghappensallormostofthetime,wecannotsaythatitisbychance.Thereisalsomorespecifickindofchance,whichAristotlenames"luck",thatcanonlyapplytohumanbeings,sinceitisinthesphereofmoralactions.AccordingtoAristotle,luckmustinvolvechoice(andthusdeliberation),andonlyhumansarecapableofdeliberationandchoice."Whatisnotcapableofactioncannotdoanythingbychance".（新的发现，科学的进步大多数都是巧合？机遇性？）理论的缺陷 Inplaces,Aristotlegoestoofarinderiving'lawsoftheuniverse'fromsimpleobservationandover-stretchedreason.Today'sscientificmethodassumesthatsuchthinkingwithoutsufficientfactsisineffective,andthatdiscerningthevalidityofone'shypothesisrequiresfarmorerigorousexperimentationthanthatwhichAristotleusedtosupporthislaws.Aristotlealsohadsomescientificblindspots.HepositedageocentriccosmologythatwemaydiscerninselectionsoftheMetaphysics,whichwaswidelyacceptedupuntilthe16thcentury.Fromthe3rdcenturytothe16thcentury,thedominantviewheldthattheEarthwasthecenteroftheuniverse(geocentrism).SincehewasperhapsthephilosophermostrespectedbyEuropeanthinkersduringandaftertheRenaissance,thesethinkersoftentookAristotle'serroneouspositionsasgiven,whichheldbackscienceinthisepoch.However,Aristotle'sscientific shouldnotmisleadoneintoforgettinghisgreatadvancesinthemanyscientificfields.Forinstance,hefoundedlogicasaformalscienceandcreatedfoundationstobiologythatwerenotsupersededfortwomillennia.Moreover,heintroducedthefundamentalnotionthatnatureiscomposedofthingsthatchangeandthatstudyingsuchchangescanprovideusefulknowledgeofunderlyingconstants. theGreat AlexandertheGreat(356–323BC)wasaGreekkingofMacedon.HeisthemostcelebratedmemberoftheArgeadDynastyandcreatedoneofthelargestempiresinancienthistory.AlthoughbothAlexander'sreignandempirewereshort-lived,theculturalimpactofhisconquestslastedforcenturies.Alexanderwasknowntobeundefeatedinbattleandisconsideredoneofthemostsuccessfulcommandersofalltime.Heisoneofthemostfamousfiguresofantiquity,andisrememberedforhistacticalability,forhisconquests,andforspreadingGreekcultureintotheEast,markingthebeginningofenisticcivilization.（个人 AlexanderwastutoredbythefamedphilosopherAristotle.(教师的影响) HismotherhadhugeambitionsforAlexander,andencouragedhimtobelieveitwashisdestinytoconquerthePersianEmpireAlexander'srelationshipwithhisfathergeneratedthecompetitivesideofhisality;hehadaneedtoout-dohisfather,ashisrecklessnatureinbattlesuggests.（父母的影响） Alexander'smostevidentalitytraitswerehisviolenttemperandrash,impulsivenature,whichundoubtedlycontributedtosomeofhisdecisionsduringhislife.Plutarchthoughtthatthispartofhisalitywasthecauseofhisweaknessforalcohol.AlthoughAlexanderwasstubbornanddidnotrespondwelltoordersfromhisfather,hewaseasiertopersuadebyreasoneddebate.Indeed,setbesidehisfierytemperament,therewasacalmersidetoAlexander;perceptive,logical,andcalculating.Hehadagreatdesireforknowledge,aloveforphilosophy,andwasanavidreader.ThiswasnodoubtinpartduetohistuagebyAristotle;Alexanderwasinligentandquicktolearn.（性格特点、 OliverCromwell OliverCromwell(25April1599–3September1658)wasanEnglishmilitaryandpoliticalleaderbestinEnglandforhisinvolvementinmakingEnglandintoarepublicanCommonwealthandforhislaterroleasLordProtectorofEngland,ScotlandandIreland.EventsthatoccurredduringhisreignandhispoliticsareacauseofanimositybetweenIrelandandtheUK.HewasoneofthecommandersoftheNewModelArmywhichdefeatedtheroyalistsintheEnglishCivilWar.AftertheexecutionofKingCharlesIin1649,Cromwelldominatedtheshort-livedCommonwealthofEngland,conqueredIrelandandScotland,andruledasLordProtectorfrom1653untilhisdeathfrommalariain1658.CromwellhasbeenacontroversialfigureinthehistoryoftheBritishIsles—aregicidaldictatortosomehistoriansandaherooflibertytoothers.InBritainhewaselectedasoneoftheTop10Britonsofalltimeina2002BBCpoll.HismeasuresagainstIrishCatholicshavebeencharacterisedasgenocidalornear-genocidal.（历史地位、个人成就）HemadeanIndependentstyleofPuritanismanessentialpartofhislife.（信仰）SirWinstonChurchill