国际贸易实务英文版第二版课后习题答案

Chapter2InternationalTradeTermsExplainthefollowingtermsshipmentcontractShipmentcontractisacontractusinganIncotermwhichindicatesthatthedeliveryhappensatthetimeorbeforethetimeofshipment.symbolicdeliverySymbolicdeliveryisadeliverysituationinwhichwhenthesellerdeliversthebuyerdoesnotphysicallyreceivethegoods.Thiskindofdeliveryisprovedbythesubmissionoftransportdocumentbythesellertothebuyer.arrivalcontractArrivalcontractmeansacontractusinganIncotermwhichindicatesthatthedeliveryhappenswhenthegoodsarriveatthedestination.actualdeliveryActualdeliveryreferstoadeliverysituationinwhichwhenthesellerdeliversthebuyerdoesphysicallyreceivethegoods.ShortquestionsWhopaysforloadingforshipmentunderFOBTheseller.WhopaysforunloadingunderCIF?Thebuyer.CompareandcontrastFOB,CFRandCIF?Similarities:a.Theseller'sriskwillbetransferredtothebuyerwhenthegoodsareloadedonboard,b.Thesellerisresponsibleforexportcustomsformalitieswhilethebuyerisresponsibleforimportcustomsformalities,c.Thebuyerisresponsible1/33forunloadingthegoodsattheportofdestination,d.Allthreetermscanonlybeusedforwaterwaytransportation.Differences:a.FOBrequiresthebuyertoarrangeandpayfortheoceantransportation;CFRrequiresthesellertoarrangeandpayfortheoceantransportation;CIFrequiresthesellertoarrangeandpayfortheoceantransportationandinsuranceagainstthebuyer'srisk.Whatarethetwotypesoftradetermsconcerningthetransferofrisks?Shipmentcontracttermsvs.arrivalcontractterms.Undershipmentcontracttermstheseller'sriskwillbetransferredtothebuyerbeforethegoodsdepartfromtheplace/portofshipment.Underarrivalcontracttermsthesellerwillbeartheriskofthegoodsuntilthegoodsarriveatthedestination.WhatarethedifferencesandsimilaritiesbetweenCPTandCFR?Majorsimilarities:a.Thesellershouldcontractandpayforthemajorcarriage.b.Thesellerisnottakingtheriskoflossofordamagetothegoodsduringthetransportation.Difference:a.CPTisapplicabletoanykindoftransportationmodewhileCFRisonlyusedforwaterwaytransport,b.UnderCPTtheseller'sriskwillbetransferredtothebuyerwhenthegoodsarehandedovertothefirstcarriernominatedbytheseller.UnderCFRtheseller'sriskwillbetransferredwhenthegoodsareloadedonboardthevessel.WhatarethedifferencesandsimilaritiesbetweenCIPandCIF?Majorsimilarities:a.Thesellershouldcontractandpayforthemajorcarriage.b.Thesellerisnottakingtheriskoflossofordamagetothegoodsduringthetransportation,c.Thesellermustobtaininsuranceagainstthebuyer'srisk.Difference:a.CPTisapplicabletoanykindoftransportationmodewhileCFRisonlyusedforseawayorinlandwaterwaytransport,b.UnderCPTtheseller'sriskwillbetransferredtothebuyerwhenthegoodsarehandedovertothefirstcarrier2/33nominatedbytheseller.UnderCFRtheseller'sriskwillbetransferredwhenthegoodsareloadedonboardthevessel.IfyoutradewithanAmerican,isthesalescontractsubjecttoIncotermswithoutanydoubt?Whatshouldyoudo?No.TheRevisedAmericanForeignTradeDefinitions1941isstillinuse,especiallyintheNorthAmericanarea.Ithasdifferentinterpretationaboutsometradeterms.Thetradersshouldclarifythechoiceofrulesbeforeanyfurtherdiscussion.FOB,CFR&CIF.WhoisresponsibleforcarryingoutcustomsformalitiesforexportsunderanFOBcontract?Theseller.AccordingtoIncoterms2010,exceptEXWandDDPthesetwoterms,alltheothereleventermsrequirethesellertohandletheexportcustomsformalities,whilethebuyertheimportcustomsformalities.IfaChinesetradersignsanFOBcontract,isheexportingorimporting?Importing.FOBshouldbeusedwithaamedportofshipment,ifistheportofshipment,fromtheChinesetrader'sperspective,heisimporting.V.Casestudies1.AnFOBcontractstipulatedTheshipmentwillbeeffectedinMarch2011.Whenthegoodswerereadyon10March,thesellercontactedthebuyerforshipmentdetails.ThebuyerfaxedPleasesendthegoodstotheportforloadingon21March.Thevesselwilldeparton22March.Thesellersentthegoodstotheportaccordingly.Howeverthenominatedvesseldidnotturnupandthegoodshadtobestoredinthewarehouseattheport.Onthenightof21Marchafirehappenedinthewarehouseareaandpartofthegoodswasdamaged.Whenthevesselarrivedtwodayslaterthesellerandthebuyerhadanargumentaboutthesettlementoftheloss.Thesellerrequiredthebuyertobearthelosscausedbythefire,butthebuyerbelievedthatthevesselarrivedwithintheshipmentperiodandthelossoccurred3/33beforethesellerdeliveredthegoodsthereforethesellershouldbeartheloss.Pleaseprovideyoursolution.析： 1）首先案例中提到货物发生了损失是由于货物存放在码头仓库期间发生火灾造成的。 2）卖方之所以会把货物存放在码头仓库是因为买方指定的船只在约定时间没有出现。 3）Incoterms2010有规定，买方有向卖方提供准确、 及时的装船通知的义务， 如果买方没有履行该义务而导致了货物受损， 即使双方没有完成交货， 买方也要承担相关损失。答案：买方应该承担损失。答题切入点：1）分析货物受损原因。2）根据《20xx年国际贸易术语解释通则》买方在提供装运通知方面的义务。 3）解释提供装运通知与完成交货风险转移之间的关系。析：1）货物在装运港已经“officiallycertifiedasGradeOne"，这就说明货物的质量是合格的，而且是经官方确认的。2）文中提到甥？抄畤？潴氟潟？溪超鼓这说明货物变质的原因是由于运输时间长。答案： No。答题切入点：a.货物变质的原因.b.CFR＜语下风险转移的情况。UnderaCIFcontract,thegoodshadbeenloadedonboardthevesselaccordingtothetermsofthecontract.Thenthevesseldeparted.Anhourlater,thevesselstruckarockandsank.Thenextdaytheseller'sbankpresentedtheshippingdocuments,insurancepolicyandinvoicestothebuyer,anddemandedpayment.Knowingthathewillnotreceivethegoods,shouldthebuyerpay?Whichpartywouldhavetotaketheloss?析：本题的关键疑问在于买方明知货物已全部损失， 不可能再收到货物，是否还应支付货款。这是考察对“symbolicdelivery”这个概念的理解。在CIF术语下，卖方交货时买方并没有真正收到货物，卖方的交货是通过货交承运人并获得相关单据 (尤其是物权凭证 )来实现的。而相应的， 买方必须接受交货， 也就是买方必须接受卖方提供的相应单据并履行相关支付的义务。4/33(1)答案： Yes．答题切入点：1)卖方履行其义务的情况；2)CIF术语对双方交货、领受货物的规定；3)解释“symbolicdelivery”在这里的应用。(2)答案： Thebuyer．答题切入点：CIF术语下风险转移的情况。由于本章主要讨论贸易术语的应用，关注的主要是买、卖双方。如果答案是保险公司，则要求说明损失的风险首先是由买方承担的， 在风险属于保险公司承保范围内的情况下，保险公司会对买方进行部分或全部的赔偿。析：卖方受损的原因是货物达到目的港的时间晚于合同规定的时间，因此买方拒收货物。从表面上看，似乎问题就是出在卖方违约上，但如果仔细分析就会发现，该合同本身的内容就存在自相矛盾的问题。合同用的是CIF术语，卖方在货装上船时风险就转移。卖方既不承担运输途中的风险，也不保证货物是否能抵达目的港。 CIF合同本质上是一个"shipmentcontract”。但加上一条保证到岸时间的条款后，合同的性质发生了变化：它变成了一个"arrivalcontract”。也就是说，在货物按时抵达目的港之前的一切风险都由卖方承担， 否则卖方就是违约。答题切入点：1）CIF术语对双方风险及义务的划分，点出“shipmentcontract”这一概念；2）解释“arrivaldate”clause对合同性质的改变。析： 1）卖方按照合同规定履行了各项义务，造成货物到港延误的原因是船公司擅自改变运输安排，卖方对此并不知情。 2）卖方把CIF理解成“到岸价格”存在错误，混淆了承担风险与承担费用的区别。如果把CIF理解成“到岸价格"，那么CIF就变成了一个到岸合同术语（arrivalcontractterm）了，而实际上它应该是个装运合同术语（shipmentcontractterm）。3）因此，卖方在此情况下不应进行赔偿，而是应该协助买方向船方进行索赔。答题切入点： 1）分析买方受损的真正原因及责任方： 2）解释卖方错误赔偿的原因； 3）给出本案例正确的处理方法，尤其是卖方应该如何应对买方的要求。Chapter3ExportPrice5/33III.ExplainthefollowingtermsinquiryofferAnofferisasufficientlydefiniteproposaladdressedtooneormorespecificpersonsforconcludingacontract,necessarilyindicatingtheintentionoftheofferortobeboundincaseofacceptance.counterofferAcounterofferisareplytoanofferwhichcontainsadditions,limitationsorothermodifications.acceptanceAnacceptanceisastatementmadebyorotherconductoftheoffereeindicatingassenttoanoffer.IV.ShortquestionsAcodeofcurrency,anumber,aunitandatradeterm.2.Whilemakingpricingdecision,whatmajorfactorsshouldbeconsidered?Differences:a.Commissionpaymentisanad-dupontopoftheoriginalprice,whilediscountareduction;b.Commissionmainlyappliestotransactionswhichinvolvemiddlepersonoragent.Discountcanbeusedwithoutparticularprerequisites.Whenwillanofferbeterminated?Anofferwillbeterminatedwhen:a.itislegallyterminated(beingwithdrawnorrevoked);b.itisnotacceptedbytheoffereewithinthevalidityperiodorareasonableperiodoftime;c.itisrejectedbytheofferee;andd.someuncontrollableeventshappen,preventingtheofferorfromfulfillinghisobligations.Whatarethepossiblemodificationsacounteroffermaymaketoanoffer?6/33Ifareplytoanoffermakesmodificationsinthefollowingaspects,thereplywillbeconsideredasacounteroffer:~_priceandpayment;b.qualityandquantityofgoods;c.placeandtimeofdelivery;d.extentofoneparty'sliabilitytotheother;e.settlementofdispute.V.Casestudies1.UnderthepriceofUSD25.5/dozenCFRRotterdamBBCompanysignedacontracttosell1000dozensofT-shirt.TheT-shirtwaspurchasedfromfactorybyRMB135/dozen.BBCompanycalculated3%ofitsproductpurchasingpriceasitsoverheadcosts.ThelocaltransportandcustomsformalitiestookRMB2500andthecontaineroceanfreightwasUSD1500.Ifthebankexchangeratewas1USD/6.5RMB,whatwouldbetheexportprofitmarginforthisdeal?Andwhataboutitsexportcostforforeignexchange?exportprofitmargin:9.26%;exportcostforforeignexchange:5.897Exportprofitmargin=[Exportrevenue(FOB)-Exportcost(FOB)]/Exportrevenue(FOB)ExportCostforForeignExchange=[ExportCostinLocalCurrency]/[ExportRevenueinForeignCurrency]FOBC2%USD1020.41/M/TFOBC%=FOB/(-1Commission)ACCompanyofferedtosellgoodsatUSD100percaseCIFNewYork.TheimporterrequestedarevisedquoteforCFRC5%.Thepremiumrateforinsurancewas1.05%andmark-upforinsurancewas10%.Togetthesameexportrevenue,whatwouldAC'snewofferbe?CFRC5%USD104.5/caseI=CIFx110%xRCFRC%=CFR/(-1Commission)7/33DDCompanyofferedtosellgoodsatUSD2000perM/TCWTorontowith'allrisks'and'warrisk'for110%ofthevalue.TheimporterrequestedarevisedquoteforFOB.ThefreightforGuangzho-uTorontowasUSD50perM/T,andthepremiumratesforallrisksandwarriskwere1%and0.2%respectively.Togetthesameexportrevenue,whatFOBpriceshouldtheexporteroffer?FOBUSD1923.6/M/TI=CIFx110%xRCIF=FOB+Freight+InsuranceThepricequotedbyanexporterwasUSD450percaseFOB.TheimporterrequestedarevisedquoteforCIFAuckland.IfthefreightwasUSD50percase,110%ofthevaluewastobeinsured,andthepremiumrateforinsurancewas0.8%,whatwouldthenewpricebe?CIFUSD504.44/caseCIF=CFR/(1-110%xR)CFR=FOB+FreightXCompanysignedacontracttoexporttwomachinesataninitialprice(P0)ofUSD5millioneach.AtthetimeofsettingP0,thematerialpriceindex(M0)was110,thewageindex(W0)was120.Thecontractcontainedapricerevisionclausethatallowedthefinalpricetobesetondelivery.Atthetimeofdelivery,thematerialpriceindex(M)was112,andthewageindex(W)became125.Ifthefollowingratiosremainedconstant:A(themanagementfeeandprofitasapercentageoftheprice)=15%B(thematerialcostasapercentageoftheprice)=30%C(thewagecostasapercentageoftheprice)=55%Whatisthefinalprice(P)?USD5.14million8/33P=P0.(A+B.M/M0+C.W/W0)OnNov.20th,LeeCo.offeredtosellgoodstoDeeInc.atUSD500percaseCIFLondon,Offervalidifreplyhere11/27.OnNov.22ndcabledback,OfferacceptedifUSD480percase.AsLeewasconsideringthebid,themarketpricewentoverUSD500.OnNov.25th,cabledanunconditionalacceptanceofLee'sinitialoffer.CouldLeereject'sacceptance?析：1)DeeInc.的回复对价格进行了更改，因此这是一个还盘。当DeeInc．对报盘进行还盘， 原来的报盘就自动中止了。 在这个前提下， LeeCo．可以采取任何行动而不须顾虑先前的报价。 2)尽管 DeeInc．在原9/339/33报盘的有效期内又发出了一个无条件接受报盘的回复， 但由于之前他们已经进行了还盘，所以此时的接受无效。答案： Yes．答题切入点： 1）还盘的定义； 2）报盘中止的因素。XofferedtosellgoodstoY,Shipmentwithin2monthsafterreceiptofL/C,offervalidifreplyhere5days.Twodayslater,Ycabledback,Acceptyouroffershipmentimmediately.Xdidn'treply.Twomoredayslater,XreceivedY'sL/Crequiringimmediateshipment.Atthistime,themarketpriceofthegoodswentupby20%.WhatoptionsdidXhavetodealwithY?析：1）Y在两天后的回复中虽然声明接受报盘， 但同时要求“shipmentimmediately"，这是对原报盘的船期“shipmentwithin2months”进行了修改， 因此构成了一个还盘， 原报盘则被中止。 2）在这个前提下，再来考虑x都有哪些选择以及哪个是最可能或最好的。答题切入点：1）还盘的定义；2）报盘中止的因素；3）X可能有的各项选择；4）X最可能选择的做法及原因。Chapter4TermsofCommodityIII.CalculationCompanyChasacontracttoexport10metrictonsofSeafood,tobepackedincartonseachof.(lib=0.45),witha5%moreorlessallowedbothinquantityandinamount.HowmanycartonsofSeafoodcanCompanyCdeliveratmost?HowmanycartonsofSeafoodshouldCompanyCdeliveratleast?lib=0.453,so=18.Maximum:[10xlx(1+5%)]/18.144=578.7(Attention:0.7shouldbedeletedhere)=578cartonsMinimum:[10xlx(1-5%)]/18.144=523.6(Attention:0,6shouldbeaddedhere)=524cartonsAnswer:1)Atmost,CompanyCcandeliver578cartonsofSeafood.)Atleast,CompanyCshoulddeliver524cartons.ExplainthefollowingtermsqualitylatitudeQualitylatitudemeansthepermissiblerangewithinwhichthequalityofthegoodsdeliveredbythesellermaybeflexiblycontrolled.qualitytoleranceQualitytolerancereferstothequalitydeviationrecognized(e.g.bysomeindustry),whichallowsthequalityofthegoodsdeliveredtohavecertaindifferencewithinarange.salebycountersamplegrossfornetstandardregain10/33Standardregain(rate)referstotheratiobetweenthewatercontentandthedryweightofthegoodswhichisacceptedintheworldmarketoragreeduponbythesellerandthebuyer.conditionedweightmoreorlessclauseAmoreorlessclauseusuallyconcernsthreeissues:1)howmuchmoreorlessshouldbeallowed;2)whichpartyisentitledtomakethedecision;and3)howshouldthemoreorlessportionofthegoodsbepriced.shippingmarksShippingmarksareatypeofmarkingontheshippingpacking.Itquickenstheidentificationandtransportationofthegoodsandhelpsavoidshippingerrors.Internationalstandardshippingmarksareusuallymadeupoffourparts:Consignee'scode;2)Destination;3)ReferenceNo.and4)Numberofpackages.F.A.Q.F.A.Q.istheabbreviationof11/3311/33airaveragequality.F.A.Q.isakindofstandardusedtoindicatethatthequalityoftheproductofferedisaboutequaltotheaveragequalitylevelofthesamecropwithinacertainperiodoftime(e.g.ayear.).neutralpackingNeutralpackingisaspecialtypeofmarkingratherthanatypeofpackingasitsnamemayindicate.Whileneutralpackingisrequired,nomarkingoforiginornameofthemanufacturershouldappearontheproduct,ontheshippingpackingorsalespackaging.Shortquestions2.Whataretheissuestobeconcernedwhenspecifyingqualityclauseinasalescontract?Whenstipulatingaqualityclauseinasalescontract,thefollowingaretobeconcerned:~avoidingdoublestandard,eitherbydescriptionorbysample:Whensamplesarerequiredunderasalebydescription,itisessentialtoindicatethatthesampleisforreferenceonly.~makinguseofthequalitylatitudewhichallowsthesellertohaveflexibilityincontrollingthequalitybecauseabsolutequalityisdifficultorevenimpossibletohandle.~incaseofasampleprovidedbythebuyer,makinguseofprotectingclause.~Legalweightistheweightofthegoodsincludingtheimmediate,inner,ordirectpackingofthegoods.Accordingtothecustomslawsandregulationsinsomecountries,legalweightisusuallyusedasthebasisfortariffcalculation.Whatarethedifferentwaysofcalculatingthetarewhennetweightisused?Whataretheissuestobeconcernedwhenspecifyingquantityclauseinasalescontract?Whenstipulatingaquantityclauseinasalescontract,thefollowingaretobeconcerned:~adoptingtherightunitmeasurements~beingawareofdifferentmeasurementunitsDuetotheexistenceofdifferentmeasurementsystemsintheworld,tradersneedtobeawareoftheconsistencyofsystem.Anotablefactisthatsomeunitsindifferentsystemscarrythesamenamethough;theyareindicatingstandardsofmeasurementwithsignificantdifference.Inaddition,itistruethatduetothelocalbackgroundandcustomarypractice,differentcountriesadoptdifferentsystemsofmeasurement.Therefore,tradersneedtoclarifytheuseofunitandmeasurementsystemtoavoidunnecessarydisputes.~makinguseofthemoreorlessclausewhichallowsthesellertohaveflexibilityinmakingshipmentbecauseabsolutequantityisdifficultorevenimpossibletohandle.12/33VI.CaseStudiesXYZCompanysignedacontracttoexportRedDates.ThecontractspecifiedthatthedatesshouldbeGrade3.Butatthetimeofshipment,therewerenotenoughthird-gradedatesonhandfordelivery.Asaresult,datesofhigherquality,Grade2,wereusedassubstitutes.Thesellerproudlymarkedtheinvoice,DatesofGrade2soldatthepriceofGrade3.Couldthebuyerrefusetoacceptthegoods?Whyorwhynot?Wouldyoudodifferentlyifyouweretheseller?How?析：本题的解题要点： 1)联合国国际货物销售合同公约第三十五条 (1)卖方交付的货物必须与合同所规定的数量、 质量和规格相符， 并须按照合同所规定的方式装箱或包装； 2)合同本身的品质规定是 “Grade；3)实际所交货物的品质是“ Grade。⑴答案：Yes买方可以拒收货物。不论品质比规定的好或差，只要实际所交货物的品质与合同本身的品质规定不同， 就是不符。 在此情况下，买方有权利拒收货物。答题切入点：品质不符的理解。（2）答案：Yes如果我是卖方，我会与买方磋商，寻求买卖双方都能接受的处理方法。答题切入点：与买方磋商解决。析：答案：Yes买方可以向卖方提出索赔，因为卖方交付的货物的品质与样品不符；在这笔交易中，卖方犯了起码两个错误：错误 1）：品质条款没有品质机动某些产品 （如农副产品等 ）的质量具一定的不稳定性，为了交易的顺利进行，在规定其品质指标的同时，应制定一定的品质机动幅度，允许卖方所交的货物的品质指标在一定的幅度内有灵活性。 否则单一的品质指标难以达到，往往给卖方履行合同带来困难。13/33答题的切入点：品质机动条款错误 2）：品质规定用了双重标准， 既凭合同规格买卖， 又凭样品买卖。表示品质的方法很多， 品质条款应视商品的特性而定， 采取合理的品质规定。凡是能用一种方法表示某种品质的， 一般就不宜用两种或两种以上的方法来表示。 根据联合国国际货物销售合同公约， 如同时采用既凭样品又凭规格买卖， 则要求卖方交付的货物的品质必须既与样品一致，又要符合合同所规定规格，要做到两全其美，难以办到，往往给卖方履行合同带来困难。答题的切入点：品质规定的双重标准，既凭合同规格又凭样品买卖。3.ABCCompanysignedacontracttoexportrice.Thequantitywas10000tons.Aftertakingthedelivery,theforeignbuyerdemandedanadditional160metrictonsofrice.Whatwentwrong?析：本题的解题要点： 合约中的数量为“吨” ，是不明确的规定。“吨” ，在实行公制的国家一般理解为公吨，每吨为 1；在实行英制的国家一般理解为长吨，每吨为 1；在实行美制的国家一般理解为短吨，每吨为。所以，当卖方理解为公吨， 每吨为1；而买方理解为长吨，每吨为1是，这份合约下卖方实际交货的数量与买方预期收货数量的差别为160公吨［(1-1)X100000=160=160metrictons］。答案：是买卖双方对合约数量规定的“吨”有不同的理解。答题的切入点： 1)数量规定不明确； 2)不同度量衡制度下的“吨”表示的实际数量不同。Whatisaregainrate?Whydidthebuyergetabaddeal?Ifthestandardregainis10%,andactualregainis33%,whatistheconditionedweight?析：本题的解题要点：1)文中提到合同约定的数量是“20MT”，应理解为净重。因为计算重量的方法有毛重，净重，公量等，而根据联合国国际货物销售 14/33合同公约第五十六条，如果价格是按货物的重量规定的，如有疑问，应按净重确定。 2)合同商品的羊毛，具有较强的吸湿性，其所含的水分受客观环境的影响较大， 故其重量很不稳定。 为了准确计算这类商品的重量，国际贸易中买卖双方通常会约定标准 (公定 )回潮率，采用按公量计算的办法。(1)答案：回潮是指货物 (纤维材料 )在环境温度下吸湿含水的现象。回潮率则是指货物 (纤维材料 )含水重量占货物 (纤维材料 )干重的百分比。答题的切入点：回潮 (率)的概念。(2)答案： 买方这笔交易不划算。 因为合同中没有明确规定计算重量的方法，只能按净重计算。因此当卖方实际交货的羊毛，因具有较强的吸湿性而其所含的水分高达 33%是， 买方也别无他法， 只得按净重 (连带33%的水分 )计算付款。答题的切入点：合同约定计算重量的方法不明确。(3)答案：如按公量计算，这批货只6．54公吨。计算：ConditionedWeight=ActualWeightx[(1+StandardRegainRate)/(1+ActualRegainRate)]=20<[(1+10%)/(1+33%)]=16.54答题的切入点：公量的计算。析：本题的解题要点：导致买方被海关罚款的原因是单货不符。单货不符的原因是卖方实际交货的包装与信用证规定不符； 导致实际交货的包装与信用证规定不符的原因是信用证规定的包装与合同不符 (或合同规定不够详细明确 )。答案：Yes买方应得到赔偿。答题的切入点： 导致买方被海关罚款的直接原因； 单货不符的责任方。Chapter5CargoTransportationCalculation15/33ThepricequotedbyanexporterwasUSD38percaseFOB.TheimporterrequestedarevisedCFRLiverpoolprice.Ifthesizeofeachcasewasxx,grossweightpercasewas,freightbasiswasW/MandthequotationforisUSD100pertonofcarriage,plus20%bunkeradjustmentfactor(BAF)and10%currencyadjustmentfactor(CAF),whatwouldbetheCFRprice?W==/tM=xx=0.5x0.4x0.3=0.3M>W,MwillbeusedasfreightbasisforfreightcalculationFreightpercase=Mxbasicfreightratex(1+BAFrate+CAFrate)=0.06x100x(l+20%+10%)=USD7.8CFR=FOB+Freight=38+7.8=USD45.80Answer:TheCFRpricewouldbeUSD45.80percaseCFRLiverpool.Oneconsignmentof10cartonsofleathershoes,measurementofeachcartonis50x50x,grossweightofeachis.TheairfreightratequotedfortheflightrequiredisUSD1.3/KG.Howmuchairfreightshouldbepaidtothecarrier?W=M=(50x50x50)/63=20.M>WFreight=USD1.3/kgx20.83x10cartons=USD270.79Answer:TheairfreightisUSD270.79.CompanyAistodeliverasmallconsignmentofHardware(Total:120ctn/3cbm/6.5mt)from,to.TheLCLoceanfreightrateisUSD45.00perrateton(lcbm:lmt).Howmuchisthefreight?TotalWeight=/tTotalMeasurement=3cbm16/33M>W,soMisusedascalculationbasis.Totalfreight=BasicFreightRatexTotalQuantity=45.00x6.5=USD292.50Answer:ThetotalfreightwouldbeUSD292.50.CompanyBistoexporttheirgoodsbythree1x20'FCLContainersfrom,to.ThequotationforFCLoceanfreightrateisasfollows:O/F(Oceanfreight)rate:USD750.00/20';BAF:USD500.00/20';CAF:12%onthebasisfreightISPS(Internationalshipandportfacilitysecurity)USD10.00/20'Howmuchisthetotalfreight?Totalfreight=[O/Fx(1+CAF)+BAF+ISPS]xQuantity=[750x(1+12%)+500+10]x3=1350x3=USD4050.00Answer:ThetotalfreightwouldbeUSD4050.00.A/F(Airfreight)rate:CNY10.00/kgFSC(Fuelsurcharge):CNY11.00/kgSCC(Securitysurcharge):CNY1.20/kgHowmuchisthetotalairfreight?TotalWeight=TotalMeasurement:/63=2.5x10003/63=2.5x16杳W>M,soWisusedasthecalculationbasis.Totalairfreight=(A/F+FSC+SCC)xQuantity=(10.00+11.00+1.20)x550=CNY12210.0017/33Answer:ThetotalairfreightwouldbeCNY12210.00.ExplainthefollowingtermslinerserviceF.I.O.F.I.O.istheinitialorabbreviationsforFreeInandOut.FreeInandOutisoneofthefourmethodsusuallyusedtodividetheexpensesofloadingandunloadingbetweentheshipownerandthechartererinacharterparty.UnderF.I.O.,theship-ownerdoesnotbearanyloadingandunloadingcost.demurragedispatchmoneycontainerizationFCLFCL,ashortforFullContainerLoad,isonetypeofthetwocontainertransportationservices.Ifthegoodsareofacontainerload,FCLserviceshallbeadopted.UnderFCLservice,thefreightiscalculatedbasedoncontainercapacityandtheoriginanddestinationofthegoods,notonthequantityofthegoodsinvolvedasinthecaseofLCL,theothertypeofthecontainertransportationservices.timeofdeliveryoptionalportsOptionalportsrefertotwoormoreportsofdestinationratherthanadefinite.Theyarespecifiedinthecontract.Thesellermayaccepttwoormoreoptionalportstomeetthebuyer'sspecialrequirements,whenabuyercannot,atthetimeofcontracting,makethedecisionastowhichmarketshouldthegoodsbedeliveredto.ShortquestionsUnderwhatcircumstancesdoestimeofshipmentequaltothetimeofdelivery?18/33Timeofshipmentreferstothetimelimitforloadingthegoodsonboardthevesselattheportofshipmentwhiletimeofdeliveryreferstothetimelimitduringwhichthesellershalldeliverthegoodstothebuyerattheagreedplace.Forallshipmentcontracts,timeofshipmentequalstotimeofdeliveryandtheycanbeusedinterchangeablyinthecontract.AccordingtoIncoterms2010,contractsconcludedonthebasisoftermslikeFOB,CFR,CIF,FCA,CPT,CIPareshipmentcontracts.Undertheshipmentcontract,thesellerfulfillshisobligationofdeliverywhenthegoodsareshippedonboardthevesselordeliveredtothecarderandtheselleronlybearsallriskspriortoshipment.Whatarethefunctionsofabilloflading?Abillofladinghasthreemajorfunctions:First,itisacargoreceipt.Second,itisevidenceofacontractofcarriage.Finally,itisadocumentoftitletothegoods.Whatarethemaintypesofbillsoflading?Billsofladingcanbeclassifiedintovariousformsaccordingtodifferentstandards.~Accordingtowhetherthegoodshavebeenloadedonboardthecarryingvessel,billsofladingcanbeclassifiedintoshipped(oronboard)B/Landreceivedforshipment(orreceived)B/L.~Accordingtotheapparentconditionofthereceivedcargo,billsofladingcanbeclassifiedintocleanB/LanduncleanB/L.~Accordingtotheaddressoftheconsignee,billsofladingcanbedividedintostraightB/L,orderB/LandopenB/L.~Accordingtowhethertransshipmentisinvolvedintransit,billsofladingcanbeclassifiedintodirectB/LandtransshipmentB/L.~Accordingtotheperplexityorsimplicityofthebillcontent,billsofladingcanbeclassifiedintolongformB/LandshortformB/L.19/33~Accordingtothepaymentconditionoffreight,billsofladingcanbeclassifiedintofreightprepaidB/LandfreighttobecollectedB/L.~Accordingtothevalidity,billsofladingareclassifiedintooriginalB/LandcopyB/L.~Otherformsofbillofladingalsoexistaccordingtodifferentcircumstances.TheyarestaleB/L,ante-datedB/L,advanceB/Landon-deckB/L.Whatarethewaysofdividingchargesofloadingandunloadinginacharterparty?Fourmethodsareusuallyusedtodividetheexpensesofloadingandunloadingbetweentheship-ownerandthecharterer:~LinerTerms/GrossTermsorInandOut(I.&O.):Thesh-oipwnerbearsloadingandunloadingcost.~FreeIn(F.I.):Thesh-ipownerisonlyresponsibleforunloadingcost.~FreeOut(F.O.):Thesh-iopwnerisonlyresponsibleforloadingcost.~FreeInandOut(F.I.O.):Thesh-iopwnerdoesnotbearloadingandunloadingcost.OrF.I.O.S.T.(freeinandout,stowedandtrimmed):Theship-ownerdoesnotbearloadingandunloadingcost,notevenbeartheexpensesofstowingandtrimming.Whatfactorsaretobeconcernedinstipulatingclauseofdeliveryinacontract?Theshipmentclauseinasalescontractusuallyincludesstipulationsconcerningtimeofdelivery(timeofshipment),port(place)ofshipmentandport(place)ofdestination,partialshipments,transshipment,orlaydays,demurrageanddispatchmoney.CasestudiesABCco.signedacontracttoexport/Tofbeans.Theletterofcreditstipulated,Partialshipmentnotallowed.Whentheshipmentwasbeingmade,theexporter20/33loaded/Teachonboardthesamevesselforthesamevoyageattheofandthe.Theshipmentdocumentwasclearlymarkedwiththeportsofshipmentandthedatesofshipment.DidtheexporterviolatethetermsoftheL/C?析：本题的解题要点：ucP600第三H^一条：b.表明使用同一运输工具并经由同次航程运输的数套运输单据在同一次提交时， 只要显示相同目的地， 将不视为部分发运， 即使运输单据上表明的发运日期不同或装货港、 接管地或发运地点不同。 案例虽然没有说明货物是否在同一目的港卸货，但如果没有强调说明，一般认为是同一个目的地。答案：No。卖方没有违反信用证“不允许分批装船”的规定。答题切入点：对转船的定义和相关规定的理解。Deeco.signedalargeexportcontractstipulating,ShipmentwillbemadeduringAugustof2012.Butduetotheproblemswiththevessel,theshipmentwasnotmadeuntilSeptember13.Upon'srequest,thecarrierante-datedtheB/LtoAugust31.Whatcouldbetheconsequenceofante-dating?Whatwouldbethefightthingtodoincaseofapossibleshipmentdelay?析：本题的解题要点：对于倒签提单，各国法律和海运行规都是不允许的。倒签提单是指承运人在货物装船完毕，签发提单时，应托运人的请求将提单签发日期提前到信用证规定的日期。 倒签提单是一种非常严重的行为， 托运人的目的都是为了使提单签发日期符合信用证的规定，顺利结汇， 但对收货人来说则构成合谋欺诈，可能使收货人蒙受重大损失。1）答案：倒签提单是一种严重的合谋欺诈行为，托运人和承运都有可能被追究法律责任。 如使收货人蒙受重大损失， 还会被追讨经济方面的赔偿。答题切入点：对倒签提单及其相关规定的理解。2）答案：与买方磋商，寻求买卖双方都能接受的解决办法；如 1）延期信用证的有效期和船期； 2）买方同意向银行 （开证行 ）和卖方开出保函，保证接受签发日期迟于信用证规定日期的提单。21/