微观经济学英文课件Ch

Externalities

外部性Chapter10微观经济学英文课件Ch共32页，您现在浏览的是第1页!MarketEfficiency-MarketFailure

市场效率和市场失灵Recallthat:AdamSmith’s“invisiblehand”ofthemarketplaceleadsself-interestedbuyersandsellersinamarkettomaximizethetotalbenefitthatsocietycanderivefromamarket.市场中看不见的手会引导自利的买卖双方的行为，使得社会总福利最大化。Butmarketfailurescanstillhappen.但是市场可能会失灵Marketfailureresultsfrommarketpowerandexternality市场垄断和外部性会导致市场失灵微观经济学英文课件Ch共32页，您现在浏览的是第2页!MarketFailures:Externalities

市场失灵：外部性Whenamarketouteaffectspartiesotherthanthebuyersandsellersinthemarket,side-effectsarecreatedcalledexternalities.当市场结果影响了买卖双方之外的人，这种副作用我们就称为外部性。Externalitiescausemarketstobeinefficient,andthusfailtomaximizetotalsurplus.外部性会使得市场缺乏效率，因此不能最大化总剩余。whenapersonengagesinanactivitythatinfluencesthewell-beingofabystanderandyetneitherpaysnorreceivesanypensationforthateffect,anexternalityarises.当一个人从事某种活动时，影响到了旁观者的福利，并且没有因此付出代价或收到补偿，我们就说有外部性产生。微观经济学英文课件Ch共32页，您现在浏览的是第3页!ExamplesofNegativeExternalities

负的外部性的例子AutomobileexhaustCigarettesmokingBarkingdogs(loudpets)LoudstereosinanapartmentbuildingStinkyToufu微观经济学英文课件Ch共32页，您现在浏览的是第4页!TheMarketforAluminum...QuantityofAluminum0PriceofAluminumQMARKETDemand(privatevalue)Supply(privatecost)Equilibrium微观经济学英文课件Ch共32页，您现在浏览的是第5页!QMARKETPollutionandtheSocialOptimum...QuantityofAluminum0PriceofAluminumDemand(privatevalue)Supply(privatecost)SocialcostQoptimumCostofpollutionEquilibriumOptimum微观经济学英文课件Ch共32页，您现在浏览的是第6页!AchievingtheSocially

OptimalOutputInternalizinganexternalityinvolvesalteringincentivessothatpeopletakeintoaccounttheexternaleffectsoftheiractions.将外部性内部化改变了激励，这样人们决策时会考虑他们行为的外部作用。Thegovernmentcaninternalizeanexternalitybyimposingataxontheproducertoreducetheequilibriumquantitytothesociallydesirablequantity.政府可以通过对生产者征税来内部化外部性，将均衡产量降低到社会合意产量。微观经济学英文课件Ch共32页，您现在浏览的是第7页!QuantityofRobots0PriceofRobotQOPTIMUMDemand(privatevalue)Supply(privatecost)SocialcostQMARKETValueoftechnologyspilloverEquilibriumOptimumPositiveExternalitiesinProduction微观经济学英文课件Ch共32页，您现在浏览的是第8页!InternalizingExternalities:SubsidiesGovernmentmanytimesusessubsidiesastheprimarymethodforattemptingtointernalizepositiveexternalities.政府通常使用补贴来将正的外部性内部化。微观经济学英文课件Ch共32页，您现在浏览的是第9页!InternalizingProductionExternalities

内部化生产外部性Taxesaretheprimarytoolsusedtointernalizenegativeexternalities.税收是内部化负的外部性时的首选工具。Subsidiesaretheprimarytoolsusedtointernalizepositiveexternalities.补贴是内部化正的外部性时的首选工具。微观经济学英文课件Ch共32页，您现在浏览的是第10页!ConsumptionExternalities

andMarketInefficiencyNegativeexternalitiesinproductionorconsumptionleadmarketstoproducealargerquantitythanissociallydesirable.生产和消费中的负的外部性使得市场生产的数量比社会合意的数量要多。Positiveexternalitiesinproductionorconsumptionleadmarketstoproducealargerquantitythanissociallydesirable.生产和消费中的正的外部性使得市场生产的数量比社会合意的数量要少。微观经济学英文课件Ch共32页，您现在浏览的是第11页!TheCoaseTheorem

科斯定理TheCoaseTheoremstatesthatifprivatepartiescanbargainwithoutcostovertheallocationofresources,thentheprivatemarketwillalwayssolvetheproblemofexternalitiesonitsownandallocateresourcesefficiently.科斯定理表明，如果私人能够就资源分配进行没有成本的谈判，则私人市场自身就能解决外部性问题，并且有效地配置资源。微观经济学英文课件Ch共32页，您现在浏览的是第12页!CoaseTheorem:MoreExampleAandBareroommate,AlikerockmusicandBpreferquiet.SupposeA’swillingnesstopayformusicis$50whileB’swillingnesstopayforquietis$40.Thinkabouttheinstitutionalarrangementasfollows:I.AhastherighttoplaymusicII.BhastherighttorequirequietWhatwillhappenifA’svalueformusicis$40whileB’svalueforquietis$50?SomeImportantConcept:PropertyrightsCoasianBargainingTransactionCostCoaseTheoremistheguidelineforustofigureouttherightreasonformarketinefficiencies.Wrongreasons:Externalityitself,unjustablepropertyrights,wrongdistributionofpropertyrightsRightreasons:ambiguousinitialpropertyrights,bargainingfailure(transactioncosttoohigh),restrictionsontransferofpropertyrights.Anotherexample:宿舍熄灯安排EquityEfficiency:transactioncost,credibilityofadmittance(difficulttoenforceacontract),multiperson,information.微观经济学英文课件Ch共32页，您现在浏览的是第13页!PublicPolicytowardExternalitoiesWhenexternalitiesaresignificantandprivatesolutionsarenotfound,governmentmayattempttosolvetheproblemthrough...如果外部性很显著而且私人方法不起作用，政府会通过下列手段来试图解决问题：mand-and-controlpolicies.指令性政策market-basedpolicies.基于市场的政策微观经济学英文课件Ch共32页，您现在浏览的是第14页!Market-basedPoliciesGovernmentusestaxesandsubsidiestoalignprivateincentiveswithsocialefficiency.Pigoviantaxesaretaxesenactedtocorrecttheeffectsofanegativeexternality.微观经济学英文课件Ch共32页，您现在浏览的是第15页!Market-basedPoliciesTradablepollutionpermitsallowthevoluntarytransferoftherighttopollutefromonefirmtoanother.Amarketforthesepermitswilleventuallydevelop.Afirmthatcanreducepollutionatalowcostmayprefertosellitspermittoafirmthatcanreducepollutiononlyatahighcost.微观经济学英文课件Ch共32页，您现在浏览的是第16页!SummaryWhenatransactionbetweenabuyerandasellerdirectlyaffectsathirdparty,theeffectiscalledanexternality.Negativeexternalitiescausethesociallyoptimalquantityinamarkettobelessthantheequilibriumquantity.Positiveexternalitiescausethesociallyoptimalquantityinamarkettobegreaterthantheequilibriumquantity.微观经济学英文课件Ch共32页，您现在浏览的是第17页!Whentheimpactonthebystanderisadverse,theexternalityiscalledanegativeexternality.如果对旁观者的影响是不利的（不合意的），这种外部性就称为负的外部性。Whentheimpactonthebystanderisbeneficial,theexternalityiscalledapositiveexternality.如果这种外部性是有益的，则称为正的外部性。MarketFailures:Externalities

市场失灵：外部性微观经济学英文课件Ch共32页，您现在浏览的是第18页!Immunizations（接种疫苗）Restoredhistoricbuildings保护历史建筑Researchintonewtechnologies研究新技术ExamplesofPositiveExternalities

正的外部性的例子微观经济学英文课件Ch共32页，您现在浏览的是第19页!TheMarketforAluminum

andWelfareEconomicsThequantityproducedandconsumedinthemarketequilibriumisefficientinthesensethatitmaximizesthesumofproducerandconsumersurplus.Ifthealuminumfactoriesemitpollution(anegativeexternality),thenthecosttosocietyofproducingaluminumislargerthanthecosttoaluminumproducers.Foreachunitofaluminumproduced,thesocialcostincludestheprivatecostsoftheproducersplusthecosttothosebystandersadverselyaffectedbythepollution.微观经济学英文课件Ch共32页，您现在浏览的是第20页!NegativeExternalitiesinProduction

生产中的负的外部性Theintersectionofthedemandcurveandthesocial-costcurvedeterminestheoptimaloutputlevel.需求曲线和社会成本曲线的交点决定了最优的产出水平Thesociallyoptimaloutputlevelislessthanthemarketequilibriumquantity.社会最优的产出水平比市场均衡产量要小。微观经济学英文课件Ch共32页，您现在浏览的是第21页!PositiveExternalitiesinProduction

生产中的正的外部性Whenanexternalitybenefitsthebystanders,apositiveexternalityexists.Thesocialcostsofproductionarelessthantheprivatecosttoproducersandconsumers.生产的社会成本比生产者和消费者的私人成本更低。Atechnologyspilloverisatypeofpositiveexternalitythatexistswhenafirm’sinnovationordesignnotonlybenefitsthefirm,butenterssociety’spooloftechnologicalknowledgeandbenefitssocietyasawhole.微观经济学英文课件Ch共32页，您现在浏览的是第22页!Theintersectionofthedemandcurveandthesocial-costcurvedeterminestheoptimaloutputlevel.Theoptimaloutputlevelismorethantheequilibriumquantity.Themarketproducesasmallerquantitythanissociallydesirable.市场生产量小于社会合意的产量。Thesocialcostsofproductionarelessthantheprivatecosttoproducersandconsumers.PositiveExternalitiesinProduction微观经济学英文课件Ch共32页，您现在浏览的是第23页!TechnologyPolicy

技术政策Governmentinterventionintheeconomythataimstopromotetechnology-enhancingindustriesiscalledtechnologypolicy.着眼于推动技术进步的政府对经济的干预政策成为技术政策。Patentlawsareaformoftechnologypolicythatgivetheindividual(orfirm)withpatentprotectionapropertyrightoveritsinvention.专利法是技术政策的一种，它对私人发明产权进行专利保护。Thepatentisthensaidtointernalizetheexternality.据说专利可以内部化外部性。微观经济学英文课件Ch共32页，您现在浏览的是第24页!QuantityofEducation0PriceofEducationQMARKETDemand(privatevalue)SocialvalueQOPTIMUM(b)PositiveConsumptionExternalitySupply(privatecost)QuantityofAlcohol0PriceofAlcoholQMARKETDemand(privatevalue)Supply(privatecost)SocialvalueQOPTIMUM(a)NegativeConsumptionExternalityConsumptionExternalities

消费外部性微观经济学英文课件Ch共32页，您现在浏览的是第25页!PrivateSolutionstoExternalities

外部性的私人解决方法Governmentactionisnotalwaysneededtosolvetheproblemofexternalities.解决外部性问题时并不总是需要政府。TypesofprivatesolutionsMoralcodesandsocialsanctions道德准则和社会制裁Charitableorganizations慈善组织Integratingdifferenttypesofbusinesses整合不同的业务Contractingbetweenparties订立合同微观经济学英文课件Ch共32页，您现在浏览的是第26页!TheCoaseTheoremTheCoaseTheoremsaysthatprivateeconomicactorscansolvetheproblemofexternalitiesamongthemselves.Whatevertheinitialdistributionofrights,theinterestedpartiescanalwaysreachabargaininwhicheveryoneisbetteroffandtheouteisefficient.微观经济学英文课件Ch共32页，您现在浏览的是第27页!WhyPrivateSolutions

DoNotAlwaysWorkTransactioncostsarethecoststhatpartiesincurintheprocessofagreeingtoandfollowingthroughonabargain.交易成本是各方在谈判和达成协议的过程中产生的费用。Sometimestheprivatesolutionapproachfailsbecausetransactioncostscanbesohighthatprivateagreementisnotpossible.有时因为交易成本太高私人不能达成协议，则私人的解决方法失灵。微观经济学英文课件Ch共32页，您现在浏览的是第28页!Command-and-ControlPolicies

指令性政策Usuallytaketheformofregulations:Forbidcertainbehaviors.Requirecertainbehaviors.Examples:Requirementsthatallstudentsbeimmunized.StipulationsonpollutionemissionlevelssetbytheEnvironmentalProtectionAgency(EPA).微观经济学英文课件Ch共32页，您现在浏览的是第29页!ExamplesofRegulation

versusPigoviantaxIftheEPAdecidesitwantstoreducetheamountofpollutioningfromaspecificplant.TheEPAcould…tellthefirmtoreduceitspollutionbyaspecificamount(i.e.regulation).levyataxofagiven