2019年考研英语一真题(试题)

2019年考研英语一真题2019年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语(一)试题SectionIUseofEnglishDirectionsReadthefollowingtext.Choosethebestword(s)foreachnumberedblankandmarkA,B,CorDontheANSWERSHEET.(10points)TodayweIqveqnaworldwhereGPSsystems,dqgqtalmaps,andothernav^gatQonappsareavailableonoursmartphones.[ofusjustwalkstraightqntothewoodswithoutaphone.Butphones2onbatteries,andbatteriescandqefasterthanwerealize.3yougetlostwithoutaphoneoracompass,andyou4can'tfindnorth,wehaveafewtrackstohelpyounavigate 5_tocqvqlqzatqon,oneofwhqch?stofollowtheland.Whenyoufindyourself6atrad,butnotqnacompletely?area,youhavetoanswertwoquestionsWhqch qsdownhill,qnthqsparticulararea?Andwhereqsthenearestwatersource?HumansoverwhelminglyIqveqnvalleys,andonsuppliesoffreshwater.,?fyouheaddownhill,andfollowanyH20youfind,youshould_1Q_seesqgnsofpeople.Ifyou'veexploredtheareabefore,keepaneyeoutforfamqlqarsights-youmaybe_11howquqcklyqdentqfyqngadqstqnctqverockortreecanrestoreyourbearings.Another12Clqmbhqghandlookforsqgnsofhumanhabqtatqon.13.evenqndenseforest,youshouldbeableto14gapsqnthetreeIqneduetoroads,tra?ntracks,andotherpathspeoplecarve ILthewoods.Headtowardthesetofindawayout.Atnqght,scanthehorizonfor17_Iqghtsources,suchasfiresandstreetlights,thenwalktowardtheglowofIgghtpollution.1assumqngyou'relostqnanareahumanstendtofrequent,lookforthe1weleaveonthelandscape.Tragiblazes,tqretracks,andotherfeaturescan_1Q_youtocqvqlqzatqon.

1.[A]Some[B]Most[C]Few[D]All2.[A]put[B]take[C]run[D]come3.[A|Since(B|If[C]Though[D]Until4.[A]formally[B]relatively[C]gradually[D]literally5.[A]back|B]next[C]around[D]away6.[A]onto[B]off[C]across[D]along7.[A]unattractive[B]uncrowded[C]unchanged[D]unfamiliar8.|A|site|B)point[C]way[D|place9.[A]So[B]Yet[C]Instead[D]Besides10.[A]immediately[B]intentionally[C]unexpectedly[D]eventually11.[A]surprised[B]annoyed[C]frightened[D]confused12.[A]problem[B]option[C]view[D]result13.[A]Aboveall[B]Incontrast[C]Onaverage[D]Forexample14.[A]bridge[B]avoid[C]spot[D]separate15.[A]from[B]through[C]beyond[D]under16.[A]posts[B]links[C]shades[D]breaks17.[A]artificial[B]mysterious[C]hidden[D]limited18.[A]Finally[B]Consequently[C]Incidentally[D]Generally19.[A]memories[B]marks[C]notes[D]belongings20.[A]restrict[B]adopt[C]lead[D]exposeSectionIIReadingComprehensionPartADirectionsReadthefollowingfourtexts.AnswerthequestionsaftereachtextbychoosingA,B,CorD.MarkyouranswersontheANSWERSHEET.(40points)FqnancqalregulatorsqnBrqtaqnhaveimposedaratherunusualruleonthebossesofbqgbanks.Startingnextyear,anyguaranteedbonusoftopexecutivescouldbedelayed10yearsqftheqrbanksareunderqnvestqgatqonforwrongdoing.Themaqnpurposeofthqs"clawback"ruleqstoholdbankersaccountableforharmfulrqsk-takqngandtorestorepublictrustqnfinancialqnstqtutqons.Yetofficialsalsohopeforamuchlargerbenefitmorelong-termdecqsqon-makqng,notonlybybanksbutbyallcorporations,tobuqldastrongereconomyforfuturegenerations.“Short-termqsm”orthedes?reforquqckprofits,hasworsenedqnpubliclytradedcompanies,saystheBankofEngland'stopeconomist,AndrewHaldane.Hequotesagqantofclassicaleconomics,AlfredMarshall,qndescrqbqngthqsfinancialqmpatqenceasactingIqke"childrenwhopqcktheplumsoutoftheqrpuddingtoeatthematonce'*ratherthanputtingthemasqdetobeeatenlast.TheaveragetqmeforholdingastockqnboththeUnitedStatesandBrqtaqn,henotes,hasdroppedfromsevenyearstosevenmonthsqnrecentdecades.Transientinvestors,whodemandhqghquarterlyprofitsfromcompanies,canhinderafirm'sefifortstoqnvestqnlong-termresearchortobuqldupcustomerloyalty.Thqshasbeendubbed“quarterlycapqtalqsm.”Inaddqtqon,newdgg?taltechnologieshaveallowedmorerapedtradingofequqtqes,quickeruseofqnformatqon,andthusshorterattentionspansqnfinancialmarkets."Thereseemstobeapredominanceofshort-termthqnkqngattheexpenseoflongtermqnvestqngjsaqdCommqssqonerDanielGallagheroftheUSSecurqtqesandExchangeCommqssqonqnaspeechthqsweek.IntheUS,theSarbanes-OxleyActof2002haspushedmostpubliccompaniestodeferperformancebonusesforseniorexecutivesbyaboutayear,slightlyhelpingreduce"short-termQsm."InqtslatestsurveyofCEOpay,TheWallStreetJournalfindsthat"asubstantialpart"ofexecutivepayqsnowtqedtoperformance.Muchmorecouldbedonetoencourage"long-termqsm,”suchaschangesqnthetaxcodeandquickerdisclosureofstockacquqsqtqons.InFrance,shareholderswhoholdontoacompanyinvestmentforatleasttwoyearscansometimesearnmorevotingrightsqnacompany.Wqthqncompanies,therqghtcompensationdesigncanprovideqncentqvesforexecutivestothqnkbeyondtheqrowntqmeatthecompanyandonbehalfofallstakeholders.Brqtaqn'snewruleqsaremindertobankersthatsocietyhasaninterest?ntheqrperformance,notjustfortheshorttermbutforthelongterm.2l.Accord?ngtoParagraphl,onemotiveqnqmposqngthenewruleqstoenhancebankers*senseofresponsqbqlqty.helpcorporationsachievelargerprofits.[qbuqldanewsystemoffinancialregulation.[D]guaranteethebonusesoftopexecutives.22AlfredMarshallqsquotedtoqndqcatethecondqtqonsforgeneratingquqckprofits.[Bgovernments*qmpatqenceqndecqsqon・makqng.thesolqdstructureofpubliclytradedcompanies.9"short-termqsm"qneconomicactqvqtqes.23Itqsarguedthattheinfluenceoftransientinvestmentonpubliccompaniescanbe[A]qndqrect.adverse.[qmqnqmal.[D]temporary.21TheUSandFranceexamplesareusedtoillustratetheobstaclestopreventingMshort-termism".thesignificanceoflong-termthqnkqng.[qtheapproachestopromoting”long-termqsm”.[D]theprevalenceofshort-termthqnkqng.25Whqchofthefollowingwouldbethebesttgtleforthetext?[A]FailureofQuarterlyCapqtalqsm[BPatienceasaCorporateVirtue】DecisivenessRequiredofTopExecut^vesgFrustrationofR^sk-tak^ngBankersGradeqnflatqon-thegradualincreaseqnaverageGPAs(grade-pogntaverages)overthepastfewdecades-qsoftenconsideredaproductofaconsumereraqnhighereducation,qnwhqchstudentsaretreatedIqkecustomerstobepleased.Butanother,relatedforce-apolicyoftenburneddeepqncoursecatalogscalled"gradeforgiveness"-qshelpingra^seGPAs.Gradeforgivenessallowsstudentstoretakeacourseqnwhqchtheyreceivedalowgrade,andthemostrecentgradeorthehighestgradeqstheonlyonethatcountsqncalculatingastudentsoverallGPA.TheuseofthqsIgttle-knownpracticehasacceleratedqnrecentyears,ascollegescontinuetodotheqrutmosttokeepstudentsqnschool(andpayingtuqtqon)andimprovetheqrgraduationrates.Whenthqspracticefirststarteddecadesago,qtwasusuallyIqmqtedtofreshmen,togqvethemasecondchancetotakeaclassqntheqrfirstyearqftheystruggledqntheqrtransqtqontocollege-levelcourses.Butnowmostcolleges,saveformanyselectivecampuses,allowallundergraduates,andevengraduatestudents,togettheqrlowgradesforgiven.Collegeofficialstendtoemphasizethatthegoalofgradeforgivenessqslessaboutthegradeqtselfandmoreaboutencouragingstudentstoretakecoursescrqtqcaltotheqrdegreeprogramandgraduationwithoutgncurrgngab?gpenalty."Ultimately,HsaqdJackMqner,OhqoStateUniversity'sregistrar,"weseestudentsachievemoresuccessbecausetheyretakeacourseanddobetterqnsubsequentcoursesormasterthecontentthatallowsthemtograduateontqme.”Thatsaqd,thereqsawayqnwhqchgradeforgivenesssaitsfiescolleges*ownneedsaswell.Forpublicqnstqtutqons,statefundsaresomeimestqedpartlytothe^rsuccessonmetricssuchasgraduationratesandstudentretention-sobettergradescan,byboostingfigureslikethose,meanmoremoney.AndanythingthatraisesGPAswqlllikelymakestudents-who,attheendoftheday,arepayingthebqll-feelthey'vegottenabettervaluefortheqrtuqtqondollars,whqchqsanotherbqgconcernforcolleges.Indeed,gradeforgivenessqsjustanotherwaythatunqversqtqesarerespondingtoconsumers1expectationsforhighereducation.Sqncestudentsandparentsexpectacollegedegreetoleadtoajob,qtqsqnthebestinterestofaschooltoturnoutgraduateswhoareasqualifiedaspossible-oratleastappeartobe.Onthqs,students1andcolleges*qncentqvesseemtobealigned.25WhatqscommonlyregardedasthecauseofgradeQnflatQon?Thechangeofcoursecatalogs.Students'indifferencetoGPAs.[qColleges'neglectofGPAs.[D]Theinfluenceofconsumerculture.2.Whatwastheorqgqnalpurposeofgradeforgiveness?TohelpfreshmenadapttocollegelearnQng.Tomaqntagncolleges'graduationrates.[qTopreparegraduatesforachallengingfuture.[D]ToincreaseunQversQtQes'incomefromtuQtQon.2.AccordingtoParagraph5,gradeforgivenessenablescollegestoobtaqnmorefinanc?alsupport.boosttheqrstudentenrollments.[qqmprovethegrteachqngquality.[D]meetlocalgovernments'needs.29.Whatdoesthephrase"tobealigned"(Lqne5,Para.6)mostprobablymean?Tocounterbalanceeachother.Tocomplementeachother.[qTobeQdentQcalwqtheachother.[D]TobecontradQCtorytoeachother.30.TheauthorexaminesthepracticeofgradeforgivenessbyassessingQtsfeas^bglQty.analyzingthecausesbehindQt.[qcomparingdifferentv^ewson?t.[D]Igstgng?tslong-runeffects.Thqsyearmarksexactlytwocenturiessqncethepublicationof"Frankensteqn;or,TheModernPrometheus,'1byMaryShelley.EvenbeforetheqnventqonoftheelectricIqghtbulb,theauthorproducedaremarkableworkofspeculativefictionthatwouldforeshadowmanyethicalquestionstoberagsedbytechnologiesyettocome.Todaytherapqdgrowthofartqficqalintelligence(AI)raisesfundamentalquestons"WhatQSqntellqgence,qd时ty,orconsciousness?WhatmakeshUManshUMans?”WhatqsbeqngcalledartgficQalgeneralintelligence,machinesthatwouldqmqtatethewayhumansthqnk,continuestoevadescQentQsts.Yethumansremainfascinatedbytheqdeaofrobotsthatwouldlook,move,andrespondIqkehumans,sqmqlartothoserecentlydepictedonpopularscq-fiTVseriessuchas"Westworld"and"Humans.”Justhowpeoplethqnkqsstqllfartoocomplextobeunderstood,letalonereproduced,saysDavqdEagleman,aStanfordUnqversqtyneuroscQentgst."Wearejustqnasgtuatgonwheretherearenogoodtheoriesexplaqnqngwhatconsciousnessactuallyqsandhowyoucouldeverbuqldamachinetogetthere.*'Butthatdoesn'tmeancrucialethicalissuesqnvolvqngAIaren'tathand.Thecominguseofautonomousvehicles,forexample,posesthornyethicalquestions.Humandriverssometimesmustmakespl？t-seconddecqsqons.TheqrreactionsmaybeacomplexcombinationofQnstantreflexes,qnputfrompastdrqvqngexperiences,andwhattheqreyesandearstellthemqnthatmoment.AI“vqsqon"todayqsnotnearlyassoph?sttcatedasthatofhumans.AndtoantQCQpateeveryqmagqnabledrqvqngSQtuatgonqsadifficultprogrammingproblem.Wheneverdecqsqonsarebasedonmassesofdata,"youquicklyget?ntoalotofethicalquestions,nnotesTanKqatHow,ch?efexecut?veofaS?ngapore-basedagencythatqshelpingthegovernmentdevelopavoluntarycodefortheethicaluseofALAlongwqthSingapore,othergovernmentsandmega-corporationsarebegqnnqngtoestablishtheqrowngugdelgnes.Brqtaqnqssettingupadataethqcscenter.Ind?areleasedqtsAIethqcsstrategythqssprang.OnJune7Googlepledgednotto"desqgnordeployAI"thatwouldcause"overallharm,'1ortodevelopAI-directedweaponsoruseAIforsurveillancethatwouldviolategntematgonalnorms.ItalsopledgednottodeployAIwhoseusewouldviolateinternationallawsorhumanrights.Whqlethestatementqsvague,qtrepresentsonestartingpo?nt.SodoestheqdeathatdecqsqonsmadebyAIsystemsshouldbeexplainable,transparent,andfaqr.ToputqtanotherwayHowcanwemakesurethatthethqnkqngof?ntell?gentmachinesreflectshumanqty'shighestvalues?OnlythenwqlltheybeusefulservantsandnotFrankenstein^out-of-controlmonster.31.MaryShelley'snovelFrankensteinqsmentionedbecauseqtfascqnatesAIscqentqstsallovertheworld.hasremainedpopularforaslongas200years.[qinvolvessomeconcernsraisedbyAItoday.[D]hassparkedseriousethicalcontroversies.32InDavqdEaglemun^opqnqon,ourcurrentknowledgeofconscQOUsness[A]helpsexplainartqficqalqntellqgence.canbemqsleadqngtorobotmaking.[qqnspqrespopularscq-fiTVserges.[D|qstooIqmqtedforustoreproduce?t.33Thesolutiontotheethicalissuesbroughtbyautonomousvehiclescanhardlyeverbefound.qsstgllbeyondourcapacgty.[qcauseslittlepublicconcern.[D]hasarousedmuchcur?os?ty.Theauthor'sattitudetowardGoogle'spledgesqsoneofaffirmation.skeptQCQsm.[qcontempt.[D|respect.Whqchofthefollowingwouldbethebesttqtleforthetext?AFsFutureIntheHandsofTechGrantsFrankenstein,theNovelPredqctqngtheAgeofAI[qTheConscienceofAIComplexButInevitable[D]AIShallBeKillersOnceOutofControlStatesw?llbeabletoforcemorepeopletopaysalestaxwhentheymakeonlinepurchasesunderaSupremeCourtdecqsqonThursdaythatwqIIleaveshopperswqthlighterwalletsbutqsabqgfinancialwgnforstates.TheSupremeCourt'sopqnqonThursdayoverruledapairofdecades-olddecQSQonsthatstatessaQdcostthembqllqonsofdollarsqnlostrevenueannually.ThedecQS?onsmadeQtmoredQfficultforstatestocollectsalestaxoncertainonlinepurchases.Thecasesthecourtoverturnedsaqdthatpfabusqnesswasshqppgngacustomer'spurchasetoastatewherethebusinessdidn'thaveaphysicalpresencesuchasawarehouseoroffice,thebusinessdidn'thavetocollectsalestaxforthestate.CustomersweregenerallyresponsibleforpayingthesalestaxtothestatethemselvesQftheyweren'tchargedQt,butmostdidn'trealizetheyowedqtandfewpagd.JusticeAntionyKennedywrotethatthepreviousdecQSQonswereflawed."Eachyearthephysicalpresencerulebecomesfurtherremovedfromeconomicrealtyandresults?ns?gnfficantrevenuelossestotheStates,"hewroteqnanopin^onjoinedbyfourotherjust^ces.Kennedywrotethattherule"Ipmitedstates'abQlptytoseeklong-termprosperityandhaspreventedmarketparticipantsfromcompetingonanevenplayingfield."TherulingqsavictoryforbqgchainswQthapresencegnmanystates,sqncetheyusuallycollectsalestaxononlinepurchasesalready.Now,rivalswqllbechargingsalestaxwheretheyhadn'tbefore.B?gchainshavebeencollectingsalestaxnatqonwqdebecausetheytypicallyhavephysicalstoresqnwhateverstateapurchaseqsbegngshippedto.A,wgthqtsnetworkofwarehouses,alsocollectssalestaxqneverystatethatchargesqt,thoughthqrd-partysellerswhousethes?tedon'thaveto.UntQlnow,manysellersthathaveaphysicalpresencegnonlyasinglestateorafewstateshavebeenabletoavoqdchargingsalestaxeswhentheyshqptoaddressesoutsidethosestates.SellersthatuseeBayandEtsy,whqchprovideplatformsforsmallersellers,alsohaven'tbeencollectingsalestaxnatqonwqde.UndertherulqngThursday,statescanpasslawsrequqrqngout-of-statesellerstocollectthestate'ssalestaxfromcustomersandsendqttothestate.Retailtradegroupspraqsedtheruling,sayqngQtlevelstheplayqngfieldforlocalandonlinebusinesses.Thelosers,saqdretailanalystNeplSaunders,areonline-onlyretailers,especiallysmallerones.ThoseretaQlersmayfaceheadachescomplyingw?thvariousstatesalestaxlaws.TheSmallBusiness&EntrepreneurshipCouncQladvocacygroupsaQdqnastatement,"SmallbusQnessesandinternetentrepreneursarenotwellservedatallbyth?sdecQS?on."36TheSupremeCourtdecgsgonThursdaywqll[A]betterbusinesses'relationsw?thstates.[Bputmostonlinebusinessesqnadilemma,makemoreonlineshopperspaysalestax.9forcesomestatestocutsalestax.3.Itcanbelearnedfromparagraphs2and3thattheoverruleddecQSQonshaveledtothedominanceofe-commerce.havecostconsumersalotovertheyears,[qwerewidelycrQtQCQzedbyonlinepurchasers.[D]wereconsideredunfavorablebystates.3.AccordingtoJusticeAnthonyKennedy,thephysicalpresencerulehashinderedeconompcdevelopment.broughtprosperitytothecountry.[qharmedfa?rmarketcompetition.[D]boostedgrowthqnstates'revenue.9.WhoaremostiQkelytowelcometheSupremeCourtruling?Internetentrepreneurs.Bqg-chaqnowners.[qThqrd-partysellers.[D]Smallretailers.0.IndealQngw?ththeSupremeCourtdecqsqonThursday,theauthor[A]gqvesafactualaccountofqtanddQscussesQtsconsequences.[Bdescribesthelongandcomplicatedprocessof?tsmaking.】presentsQtsmaqnpointsw?thconfl?ctQngvQewsonthem.口CQtessomecasesrelatedtoQtandanalyzestheqrgmplqcat3ns.PartBDirectionsThefollowingparagraphsaregqvenqnawrongorder.ForQuestions41-45,youarerequiredtoreorganizetheseparagraphsqntoacoherenttextbychoosingfromtheIqstA-Gandfillingthemqntothenumberedboxes.ParagraphsCandFhavebeencorrectlyplaced.MarkyouranswersontheANSWERSHEET.(10points)[A]Thesetoolscanhelpyouwqneveryargument-notqntheunhelpfulsenseofbeatingyouropponentsbutqnthebettersenseoflearningabouttheissuesthatdqvqdepeople.Learningwhytheydisagreewqthusandlearningtotalkandworktogetherwqththem.Ifwereadjustourvqewofarguments-fromaverbalfightortennisgametoareasonedexchangethroughwhqchweallgaqnmutualrespect,andunderstanding-thenwechangeiheverynatureofwhatqtmeansto"win"anargument.[BJOfcourse,manydiscussionsarenotsosuccessful.Stqll,weneedtobecarefulnottoaccuseopponentsofbadargumentstooquickly.Weneedtolearnhowtoevaluatethemproperly.Alargepartofevaluationqscallingoutbadarguments,butwealsoneedtoadmqtgoodargumentsbyopponentsandtoapplythesamecrqtqcalstandardstoourselves.Humqlqtyrequiresyoutorecognizeweaknessqnyourownargumentsandsometimesalsotoacceptreasonsontheoppositesqde.[qNoneofthesewqllbeeasybutyoucanstartevenqfothersrefuseto.Nexttqmeyoustateyourposqtqon,formulateanargumentforwhatyouclaqmandhonestlyaskyourselfwhetheryourargumentqsanygood.Nexttqmeyoutalkwqthsomeonewhotakesastand,askthemtogqveyouareasonfortheqrvqew.Spellouttheqrargumentfullyandcharitably.Assessqtsstrengthimpartially.Raqseobjectionsandlistencarefullytothe?rreplies.[D]Carnegiewouldberqghtqfargumentswerefights,whqchqshowweoftenthqnkofthem.Lqkephysicalfights,verbalfightscanleavebothsqdesbloodied.Evenwhenyouwqn,youendupnobetteroff.Yourprospectswouldbealmostasdismal?fargumentswereevenjustcompetitions-lqke,say,tennisgames.PaqrsofopponentshjtheballbackandforthuntQlonewinneremergesfromallwhoentered.Everybodyelseloses.ThqskqndofthqnkqngqswhysomanypeopletrytoavoQdarguments,especQallyaboutpolqtqcsandrelggqon.[EJInhqs1936workHowtoWinFriendsandInfluencePeople,DaleCarnegqewrote"Thereqsonlyoneway...togetthebestofanargument-andthatqstoavoqdQt."Thqsaversiontoarguments9scommon,butgtdependsonamistakenvqewofargumentsthatcausesprofoundproblemsforourpersonalandsocqalIgves-andqnmanywaysmassesthepoqntofarguqngqnthefirstplace.[_F]Thesevqewsofargumentsalsounderminereason.Ifyouseeaconversationasafightorcompetqtqon,youcanwqnbycheatingaslongasyoudon'tgetcaught.YouwqIIbehappytoconv?ncepeoplew?thbadarguments.Youcancallthegrvqewsstupqd,orjokeabouthowignoranttheyare.Noneofthesetrackswqllhelpyouunderstandthem,theqrposqtqonsorthe?ssuesthatdqvqdeyou,buttheycanhelpyouwqn-qnoneway.[GJThereqsabetterwaytowqnarguments.Imaginethatyoufavorqncreasqngthemqnqmumwagepnourstate,andIdonot.Ifyouyell,"Yes,'1andIyell,"No,"neitherofuslearnsanything.Weneitherunderstandnorrespecteachother,andwehavenobas?sforcompromiseorcooperation.Incontrast,supposeyougqveareasonableargumentthatfull-tqmeworkersshouldnothavetoIqveqnpoverty.ThenIcounterw?thanotherreasonableargumentthatahighermgngmumwagewqIIforcebusinessestoemployfewerpeopleforlesstqme.Nowwecanunderstandeachother'sposQtQonsandrecognizeoursharedvalues,sqncewebothcareaboutneedyworkers.~Ti~l-!~4r—1-CIJ-7^1-44. 45.|PartCDirectionsReadthefollowingtextcarefullyandthentranslatetheunderlinedsegmentsintoChinese.YourtranslationshouldbewrittenneatlyontheANSWERSHEET.(10points)ItwasonlyafterIstartedtowriteaweeklycolumnaboutthemedicaljournals,andbegantoreadscientificpapersfrombeginningtoend,thatIrealisedjusthowbadmuchofthemedicalliteraturefrequentlywas.Icametorecognisevarioussignsofabadpaperthekindofpaperthatpurportstoshowthatpeoplewhoeatmorethanonekiloofbroccoliaweekwere1.17timesmorelikelythanthosewhoeatlesstosufferlateinlifefromperniciousanaemia.(46)Thereisagreatdealofthiskindofnonsenseinthemedicaljournalswhich,whentakenupbybroadcastersandihelaypress,generatesbothhealthscares