民航货运英语

民航货运英语民航货运英语民航货运英语xxx公司民航货运英语文件编号：文件日期：修订次数：第1.0次更改批准审核制定方案设计，管理制度LESSONONEThedevelopmentofaircargo航空货运的发展Smallpackageservice:Aspecializedserviceguaranteeingthedeliveryofsmallparcelswithinspecifiedexpresstimelimits,e.g.samedayornextday.Thistrafficissubjecttosizeandweightlimitations.Mostpassengeraircarriersalsoprovidethisserviceatairportticketcounterswithdeliveryatdestinationbaggageclaimarea.It’softenreferredtoascountertocounter.Tonmile:Thecommonmeasurementoftransportationproductivity.Onetonmilemeansonetonofcargoflownonemile.All-cargoaircraft:Aircraftforthecarriageofcargoonly,ratherthanthecombinationofpassengersandcargo.Cargoaircraftcarrypalletizedorcontainerizedtrafficonthemaindeckandeitherunitizedorbulkcargoonthelowerdeck.Cargoaircraftarenormallyequippedwithspecialcargoloadingsystemsonthemaindeck.Alsoreferredtoasfreighters.TEXTThetermaircargoisgenerallyusedinthebroadsense,toincludeairfreight,mail,andtheseveraltypesofexpeditedsmallpackageservices.Inshort,almosteverythingthatgoesinthecargocompartmentonapassengerflightisconsideredaircargo,exceptpassengerbaggage,whichistreatedaspartofthepassenger.Theairlinegottheirstartcarryingmail,thenprogressedintothepassengerbusinessandmovedtosubstantialparticipationinthefreightbusiness.Yetalthoughitwasthelatecomer,airfreightwasoncethefastest-growingsegmentoftheairlineindustry.From1961through1971,theton-milesoffreightcarriedbyUSscheduledairlineshadnearlyafivefoldincrease,whilepassenger-milesincreasedalittleoverthreefold.The1970sshowedslowerbutsteadygrowth,abouta67percentincreaseoverthedecadeforton-milesofairfreight.Inthe1980ssmall-packageexpressservicesgrewrapidlyanddataforthatdecadereflectfreightandexpresscombined.Theyshowan85percentincreaseinton-milesinthetenyears.Mostrecentfiguresshowanincreaseof11.5percentfrom1990-1993.Butitwouldbeamistaketodowngradetheimportanceofaircargoonlybecauseitisasmallbusinesscomparedwiththepassengerbusiness.Becauseofitsspeed,andbecauseofthemanysavingsderivingfromspeed,aircargoservicehasbecomevaluabletomanufactures,toretailers,andtoconsumers.Amanufacturerofappliancesmayrelyontheairlinesfordeliveryofcomponents,whileretailersmayuseairformovingmuchoftheirmerchandisetotheirscatteredoutlets.Theconsumermaybenefitinmanyways,suchasquickreceiptofurgentlyneededgoods.Theconsumeralsobenefitsindirectlytotheextentthatuseofairmayinvolveandoverallcostsavinginthemanufactureanddistributionofgoods.Manyairlinesspecializeincarryingcargo.Butmuchcargoiscarriedbyregularpassengerairlines,whichmeansmostcargotodaytravelsinthecargoholdsonpassengerflights,ratherthanall-cargoaircraft.In1949theCivilAeronauticsBoard(CAB)establishedaclassofairlinecalledcertificatedcargocarriers.Theonememberofthatsurvivedintothe1980swastheflyingtigerline,whichdevelopedalargeworldwidenetworkand,foratime,wastheworld’slargestcarrierofairfreight.In1989itwasacquiredbythesmall-packagecarrierfederalexpress.The1970sand1980ssawaremarkablegrowthinsmall-packagetraffic.The1990s,however,haveseensmall-packagecarriersexpandintotheairfreightbusiness,themergerofFederalExpresswithFlyingTigerbeingconsistentwiththistrend.Thetermintegratedcarrierwasinitiallyusedforsmall-packagecarriersusingtheirowntrucksforpickupanddelivery—“integrated”inthesenseofone-com-anyservicefromdoortodoor.Notonlyhavethesecarriersbeenexpandingintoairfreight,manyairfreightforwardsnowoperatetheirownaircraftandprovideone-company“integrated”service.Thetermisnowcomingtobeusedtodistinguishtheairlinethatcarriesonlycargofromthecombinationcarrierthatisprimarilyinthepassengerbusinessandtakescargoasasideline.LESSONTWOAirFreight航空运费Airwaybill:Thedocumentmadebyoronbehalfoftheshipperwhichisadocumentaryevidenceofcarrier’sandshipper’ssignaturetothecontractofcarriage.Shipment:Alsoknownasconsignment.OneormorepiecesoffreightbeingtransportedunderthecontractedauthorityofoneairwaybillCustomsBroker:anagentspecializedininboundcustomsclearanceContainer:Aunitloaddevice(ULD)inwhichaconsignmentcanbetransported.TEXTThemovementoffreightbyairismorecomplicatedthanthemovementofpassengersbyair.Everypieceoffreighthastobecarefullylabeledandtransportedfromplacetoplace.Inaddition,therearemorecomplicatedgovernmentregulationsforinternationalshipmentoffreightthanforpassengers.Becauseofthesecomplications,mostairfreightshipmentsarehandledbyfreightforwardingagencies,whichfillafunctionsimilartothatperformedbytravelagenciesforpassengers.Inotherwords,theytakecareofmakingallthenecessaryarrangementssothatthecustomerisnotbotheredwithmanyofthedetails.Theairfreightagentdoesmostofhisworkbytelephone.Let’ssupposethatashippingclerkcallsinfromacompanythatsendsalargenumberofshipmentsbyair.Theairfreightagentassignsanairwaybillnumbertotheshipment.Thenhearrangesforpickupoftheshipment.Hecanalsobooktheshipmentonwhateverflightsarenecessary.Whentheshipmentisreceivedbytheairline,eachpieceismarkedwiththeairwaybillnumberforidentification.Airfreightiscarriedeitherinthebaggagecompartmentofaregularpassengerflight,orbyfreightswhichhavebeenespeciallydesignedoradaptedforcarryingcargo.Thefreightersusuallyoperatebetweenmajorshippingpoints.Thechargesonairfreightaredeterminedeitherbyweightorweightplusvolume----thatis,bythesizeofthepiecesintheshipment.Generally,acertainnumberofcubicinchesisconsideredtheequivalentofapoundofweight.Oninternationalshipments,theshipperisatpresentallowed194cubicinchesforeachpound.Ifheexceedsthevolumeallowance,hepaysahigherrate.Withpassengers,thefarefortheflightisalmostalwayspaidinadvance.Withfreight,howevertheairlinecanacceptpaymentondelivery,thisiscustomarywithlarge,frequentshippers.Amemberofthegeneralpublicwhoisshippingpersonaleffectswouldprobablybeaskedtoprepay.Inregardtointernationalshipments,however,somecountriesdonotpermitandshipmentsexceptthosethathavebeenprepaid,nomatterwhotheshipperis.Withamemberofthepublic,theagentisprobablyunabletoassignanairwaybillnumber,ascertainthecharges,orbooktheshipmentonspecificflightsuntiltheshipmenthasbeenreceivedbytheairline,whenitisweighed,andcheckedtoseeifitisadequatelypacked.Whenacompanyismarkingafirst-timeshipment,particularlyifitisaninternationalshipment,theairlineagentmightrecommendafreightforwardingagencytohelptheshipperwithalltheproblemsofdocumentation,insurance,andsoon.Inadditiontothefreightforwardingagencies,theshippingbusinesshasalsogivenrisetoanotheroccupation,thecustomsbroker.Thecustomsbrokergivesassistancetointernationalshippersbothingettingnecessarydocumentationforoutgoingshipmentsandingettingincomingshipments,throughcustomsformalities.Inalmostallcountries,incomingfreightmustgothroughcustoms,beforeitcanbereleasedtotheconsignee.Freightusuallymustbeopenedandinspectedinthepresenceoftheconsigneeorhisrepresentative.Thisisoneofthejobsperformedbyacustomsbroker.Theairwaybillisthemostimportantdocumentintheshippingofairfreight.Thecommonpracticeonmostairlinesistomarkeachpieceoffreightintheshipmentwithanairwaybillnumber.Itisacomplicateddocument.Thereareusuallyasmanyastwelvecopiesofeachairwaybill.Copiesgototheshipper,theconsignee,andeachairlineonwhichthefreighttravels.Theairwaybillshowsthevalueoftheshipment,thecharges,theinsurance,theflightsonwhichthefreightisbeingshipped,andotherinformation.Theentirebusinessofshippingfreightisacomplicatedone.Inadditiontotheroutineofarrangingforcollectionanddelivery,bookingtheshipmentsonflights,andfillingoutairwaybill,thefreightagentisalsoinvolvedinsuchproblemsastracinglostorstrayedshipmentsanddealingwithclaimsondamagedshipments.Hemustalsobeacquaintedwiththespecialservicesthathisairlineoffers,suchascontainerizedservice,inwhichtheairlineprovidestheshipperwithspecialcontainers.Airfreight,willprobablymakeupalargeshareofthetotalairlinebusinessinthefuture.Airlinesgenerallymakealargerprofitcarryingfreightthanpassengers,afact,whichguaranteesthegrowthofairfreightservices.LESSONTHREETypesofcarriers承运人类型SpecialtermsIntegratedcarrier：Acarrierthatprovidesdoor-to-dooraircargotransportationusingitsownorcontractedairplanesandmotortrucks,andperformsthisserviceundertheauthorityofasingleairwaybill(e.g.UnitedParcelserviceandFederalExpress).CombinationCarrier:Scheduledaircarrierswhotransportbothpassengersandcargoinpassengerconfiguredaircraft,withcargorestrictedtothelowerdeckcompartments.Belly:AlsoknownasPitsorHolds.Compartmentslocatedbeneaththecabinofanaircraftandusedforthecarriageofcargoandpassengerbaggage.PickupandDelivery:Anoptionalserviceforthesurfacetransportofshipmentsfromshipper’sdocktooriginationairterminalandformtheairterminalofdestinationtoreceiver’sdock.Forairfreight,anadditionalchargeisusuallyassessed.Itmaybeprovidedbyanfreightforwarder,anintegratedcarrier,orbyanindependenttruckoperator.AirporttoAirport:Aircargoservicefromairportoforigintoairportofdestination,withoutpick-upanddeliveryservice.DoortoDoor:Transportationofashipmentfromtheshipper’spremises(factory,store,warehouse,etc.)totheconsignee’spremises.TEXTTheaircargoindustryincludesthreetypesofcarriers:integratedcarriers,combinationcarriersandconventionalall-cargocarriers.IntegratedcarriersIntegratedcarriers,alsocalledexpresscarriers,operatedoor-to-doorfreighttransportationnet-worksthatincludeall-cargoaircraft,deliveryvehicles,sortinghubsandadvancedinformationsystems.Thesecarriersoperatetheirownaircrafttoensureadequatecapacityandservicereliability,althoughtheyalsousethebellycargospaceofpassengeraircrafttosupplementtheirowncapacityandprovideinternationalservice.TheU.S.expresscarriersincludeFexEx,UnitedParcelService(UPS),AirborneExpress,DHLAirways,EmeryWorld-wide,andBurlingtonAirExpress.CombinationcarriersAsecondmajortypeofcargocarrieristhecombinationcarrier,whichcarrierspassengersandcargo.Thecarriersprimarilyofferpoint-to-pointserviceonawhole-salebasis,relyingonfreightforwardersforpickupanddelivery,salestoshippersandcustomerservice.Becausethepassengerplanebellyspacethatrepresentsmuchoftheircargocapacityisaaco-productofpassengerservice,combinationcarriercargoserviceshavealowmarginalcostandthususuallyoffermuchlowerpricesthanexpresscarriers.Althoughvirtuallyallpassengerairlineshandlesomecargo,theimportanceofthecargobusinessvariessubstantiallyfromairlinetoairline.ManylargeAsianandEuropeancarriers.includingKoreanAir,CathayPacificAirways,Lufthansa,andAirFrance,operatefleetsoffreighteraircrafttosupplementtheirbellycargocapacity.All-cargoairlinesThethirdtypeofcargocarrieristheall-cargoairline,whichoperatesavarietyofcargoservices.Some,includingAmericanInternationalAirways,ChallengeAirCargo,andPolarAirCargo,providepoint-to-pointserviceforairfreightforwarders,eitherascommoncarriersorunderguaranteed-spaceagreement.Others,likeAtlasAirandAirTransportinternational,primarilyoperateaircraftonacontractbasisforotherairlines.Twooftheconventionalcarriers,AtlasandPolar,specializeininternational747freighterserviceandareamongthefastestgrowingcargocarriersintheworld.Today,theU.S.expresscarriersholdatwo-thirdsmarketshareandover80percentofdomesticairfreightrevenues.Theintegratedcarriershavesuccessfullyfollowedthestrategyofofferingsuperiorserviceatapremiumprice.Byprovidingtime-definite,guaranteeddoor-to-doorservicesupportedbyreal-timeshipmenttrackingservice,theyareabletogenerateayieldofabout$2.00to$2.50perpoundfordomesticshipments.Theirleadingcompetitors,thecombinationcarriers,supplyairport-to-airportserviceprimarilyonaspace-availablebasis,usuallyprovidenoserviceguarantees,offerlittleornotrackingcapability,andtypicallyearn$0.30to$0.40perpoundfordomesticfreight.ThemostimportantcompetitiveresponsebyU.S.combinationcarriersisthetrendtowardcontractingoutairportcargoservices.Thismayincreaseairlinecargoprofitabilitybyreducinglaborcosts,butitwillnothelpthecombinationcarriersregainmarketshareandmaycauseafurtherdropinshareifitlowerstheirservicequality.LessonFourAirFreightForwarders航空货代SpecialTermsConsolidator:Anentitythatprovidesconsolidationservices,joiningmultipleshipmentsintoasingleshipmentforanaircarrier.AnAirFreightForwarderperformsthefunctionofaconsolidator.Consolidatedconsignment:aconsignmentofmulti-packageswhichhasbeenoriginatedfrommorethanonepersoneachofwhomhasmadeanagreementforcarriagebyairwithanotherpersonotherthanascheduledaircarrier.Containerization:Thepracticeortechniqueofusingaboxlikedevice(containers)inwhichanumberofpackagesarestored,protected,andhandledasasingleunitintransit.Consignor:Equivalenttotheterm“Shipper”,meansthepersonwhosenameappearsontheAWBasthepartycontractingwiththecarriersforcarriageofgoods.Consignee:ThepersonwhosenameappearsontheAWBasthepartytowhomthegoodsaretobedeliveredbythecarrier.TextTheairport-to-airportoffreightisonlypartofthe