英语讲义-翻译与2011年相同

考研翻译基础班讲以讲解翻译基础知识为主，基本不涉及考研翻译的。但是，很重要，有必要在强化训练中完全掌握。一翻译的定义三翻译的基本过程四考研翻译的解题策一词义选择和词义引申三增词法四省略法一名词性从句的翻译四结构的翻根 PartCReadthefollowingtextcarefullyandthentranslatetheunderlinedsegmentsintoYourtranslationshouldbewrittenclearlyonANSWERSHEET2.(10ThestudyoflawhasbeenrecognizedforcenturiesasabasicinlectualdisciplineinEuropeanuniversities.However,onlyinrecentyearshasit eafeatureofundergraduateprogramsinCanadianuniversities.46)Traditionally,legallearninghasbeenviewedinsuchinstitutionsasthespecialpreserveoflawyers,ratherthananecessarypartoftheinlectualequipmentofaneducated .Happily,theolderandmorecontinentalviewoflegaleducationisestablishingitselfinanumberofCanadianuniversitiesandsomehaveevenbeguntoofferundergraduatedegreesinlaw.Ifthestudyoflawisbeginningtoestablishitselfaspartandparcelofageneraleducation,itsaimsandmethodsshouldappealdirectlytojournalismeducators.Lawisadisciplinewhichencouragesresponsiblejudgment.Ontheonehand,itprovidesopportunitiestoyzesuchideasasjustice,democracyandfreedom.47)Ontheother,itlinkstheseconceptstoeverydayrealitiesinamannerwhichisparalleltothelinksjournalistsforgeonadailybasisastheycoverandcommentonthenews.Forexample,notionsofevidenceandfact,ofbasicrightsandpublicinterestareatworkintheprocessofjournalisticjudgmentandproductionjustasincourtsoflaw.Sharpeningjudgmentbyabsorbingandreflectingonlawisadesirablecomponentofajournalist'sinlectualpreparationforhisorhercareer.48)Buttheideathatthejournalistmustunderstandthelawmoreprofoundlythananordinarycitizenrestsonanunderstandingoftheestablishedconventionsandspecialresponsibilitiesofthenewmedia.Politicsor,morebroadly,thefunctioningofthestate,isamajorsubjectforjournalists.Thebetterinformedtheyareaboutthewaythestateworks,thebettertheirreportingwillbe.49)Infact,itisdifficulttoseehowjournalistswhodonothaveacleargraspofthebasicfeaturesoftheCanadianConstitutioncandoacompetentjobonpoliticalstories.Furthermore,thelegalsystemandtheeventswhichoccurwithinitareprimarysubjectsforjournalists.Whilethequalityoflegaljournalismvariesgreatly,thereisanunduerelianceamongstmanyjournalistsoninterpretationsdtothembylawyers.50)Whilecommentandreactionfromlawyersmayenhancestories,itispreferableforjournaliststorelyontheirownnotionsofsignificanceandmaketheirownjudgments.Thesecanonlycomefromawell-groundedunderstandingofthelegalsystem52100.50.25史、文化、哲学、心理和科普方面的题材。其体裁基本上是议。如：1990199119921993199519971998年：天体物理学中的大理1999年：的方法2000年：调控与工业化发20012002200320042006年：的作2007年：法学在中的作用第二讲考研翻译的过程和解题策Themedicinalherbhelpsa例如，1997Doanimalshaveright?Thisishowthequestionisusuallyput.Itsoundslikeaground-clearingwaytostart.Actually,itisn't,becauseitassumesthatthereisanagreedaccountof,whichissomethingtheworlddoesnothave.一、理解英语原文，拆分语法结语法和逻辑连接起来的“象葡萄藤一样”的结构。在翻译句子之前，先通读全句，主句和从句拆分出来，或者把主分和修饰部分拆分出来。连词：如and,or,but,yet,for等并列连词连接着并列句；还有连接状语从句的连接词，如：when,assinceuntilbeforeafterwherebecausesincethoughtalthoughsothat,等等；它们就成了理解英语句子的拆分点。关系词：如连接名词性从句的who,whom,whose,what,which,whatever,whicheverwhen,wherehowwhy等关系副词；还有连接定语从句的关系代词，who,which,that,whom,whose等等；它们也是理解英语句子的拆分点。onin,with,atofto等介词常常引导介词短语作修饰语，所以它们也是理例1Socialscienceisthatbranchofinlectualenquirywhichseekstostudyhumansandtheirendeavorsinthesamereasoned,orderly,systematic,anddispassionedmannerthatnaturalscientistsuseforthestudyofnaturalphenomena.（35词，200362题）拆分1）句子的主干是：Socialscienceisthatbranchofinlectualenquiry，2）whichsocialscience，方式状语：inthesamereasoned,orderlysystematicanddispassionedmanner是方式状定语从句：thatnaturalscientistsuseforthestudyofnaturalphenomena是定语从句，manner。Socialscienceisthatbranchofinlectualenquirywhichseekstostudyhumans1主 2定语从theirendeavorsinthesamereasoned,orderly,systematic,anddispassioned3thatnaturalscientistsuseforthestudyofnatural4二、改变原文顺序，组合汉语译1Socialscienceisthatbranchofin lectualenquirywhichseekstostudyhumansandtheirendeavors定语从句比较复杂，可以放在所修饰inthesamereasoned,orderly,systematicanddispassionedmanner方式状语，如果照原thatnaturalscientistsuseforthestudyofnaturalphenomena.定语从句直接放到所修饰199472）题aleaderofthenewschoolcontends中，school是“学派”的意思，而199674）elegantsystem中，elegant是“完美，完善”的意思，而不是“优雅”在2001年75）题Andhomeapplianceswill esosmartthat...中，smart是“智能化” I’llseeherhomeisthehomeofHe’sathomewiththeclassics.NewhomesareforShe’sathomewheresheMaternityhomecostsinAmericahavegoneup妇产医院已经急剧上涨。Muchisproducedhereforhomemarket.HelooksonLondonashishome.如：forecast有“预报，预测”的意思，用作动词和用作名词时意思相同；increase作约”的意思。又如：while...的时候，而，虽然”等意思；作名词时，却语法关系来辨别的词性，以便能准确的判断词义。如：Thislightistoopoortoreadby.Aluminumisalightmetal.Willyoulightthefireforme?TheEarthisnotcompleyLet'sgointothehallandhavealookTheyaredancinginaroundHeworkedroundtheday.Theboy'seyesroundedwithmove为例，如果上下文不一样，move的意思显然也是不一样，必须依据ThatcarwasreallySharepricesmovedaheadThestoryoftheirsufferingsmovedusWorkonthenewbuildingismoving ernment'sopinionsonthismatterhaven'tImovethatwesupporttheintroductionofthisnewtechnologicalShemovesinthehighestcirclesofsociety.她高级社交圈里。Unlesstheemployersmovequickly,therewillbe如：adeepwell是指深井；adeepvoice低沉的嗓音；adeepred鲜红色；deepinstudy专心学习；adeepmystery难以理解的奥妙；adeepthinker知识渊博的思想家；deepoutrage强烈的。又如动词work在翻译时如果上下文不同，汉语搭配也不一样，翻译时应该选择不IthinkyoursuggestionwillThenewtreatmentworkslikeMywatchdoesn’twork.TheseaworksSheworkedherwaytotheTherootofthepinetreeworkeddownbetweentheThenewregulationisworkingwellTheyhavetheirsand andtears本来是“微笑和眼泪，但是以引申为抽象的“欢乐与Weinsistthatinternationaltradeshouldnotbeaone-wayIhavenoheadforThecarinfrontofmestopped,andImissedthe（在原文中，green本来是“绿色”的意思，但是Perhapstheonlytroublewithcopperisthatitisnothardenoughforsome（trouble本来是“麻烦”的例如：IadmireyourdecisiontofightforthedifficultiesinpreparingtheRocketshavefoundapplicationfortheexplorationoftheInChina,thereisalotofemphasisonAcarefulstudyoftheoriginaltextwillgiveyouabetterThesightandsoundofourjetplanesfilledmewithspeciallonging.3．英语中有些加后缀-er的名词，Heisagoodsinger.Thosesmallfactoriesarealsolavishconsumerandwasterofraw4Tohavearest和Tohaveagoodlookatrestlook.Youmustbetired.Whydon’tyoutakeaThecarbrakedsharply,comingtorestontheedgeoftheIamanxiousabouthisScientistsareconfidentthatallmatteris与思维和知觉相关的形容词：aware,conscious,certain,sure,mindful,ignorant,alert等；与情感相关的形容词：glad,pleased,cautious,careful,angry,happy,exhilarated,excited,confidentthankfulgratefulconcerned,eagerafraid,doubtfulsorry与相关的形容词：desirous,hopeful,anxious,keen,enthusiastic,zealous等SheopenedthewindowtoletfreshairAftercarefulinvestigationtheyfoundthedesignThiskindofbehaviorcharacterizesthecriminalTothem,he 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（一）whatwhateverwhoeverwhetherwhen,wherehowwhy等词引导的主语从句，Whathetoldmewasonlyhalf-他告诉只是些半真半东西而已。Whateverisworthngshouldbedonewell.WhetherhecomesornotmakesnoWhenwecanbegintheexpeditionisstillaquestion.我们何时才能开始这次仍然是悬而未决。Howheisgoingto tisamystery.（二）it作形式主语的主语从句，可以把主语从句放到汉语句子最前面去翻译。为了强调起见，it一般可以译出来；如果不需要强调，it也可以不译出来。Itdoesn’tmakemuchdifferencewhetherheattendsthemeetingorItseemedinconceivablethatthepilotcouldhavesurvivedtheItisstrangethatsheshouldhavefailedtoseeher （It不用翻译，还可以用“奇怪的是...”这样的（一）thatwhathowwhen,which,whywhetherif等引起的宾语从句，翻译成汉语Itoldhimthatbecauseofthelastcondition,I’dhavetoturnitCanyouhearwhatIIdon’tknowthatheswamacrosstheIdon’tknowhowheswamacrosstheHehasinformedmewhentheyaretodiscussmy他已经通知我他们将在什么时候谈论建议SmithrepliedthathewasHewouldremindpeopleagainthatitwasdecidednotonlybyhimselfbutbylotsof（二）it作形式宾语的句子，在翻译的时候，that所引导的宾语从句一般可按英语原文顺序翻译；it有时候可以不用翻译。Imadeitcleartothemthattheymusthandintheirpapersbefore10o’clockintheIhearditsaidthathehadgone（it没有翻译IregarditasanhonorthatIamchosentoattendtheWeconsideritabsoluynecessarythatweshouldopenourdoortotheoutside（itItseemsthatitisgoingtoThatiswhyJackgotThequestionremainswhetherwecanwinthemajorityoftheHisviewofthepresswasthatthereporterswereeitherforhimoragainst他对界的看法是，们不是支持他，就是他。，fact（，hope（，doub（new（rumo（eeeo（roble（orde（anwe（ecso（，disovry，expanao（，foron（，knowede（，lawpinio（trut（romisrepor（，aeen（，rule（，posb（HeexpressedthehopethathewouldcomeovertovisitChina他表示希望再到中国来。Thereisapossibilitythatheisaspy.有可能他是一个。WeknowthefactthatbodiespossessTherumorthathewasarrestedwas（Butthisdoesnotinanywayalterthefactthattheyarenow,fromapracticalpointofview,WehavereachedtheconclusionthatpracticeisthecriterionfortestingNotlongago,thescientistsmadeanexcitingdiscoverythatthiswastematerialcouldbeturnedintoplastics.

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（一）allboth,everyeverybodyeverydayeveryonemanyeverything,entirelyaltogether,absoluy,wholly,compley,everywhere,always,oftennot搭配使用。常常翻译，both…not（every…no（，not，notaltogether（不全是，notnecessarily（未必）等。AllthatglittersisnotBoththewindowsarenotopen.EverybodydoesnotbelievetheTheyarenotalwaysintheofficeon他们不一定每个星期天都在。Theresponsibilityisnotaltogethermine.Thesituationisnotnecessarily“all…not”和“和“Notevery…”这种表达形式。Notallmetalsaregoodconductors.Noteveryoneacceptshisproposal.，no（，not（，non（nobod（nothin（nowher（，neither（，nor（，notHeisnoNoneofmyfriendsOurgreatmotherlandhasneverbeforebeensoprosperousasitisNothingintheworldisdifficultfortheonewhosetshismindtoNeverhavewebeendauntedby我们任何时候都没有被吓倒过。常见的双重否定形式主要有：no…not(没有……不)，without…not（没有……就不never(no)…without（每逢……总是，没有……不）never(no)…but（没有），，no(never)…uness（，not…anytheless（没有……而少做。NownospaceshipcannotbeloadedwithYouwillneversucceedunlessyouworkhard.Thereisnothingunusualthere.ThemachineisworkingnonetheworseforitslongShedidnotworkanythelessforherillness.That’snothinglessthana那完全是一个Notaskissodifficultbutwe plish再的任务，我们也能完成。（一）morethancan…morethancan…在意义上相当于英语的cannot…morethanonecanhelp相当于aslittleaspossibleThebeautyoftheparkismorethanwordscanTheboy everyinsolentanditismorethanhisparentscanDon’tlhimmorethanyoucanSheneverdoesmoreworkthanshecananythingbut…Heisanythingbutascholar.Thewoodbridgeisanythingbut（三）haveyettodo…Ihaveyettohearthestory.Ihaveyettolearnthenew（四）maymightaswell…maymightaswell…Itisstillraininghardoutside;wemayaswellstayhereoverthenight.Youmightaswellburnthebookthangivethemto，deny（，lack（，refuse（，escape（，resist（reject（，decline（doub（wonde（fai（，overloo（ceas（，def（forbi（giverefrainlosekeepave…fro（shuttonotrotect(eep,，keep，keep，turn，fall，live，disuade…rom（，keep…darkThespecificationlacksMyhusbandmissedthelastbus,sohehadtogobackhomeonTheerrorincalculationescapedthePleasekeepthenews请这个消息说出去，failure（，abence（，shrtage（，reluctanceinoanc（los（eclusio（，negation（，GreekWecannotfinishtheworkintheabsenceoftheseconditions.ShewasatalosswhatgoEnglishliteratureisGreektofarfro（free，safe，short，ignorantndpenentimatientdeficen（devoid，alien，foreign，blind，，absent，diferent，reluctant，less，dead，theThenewspaperaccountsarefarfrombeing报纸的远非事实PresentsoffoodareshortofHolidaysarefewandfar放时候并不多Heisthelastmanshewantstoabov（withoubeon（insteadininatbut，in，ataganst（，efore（，…，bese（，but（，ecept，from（，off（，under（，withn（，beneathbeneathoutoutofthequestion（不可能，inthedarkabout（对…不知）等等。ThatlazyboywenttoclassbeforehehadpreparedhisMrSmithwasabovereproach.Herbeautyisbeyondcompare.，not…too（，none，nothing，，no，none，none，not“make（fornot快就，nomorethan（仅仅，只是，nootherthan（只有，正是）等等。Youcan’tbetoocarefulinngThereisnomaterialbutwilldeformmoreorlessundertheactionofItisnomorethanaTheygavemethewrongbook,andIdidn’tnoticeituntilIgotbacktomyNoenergycanbecreated,andnoneNosoundwasNeitherplanisHedoesn’tstudyintheclassroom.IwasnotplayingalltheThewomandidnotcomeheretoaskusforMetalsdonotchangetheirformaseasilyasplasticbodiesShedidnotcomebecauseshewantedtoseeYoushouldnotdespisehimbecauseheisthink,believeexceptsupposeimaginereckon,fancyanticipateIdon’tthinkthattheymusthavearrivedtherebyIdon’tsupposetheywillobjecttomyIdidn’timaginethathewouldgoviewwishbeliefthoughtopinionItisnotmyopinionthatheisthebestmanfortheItisnotmythoughtthathecanfinishtheworkwithinaItisnotmywishthatyoushouldbreakyourMyparcelisasheavyas 一样重

Sheisasmuchinterestedinmusicas她和以前一样对音乐感Theeconomicdevelopmentinourcountryisasstablerecentlyas（二）notasorso)…as…Myuncleisnotas(orso)tallasyourPeoplearenotsohonestastheyonce（三）notsomuchas……Hewasnotsomuchangryas“他的是失望，是其次）TheoceansdonotsomuchdividetheworldasuniteBadwritingiscausednotsomuchbymistakesingrammarasbyweaknessin（四）notsomuchas…notsomuchas…这个结构相当于“noteven……，甚至没有…notsomuch…as…这个结构的区别。Hedidn’tsomuchasaskmetosetHecannotsomuchasspellaHehadn’tsomuchashisfarehome.二、+thantodo…句型YououghttoknowbetterthantogoswimmingonsuchacoldIhavemoresensethan lhimaboutourIhadabettercommandofEnglishthantomakesuchfoolish（一）moreAthanBmoreAthanB通常用于同一个人或者事物在两个不同性质或者特征上面的比较。翻译BAlessAthanB，翻译为“与其说AHeismoregoodthanHeislessgoodthanHeismoreawriterthanaHeislesscleverthan（二）morethan…IhaveknownhimformorethantwentyIhavemorethantendollarsinmy我口袋里还有十多HeismorethanafathertoHemorethan d,butShewasmorethankindtoHewasmorethanupsetbythemorethancan…则表示“难以…，完全不能…”的意思。ThatismorethanIcanunderstand.Thecoldwasmorethanthechildrencould寒冷是孩子们所受的（三）nomorethan…以翻译为“和一样不，不正如…，既不…也不…，…和…两者都不nomorethan…句型相近，但是意义相反的句型是noless…than…，可以翻译为“既是…，也…HisgrammarisnobetterthanHeisnomoreawriterthanaHeisnolessawriterthanaIamnomoreapoetthanheisaSuchgoodstudentswehaveneverNotaworddidshesaythewholetwoAtnotimeandundernocircumstanceswillChinabethefirsttouseormenacetousenuclear在任何时候和任何情况下，中国都不会首先使用或使用核（直接按照英语的NeverwilltheygiveupthestruggleforfreedomandMoreseriouswastheproblemofenvironmentalpollution.