英语四级阅读理解习题

英语四级阅读理解习题英语四级阅读理解习题英语四级阅读理解习题xxx公司英语四级阅读理解习题文件编号：文件日期：修订次数：第1.0次更改批准审核制定方案设计，管理制度Unitone

ElementarySchoolsinearlyAmericaWhataccountsforthegreatoutburstofmajorinventionsinearlyAmerica--breakthroughssuchasthetelegraph,thesteamboatandtheweavingmachine?

Amongthemanyshapingfactors,Iwouldsingleoutthecountry'sexcellentelementaryschools;alaborforcethatwelcomedthenewtechnology;thepracticeofgivingpremiumstoinventors;andabovealltheAmericangeniusfornonverbal,"spatial"thinkingaboutthingstechnological.

Whymentiontheelementaryschools

Becausethankstotheseschoolsourearlymechanics,especiallyintheNewEnglandandMiddleAtlanticstates,weregenerallyliterateandathomeinarithmeticandinsomeaspectsofgeometryandtrigonometry.

Acuteforeignobserversrelatedamericanadaptivenessandinventivenesstothiseducationaladvantage.AsamemberofaBritishcommissionvisitingherein1853reported,"Withamindpreparedbythoroughschooldiscipline,theAmericanboydevelopsrapidlyintotheskilledworkman."

Afurtherstimulustoinventioncamefromthe"premium"system,whichprecededourpatentsystemandforyearsranparallelwithit.Thisapproach,originatedabroad,offeredinventorsmedals,cashprizesandotherincentives.

IntheUnitedStates,multitudesofpremiumsfornewdeviceswereawardedatcountryfairsandattheindustrialfairsinmajorcities.Americansflockedtothesefairstoadmirethenewmachinesandthustorenewtheirfaithinthebeneficenceoftechnologicaladvance.

Giventhisoptimisticapproachtotechnologicalinnovation,theAmericanworkertookreadilytothatspecialkindofnonverbalthinkingrequiredinmechanicaltechnology.AsEugeneFergusonhaspointedout,"Atechnologistthinksaboutobjectsthatcannotbereducedtounambiguousverbaldescriptions;theyaredealtwithinhismindbyavisual,nonverbalprocess.Thedesignerandtheinventorareabletoassembleandmanipulateintheirmindsdevicesthatasyetdonotexist."

Thisnonverbal"spatial"thinkingcanbejustascreativeaspaintingandwriting.robertfultononcewrote,"Themechanicshouldsitdownamonglevers,screws,wedges,wheels,etc.,likeapoetamongthelettersofthealphabet,consideringthemasanexhibitionofhisthoughts,inwhichanewarrangementtransmitsanewidea."

Whenalltheseshapingforces--schools,openattitudes,thepremiumsystem,ageniusforspatialthinking--interactedwithoneanotherontherichU.S.mainland,theyproducedthatamericancharacteristic,emulation.Todaythatwordimpliesmereimitation.Butinearliertimesitmeantafriendlybutcompetitivestrivingforfameandexcellence.inventionn.1.发明,发明物2.捏造,虚构

inventorn.发明家,发明者

[联想词]

inventoryn.1.详细目录2.存货清单breakthhroughn.1.突围,突破2.重大成就,惊人发现

[联想词]

breakdownn.1.垮台,破裂2.衰竭,衰弱3.损坏,故障4.分类premiumn.1.保险金2.额外费用3.奖品,赠品,额外津贴

a.1.高级的,优质的2.售价高的

[联想词]

subsidyn.津贴,补贴verbala.1.口头的2.用言辞的,用文字的

[联想词]

vocala.发声的,嗓音的spatiala.空间的,与空间有关的literacyn.识字,有文化,读写能力

literatea.1.有读写能力的2.有文化修养的stimulusn.1.促进2.刺激

[联想词]

provocationn.1.挑衅,挑拨2.刺激,激怒

provocativea.1.挑衅的,煽动的2.刺激的precedevt.在...之前,先于

precedentn.1.先例,范例,判例2.惯例patentn.专利,专利权

a.专利(权)的,受专利保护的

vt.得到...的专利权originatevi.起源于,来自,产生

vt.创造,创始,开创

[联想词]

commencev.开始incentiven.刺激,鼓励multituden.1.大量,许多2.大众,民众ambiguousa.引起歧义的,模式棱两可的,含糊不清的

[联想词]

indefinitea.1.不明确的,含糊的2.无限期的

exdplicita.1.明确的,明晰的;详述的2.直言的,毫不隐瞒的,露骨的manipulatevt.1.操纵,控制,影响2.操作,使用levern.1.杠杆2.途径,工具,手段

vt.撬动,撬起wedgen.楔(子)vt.把...楔入,塞入

[联想词]

grooven.沟,槽

hingen.铰链interactvi.相互作用,相互影响emulationn.1.竞赛,竞争2.仿效,仿真imitationn.1.模仿2.仿制,仿制品3.赝品strivevi.努力,奋斗,力求sculpturen.1.雕刻,雕塑2.雕刻作品,雕塑品

[联想词]

carvevt.1.切,把...切碎2.雕刻,刻

engravevt.1.在...上雕刻2.使铭记,使牢记

statuen.雕像,塑像

bustn.1.胸像,半身像2.胸部,胸围marblen.1.大理石diploman.毕业文凭,毕业证书,资格证书

[联想词]

diplomatn.1.外交官,外交家2.有交际手段的人,圆滑的人perpetuala.1.永久的,永恒的,长期的2.无休止的,没完没了的

UnitTwo

FightAgainYouthSmokingThreeyearsago,appalledbyhowmanychildrenwerebecomingaddictedtocigaretteseveryyear,theVicePresidentandIcommittedthisadministrationtostoppingthesaleandmarketingofcigarettestochildren.Today,thankstotheseeffortsandthepersistenceofstateattorneysgeneral,thepublichealthcommunity,andleadersinCongress,wehavethebestopportunityevertopasscomprehensiveanti-smokinglegislationthatwellsavemillionsofourchildrenfromapremature,painful,andverypreventabledeath.

Thisweek,inahistoricandresounding19to1vote,akeySenatecommitteegaveitsstampofapprovaltocomprehensivelegislationsponsoredbySenatorJohnMcCain,aRepublican,andSenatorFritzHollings,aDemocrat,thatwouldcutyouthsmokingbyhalfoverthenextdecade.Thisbillrepresentsadramaticstepforward.Itwouldraisethepriceofcigarettes,givetheFDAfullauthoritytoregulatetobaccoproducts,banadvertisingaimedatchildren,andprotecttobaccofarmers.

Westillhaveworktodointhislegislation.Aboveall,weneedtoputinplacetoughpenaltiesthatwillcostthetobaccoindustryifitcontinuestosellcigarettestoyoungpeople.JustthisweektheCentersforDiseaseControlreleasedadisturbingreportthatmorethanathirdofteenagersintheUnitedStatesnowsmoke,eventhoughit'sillegal.

Itistimetoholdtobaccocompaniesaccountable.Reducidngyouthsmokingmustbeveerybody'sbottomline.Let'sremember--thisisnotaboutpoliticsormoney,orseekingrevengeagainstthetobaccoindustryforpastpractices.We'renottryingtoputthetobaccocompaniesoutofbusiness;wewanttoputthemoutofthebusinessofsellingcigarattestokids.Thisweek'sprogressintheSenateshowswehaverealmomentuminbothpartiestodojustthat.

There'restillmalyissuestobeworkedoutandmanylongnightsahead.Butwehavewithinourgrasponeofthemostimportantpublichealthvictoriesournationhaseverachieved.

Finally,litmejustpauseamomenttoobservethe30thanniversaryofthedeathofoneofAmerica'sgreatestheroes,Dr.MartinLutherKing.Hisdream,deeplyrootedintheAmericanDream,isadreamforallAmericans.LetushereathomealwaysstrivetoheedDr.King'swordsandliveuptohislegacy.

--------BillClintonappallvt.使惊骇,使大吃一惊

[联想词]

terrifyvt.使害怕,使惊吓

outragevt.激起...的义愤,激怒

n.1.义愤,愤慨2.暴行,骇人听闻的事件addictn.1.有瘾的人2.入迷的人

vt.使成瘾,使入迷

[联想词]

cocainen.可卡因

toxica.有毒的,中毒引起的persistenta.1.坚持不懈的,执意的2.持续的

persistencen.1.坚持不懈,执意2.持续性,持续状态

[联想词]

stubborna.1.顽固的,执拗的,倔强的2.难对付的,难于克服的legislationn.1.法律,法规2,立法的,法律的制定

[联想词]

legitimatea.1.合情合理的2.合法的,法律认可的

judiciala.1.司法的,法庭的,审判的2.明断的,公正的

suevi.1.控告,起诉2.要求,请求vt.控告,起诉

prosecutevt.1.对...提起公诉,告发,检举2.继续从事vi.起诉,告发

defendantn.被告

invalida.1.无效的,作废的2.无可靠依据的n.病弱者,残疾者

testifyvi.1.作证,证明2.表明,说明vt.作证,证明

testimonyn.1.证词2.见证,证明prematurea.1.比预期时间早是2.不成熟的,仓促的authorityn.1.权力,管辖权2.官方,当局3.当权者,行政管理机构4.权威,专家

authoritativea.1.权威性的,可信的2.专断的,命令式的

authorizevt.授权,批准

[联想词]

definitivea.1.最可靠的,权威性的2.决定性的accountablea.负起责任的revengen.报复,报仇momentumn.1.动力,冲力,势力2.动量

[联想词]

impetusn.1.推动,促进,刺激2.推动力strivevi.努力,奋斗,力求heedvt.留心,注意,听从legencyn.遗赠的财物,遗产deadlya.1.致死的,致命的2.不共戴天的,殊死的3.极度的,十足的ad.非常,极度地]

[联想词]

drastica.1.极端的,严厉的2.激烈的,迅猛的epidemicn.1.流行病2.流传,流行a.流行性的,流传极广的

lurevt.吸引,引诱,诱惑

UnitThree

BeautyIsMeaningless

Ayoungmanseesasunsetand,unabletounderstandortoexpresstheemotionthatitrousesinhim,concludesthatitmustbethegatewaytoaworldthatliesbeyond.Itisdifficultforanyofusinmomentsofintenseaestheticexperiencetoresistthesuggestionthatwearecatchingaglimpseofalightthatshinesdowntousfromadifferentrealmofexistence,differentand,becausetheexperienceisintenselymoving,insomewqyhigher.And,thoughthegleamsblindanddazzle,yettheydoconveyahintofbeautyandserenitygreaterthanwehaveknownorimagined.Greatertoothanwecandescribe,forlanguage,whichwasinventedtoconveythemeaningsofthisworld,cannotreadilybefittedtotheusesofanother.

Thatallgreatarthasthispowerofsuggestingaworldbeyondisundeniable.Insomemoods,Naturesharesit.ThereisnoskyinJunesobluethatitdoesnotpointforwardtoabluer,nosunsetsobeautifulthatitdoesnotwakenthevisionofagreaterbeauty,awisionwhichpassesbeforeitisfullyglimpsed,andinpassingleavesanindefinablelingingandregret.But,ifthisworldisnotmerelyabadjoke,lifeavulgarflareamidthecoolradianceofthestars,andexistenceanemptylaughbrayingacrossthemysteries,iftheseintimationsofasomethingbehindandbeyondarenotevilhumourbornofindigestion,orwhimsiessentbythedeviltomockandmaddenus,if,inaword,beautymeanssomething,yetwemustnotseektointerpretthemeaning.Ifweglimpsetheunutterable,itisunwisetotrytoutterit,norshouldweseektoinvestwithsignificancethatwhichwecannotgrasp.Beautyintermsofourhumanmeaningsisensea.1.强烈的,剧烈的,紧张的2.认真的,专注的3.热情的,热切的

intensifyv.(使)增强,(使)加剧aesthetica.1.美学的,审美的2.悦目的,雅致的gleamvi.1.闪亮,闪烁2.闪现,流露n.1.闪光,闪亮2.闪现,流露

[联想词]

sparklevi.1.发光,闪耀,闪烁2.活跃,焕发n.1.发光,闪耀,闪烁2.活力,生气

glittervi.闪闪发光,闪耀n.闪光,灿烂的光辉2.耀眼,辉煌dazzlevt.使眩目n.1.耀眼的光2.令人赞叹的东西serenityn.1.平静,安详2.晴朗,明朗denialn.1.否认2.拒绝

undeniablea.不可否认的vulgara.1.粗野的,下流的2.庸俗的,粗俗的

[联想词]

boscenea.1.淫秽的,下流的2.可憎的,可恶的flarevi.1.(火焰)闪耀2.突发,突然发怒n.闪光信号,照明弹

[联想词]

eruptvi.1.(火山等)喷发2.(战争等)爆发,突然发生

ignitevt.点燃,引发radianta.1.容光焕发的,喜形于色的2.光芒四射的,光辉灿烂的3.辐射的

[联想词]

radiatev.1.发出(光或热),辐射2.流露,显示

radioactivea.放射性的,有辐射的brayvi.1.(驴)叫2.以响而粗的声音说(或笑)whimsyn.1.怪念头,离奇的想法2.稀奇古怪

[联想词]

bizarea.怪诞的,奇形怪状的

weirda.1.古怪的,离奇的2.怪诞的,神秘可怕的mockvt.1.嘲笑,嘲弄2.(为了取笑)模仿vi.嘲笑,嘲弄

a.1.模拟的,学习的2.假的,假装的

UnitFour

WaitinginLine

TheBritishqueueupandtheAmericanswaitinline,exceptforNewYorkers,whowaitonline.Nooneseemstoknowthereasonforthislocalidiom.Itis

somethingtoponderwhilewaitingin/online.

Anotherthingtoponder:ItisestimatedthatAmericansspednduptofiveyearsoftheirlivesinthattedious,wearybutunavoidableprocessknownaswaiting.Studiesshowthatotherwiserationalpeopleactirrationallywhenforcedtostandinlineorwaitincrowds,evenbecomingviolent.

Queuesareagrimrealityofcitylife.Whilethereseemstobenoconsensusonthecity'sworstline,theonesmentionedmostoftenintalkshereandtherewerelunchtimelinesatbanksandpostofficesand,amongyoungerpeople,movielinesandcollege-registrationlines.

"Banklines,"saidMarkSloane,aninvestor."Nomatterwhattimeofdayyoubank,thenumberoftellersisinadequatetothenumberofpatrons.Evenwhenthebankisopenyouseelonglinesinfrontofthemoneymachinesoutside."

"Supermarkets,"saidEdFrantz,agraphicartist,whoonceabandonedafullshoppingcartinthemiddleofalongcheckoutline.Itwasnotapoliticalact."Thelinewasfilledwithcouponclippersandcheckwriters,"herecalled."AndsuddenlyIhadtowalkaway.Foodnolongermattered."

Inanylinethefundamentalruleisfirstcome,firstserved,orwhatdsocialscientistscall"distributivejustice."Exceptionsmaybemade,say,infancyrestaurantswheretheheadwaitershavetheirfavorites,but,ingeneral,theruleprevails.

Ifmiserylovescompany,sodosportsfans.Dr.LeonManndocumentedthisseveralyearsagowhen,asaHarvardprofessor,hestudiedthelongovernightqueuesforticketstoballgamesinhisnativeAustralia.

"Outsidethestadiumsomethingofacarnivalatmosphereprevails,"hewroteinTheAmericanJournalofSociology."Thedevoteessing,sipwarmdrinks,playcardsandhuddletogether."

Liketheteamstheyhadcometowatch,thefansinlinetooktimeouts.Someworkedinshifts,withcertainmembersleavingtotakenapsoreatmeals,whileotherssavedtheirplacesinline.Somestakedclaimsinlinewithitemsofpersonalpropertysuchassleepingbagsandfoldingchairs."Duringtheearlyhoursofwaiting,"Dr.Mannnoted,"thequeuesoftenconsistedofonepartpeopletotwopartsinanimateobjects."

NobodyhaseverseriouslystudiedHelenQuinn'sSaturdaymorninglineforMetropolitanOperatickets,butperhapssomeoneshould--MissQuinnisnotanofficialattheMet.

For15yearsstandeesattheoperahavebeendoingjustthat,thankstoMissQuin'sticketingsystem.Shemakes,datesandnumbershertickets--oneforeachofthe175standingroomspotsavailable--anddispensesthemtoearlybirds.Assuredofaplace,ticketholdersthenleaveandreturnshortlybefore8A.M.tolineupfortherealtickets.idiomn.1.习语,成语2.风格,特色ponderv.思索,考虑,沉思

[联想词]

contemplatevt.1.盘算,计议2.思量,周密考虑3.注视,凝视wearya.1.疲劳的,疲倦的2.使疲劳的,令人厌倦的vi.厌倦的,不耐烦

[联想词]

tiresomea.令人疲劳的,令人厌倦的grima.1.讨厌的,糟糕的2.严厉的3.严酷的,无情的consensusn.[单](意见等)一致,一致同意patronn.1.资助人,赞助人2.老主顾,顾客resentvt.对...表示忿恨,怨恨graphica.1.生动的,形象的2.绘画的,文字的,图表的couponn.1.礼券,优惠券2.配券,票证clipn.1.夹子,回形针,别针2.弹夹,弹仓3.剪,修剪4.剪报,电影片断

vt.(clipped;clipping)1.夹住,扣住2.剪,修剪3.削减,缩短

[联想词]

clampn.夹头,夹具,夹钳vt.(用夹具等)夹紧,固定prevailvi.1.流行,盛行2.获胜,占优势3.说明,劝说,诱使

prevalenta.流秆的,普遍的miseryn.1.痛苦,苦恼,苦难2.悲惨的境遇,贫苦carnivaln.1.表演会2.庆祝,欢宴3.狂欢节

[联想词]

feastn.1.盛宴,筵席2.节日sociologyn.社会学sipv.(sipped,sippig)小口地喝,抿,呷n.小口喝huddlevi.1.聚集在一起2.把身子蜷成一团vt.使聚集在一起

n.挤在一起的人,一堆杂乱的东西inanimatea.1.无生命的,非动物的2.无生气的,单调的metropolitana.大城市的,大都会的dispensevt.1.分配,分发2.配(药),发(药)3.实施,执行

[联想词]

dispersevi.1.分散,散开2.消散,消失vt.1.使分散,赶散2.使消散,驱散

UnitFive

AggressivePatriotisminSportsSomepeoplebelievethatinternationalsportcreatesgoodwillbetweenthenations.Otherssaythattheoppositeistrue:thatinternationalcontestsencouragefalsenationalprideandleadtomisunderstandingandhatred.Thereisprobablysometruthinbotharguments,butinrecentyearstheOlympicgameshavedonelittletosupporttheviewthatsportsencouragesinternationalbrotherhood.Notonly,wastherethetragicincidentinvolvingthemurderofathletes,butthegameswerealsoruinedbylesserincidentscausedprincipallybyminornationalcontests.

Onecountryreceiveditssecond-placemedalswithvisibleindignationafterthehockeyfinal.Therehadbeennoisyscenesattheendofthehockeymatch,theusersobjectingtothefinaldecisions.Theywereconvincedthatoneoftheirgoalsshouldnothavebeendisallowedandthattheiropponents'victorywasunfair.Theirmanagerwasinaragewhenhesaid:"Thiswasn'thockey.HockeyandtheInternationalHockeyFederationarefinished."ThepresidentoftheFederationsaidlaterthatsuchbehaviorcouldresultinthesuspensionoftheteamforatleastthreeyears.

TheAmericanbasketballteamannouncedthattheywouldnotyieldfirstplacetoRussia,afteradisputableendtotheircontest.Thegamehadendedindisturbance.ItwasthoughtatfirstthattheUnitedStateshadwon,byasinglepoint,butitwasannouncedthattherewerethreesecondsstilltoplay.ARussianplayerthenthrewtheballfromoneendofthecourttotheother,andanotherplayerpoppeditintothebasket.ItwasthefirsttimetheUSAhadeverlostanOlympicbasketballmatch.TheAmericanplayersthenvotednottoreceivethesilvermedals.

Incidentsofthiskindwellcontinueaslongassportisplayedcompetitivelyratherthanfortheloveofthegame.InthepresentorganizationoftheOlympicsthereisfartoomuchthatencouragesaggressivepatriotism.tragica.1.悲惨的,可悲的2.悲剧(性)的

[联想词]

dreadfula.1.糟透了的,极不合意的2.极端的,极其大的3.可怕的,令人畏惧的

pathetica.1.差劲的,令人生厌的2.可悲的,可怜的,引起怜悯的

disastrousa.1.灾难性的,造成灾害的2.极坏的,很糟的

catastrophen.大灾难,灾祸

destructivea.破坏(性)的,毁灭(性)的

comica.喜剧的,滑稽的incidentn.1.发生的事2.事件,事变

incidencen.[单]发生率

incidentallyad.顺便说及,顺便提一句indignationn.愤怒,愤慨,义愤

indignanta.愤怒的,愤慨的,义愤的

[联想词]

furyn.1.狂怒,暴怒2.狂暴,猛烈

furiousa.1.狂怒的,暴怒的2.强烈的,激烈的

dismayn.1.失望,气馁2.惊恐,惊愕vt.1.使失望,使气馁2.使惊恐,使惊愕hockeyn.曲棍球

[联想词]

versusprep.1.以...为对手,对2.与...相对,与...相比之下federationn.1.联合会2.联邦suspensionn.1.暂停,中止2.停止参加,暂时剥夺3.悬架,悬置机构4.悬浮液5.悬,挂,吊disturbancen.1.扰乱,打扰2.骚乱,混乱3.心神不安,烦恼

[联想词]

harassmentn.1.侵扰,骚扰2.烦恼,困苦patriotismn.爱国主义,爱国精神,爱国心 patriotn.爱国者,爱国主义者

patriotica.爱国的,有爱国心的,显示爱国精神的UnitSix

MannersArePracticallyNon-ExistentMannersnowadyasinmetropolitancitieslikeLondonarepracticallynon-existent.Itisnothingforabig,strongschoolboytoelbowanelderlywomanasideinthedashforthelastremainingseatonthetubeorbus,muchlessstandupandofferhisseattoher,asheought.Infact,itissaddeningtonotethatifamandoesofferhisseattoanolderwoman,itisnearlyalwaysaContinentalmanoronefromtheoldergeneration.

Thisquestionofgivingupseatsinpublictransportismucharguedaboutbyyoungmen,whosaythat,sincewomenhaveclaimedequality,theynolongerdeservetobetreatedwithcourtesyandthatthosewhogoouttoworkshouldtaketheirturnintheratracelikeanyoneelse.Womenhaveneverclaimedtobephysicallyasstrongasmen.Evenifitisnotagreed,however,thatyoungmenshouldstandupforyoungerwomen,thefactremainsthatcourtesyshouldbeshowntotheold,thesickandtheburdened.Arewereallysolosttoallidealsofunselfishnessthatwecansitthereindifferentlyreadingthepaperorabook,sayingtoourselves"Firstcome,firstserved,"whileagreyhairedwoman,amotherwithayoungchildoracripplestands

Yetthisisalltoooftenseen.

Conditionsintravelarereallyveryhardoneveryone,weknow,buthardshipissurelynoexcuse.Sometimesonewonderswhatwouldhavebeenthebehaviourofthesestuotyoungmeninapackedrefugeetrainoratrainonitswaytoaprison-campduringtheWar.Wouldtheyhaveconsidereditonlyrightandtheirproperduetokeepthebestplacesforthemselvesthen

Olderpeople,tiredandirritablefromaday'swork,arenotangels,either--farfromit.Manyabriskargumentoraninsultingquarrelbreaksoutasthewearyqueuespushandshoveeachothertogetonbusesandtubes.Onecannotcommendthis,ofcourse,butonedoesfeelthereisjustalittlemoreexcuse.

Ifcitiesaretoremainpleasantplacestoliveinatall,however,itseemsimperative,notonlythatcommunicationsintransportshouldbeimproved,butalsothatcommunicationbetweenhumanbeingsshouldbekeptsmoothandpolite.Allovercities,itseemsthatpeoplearetootiredandtoorushedtobepolite.Shopassistantswon'tbothertoassist,taxi-driversgrowlateachotherastheydashdangerouslyroundcorners,busconductorpullthebellbeforetheirdesperatepassengershavehadtimetogetonorofferthebus,andsoonandsoon.Itseemstousthatitisuptotheyoungandstrongtodotheirsmallparttostopsuchdeterioration.名人名言

Youmaybedisappointedifyoufail,butyouaredoomedifyoudon'ttry.

----BeverlySillsmetropolitana.大城市的,大都会的

[联想词]

municipala.市的,市政的courtesyn.1.谦恭有礼2.有礼貌的举止(或言词)cripplen.跛子,伤残人vt.1.使跛,使受伤致残2.严重削弱,使陷于瘫痪stouta.1.发胖的,胖而大的2.结实的,牢固的3.勇敢的,大胆的,顽强的

[联想词]

sturdya.1.强壮的,结实的,坚固的2.坚定的,坚强的

hardya.1.强壮的,坚强的,能吃苦耐劳的2.耐寒的

robusta.强壮的,健康的

musculara.肌肉发达的,强壮的

fragilea.1.易碎的,脆的,易损坏的2.虚弱的,脆弱的irritatevt.1.使恼怒,使烦躁2.使(身体某部分)不适,使疼痛

irritablea.1.易怒的,急躁的2.(器官等)过敏的

[联想词]

aggravatevt.1.加重,加剧,使恶化2.激怒,使恼火angeln.1.天使2.可爱的人briska.1.轻快的,生气勃勃的2.兴隆的,繁忙活跃的3.寒冷而清新的

[联想词]

energetica.精力充沛的,充满活力的

slacka.1.不活跃的,萧条的,清淡的2.懈怠的,马虎的3.松(驰)的

n.(绳索等)松弛部分vi.懈怠,懒散wearya.1.疲劳的,疲倦的2.使人疲劳的,使人厌倦的vi.(of)厌烦,不耐烦shovevt.1.乱推,挤2.乱塞,随意做vi.用力推,挤n.猛推commendvt.1.表扬,称赞2.推荐imperativea.1.必要的,紧急的,极重要的2.命令的n.必要的事,必须完成的事growlvi.1.(动物)发狺狺声2.低志咆哮着说话

[联想词]

howlvi.嚎叫,吼叫,(风)呼啸n.嚎叫,吼叫,(风)呼啸

yellvi.号叫,叫喊n.号叫,叫喊

mutterv.n.轻声低语,小声抱怨

mutea.1.缄默的,无声的2.哑的,举说话的3.(字母)不发声的vt.消除(声音),减轻声音

murmurv.n.小声说话,小声抱怨,咕哝

buzzn.嗡嗡声vi.发出嗡嗡声deterioratevi.变坏,恶化

deteriorationn.变坏,恶化,堕落

[联想词]

crumblevt.弄碎vi.崩溃,瓦解perfectionn.完美,完善

[联想词]

intacta.完整无缺的,未经触动的,未受损伤的

UnitSeven

OnAmbition

Ifambitionistobewellregarded,therewardsofambition--wealth,distinction,controloverone'sdestiny--mustbedeemedworthyofthesacrificesmadeonambition'sbehalf.Ifthetraditionofambitionistohavevitality,itmustbewidelyshared:anditespeciallymustbehighlyregardedbypeoplewhoarethemselvesadmired,theeducatednotleastamongthem.Inanoddway,however,itistheeducatedwhohaveclaimedtohavegivenuponambitionasanideal.Whatisoddisthattheyhaveperhapsmostbenefitedfromambition--ifnotalwaystheirownthanthatoftheirparentsandgrandparents.Thereisaheavynoteofhypocrisyinthis,acaseofclosingthebarndoorafterthehorseshaveescaped--withtheeducatedthemselvesridingonthem.Certainlypeopledonotseemlessinterestedinsuccessanditssignsnotthanformerly.Summerhomes,Europeantravel,BMWs--thelocations,placemanesandnamebrandsmaychange,butsuchitemsdonotseemlessindemandtodaythanadecadeortwoyearsago.Whathashappenedisthatpeoplecannotconfessfullytotheirdreams,aseasilynadopenlyasoncetheycould,lesttheybethoughtpushing,acquisitiveandvulgar.Instead,wearetreatedtofinehypocriticalspectacles,whichnowmorethaneverseeminamplesupply:thecriticofAmericanmaterialismwithaSouthamptonsummerhome;thepublisherofradicalbookswhotakeshismealsinthree-starrestaurants;thejournalistadvocatingparticipatorydemocracyinallphasesoflife,whoseownchildrenareenrolledinprivateschools.Forsuchpeopleandmanymoreperhapsnotsoexceptional,theproperformulationis,"Succeedatallcostsbutavoidappearingambitious."

Theattasksinambitionaremanyandcomefromvarionsangles;itspublicdefendersarefewandunimpressive,wheretheyarenotextremelyunattractive.Asaresult,thesupportforambitionasahealthyimpulse,aqualitytobeadmiredandfixedinthemindoftheyoung,isprobablylowerthanithaseverbeenintheUnitedStates.Thisdoesnotmeanthatambitionisatanend,thatpeoplenolongerfeelitsstirringsandpromptings,butonlythat,nolongeropenlyhonored,itislessopenlyprofessed.Consequencesfollowfromthis,ofcourse,someofwhicharethatambitionisdrivenunderground,ormadesly.Such,then,isthewaythingsstand:ontheleftangrycritics,ontherightstupidsupporters,andinthemiddle,asusual,themajorityofearnestpeopletryingtogetoninlife.destinyn.1.命运2.定数,天命

destineda.1.命中注定,预定的2.以...为目的地的deemvt.认为,视为hypocrisyn.伪善,虚伪locationn.1.位置,场所2.外景拍摄地

localityn.地区,地点

situateda.位于...的,坐落在...的spectaclen.1.演出,场面2.景象,壮观3.[-s]眼镜amplea.1.足够的2.宽敞的,面积大的

amplifyvt.1.放大,增强2.扩大,详述exceptionala.1.优越的,杰出的2.例外的,独特的

[联想词]

abnormala.反常的,异常的

queera.1.奇怪的,异常的2.不舒服的,眩晕的ambitiousa.1.有抱负的,雄心勃勃的2.有野心的

[联想词]

aspirationn.强烈的愿望,志向,抱负enrollvi.(in,on)入学,加入vt.招收,吸收

[联想词]

expel(expelled;expelling)vt.1.把..除名,把..开除2.驱逐3.排出formulatevt.1.构想出,规划2.系统地阐述

formulationn.1.公式化2.系统的阐述3.规划,构想impulsen.1.冲动,一时的念头2.驱动,驱使3.脉冲

[联想词]

propel(propelled,propelling)vt.1.推进,推动2.激励,驱使

curbvt.控制,约束n.控制,约束slya.1.狡猾的,狡诈的2.会意的,会心的

[联想词]

shrewda.机灵的,敏锐的,精明的

confidentiala.1.秘密的,机密的2.表示信任的

UnitEight

TheAdvantagesandDisadvantagesofCarsTheuseofthemotorisbecomingmoreandmorewidespreadinthetwentiethcentury;asanincreasingnumberofcountriesdevelopbothtechnicallyandeconomically,soalargerproportionoftheworld'spopulationisabletobuyanduseacar.Possessingacargivesamuchgreaterdegreeofmobility,enablingthedrivertomovearoundfreely.Theownerofacarisnolongerforcedtorelyonpublictransportandis,therefore,notcompelledtoworklocally.Hecanchoosefromdifferentjobsandprobablychangeshisworkmorefrequentlyasheisnotrestrictedtoachoicewithinasmallradius.Travelingtoworkbycarisalsomorecomfortablethanhavingtousepublictransport;thedrivercanadjusttheheatinginwinterandtheair-conditioninginthesummertosuithisownneedsandpreference.Thereisnoirritationcausedbywaitingfortrains,busesorundergroundtrains,standinginlongpatientqueues,orsittingonwindyplatforms,foraslongashalfanhoursometimes.Withthebuildingofgood,fastmotorwayslongdistancescanbecoveredrapidlyandpleasantly.Forthefirsttimeinthiscenturyalso,manypeoplearenowabletoenjoytheirleisuretimetothefullbymakingtripstothecountryorseasideattheweekends,insteadofbeingconfinedtotheirimmediateneighborhood.Thisfeelingofindependence,andthefreedomtogowhereyouplease,isperhapsthegreatestadvantageofthecar.

whenconsideringthedrawbacks,perhapspollutionisofprimeimportance.Asmoreandmorecarsareproducedandused,sotheemissionfromtheirexhaust-pipescontainsaneverlargervolumeofpoisonousgas.Someofthecontentsofthisgas,suchaslead,notonlypollutetheatmospherebutcauseactualharmtothehealthofpeople.Manyoftheminorillnessesofmodernindustrialsociety,headaches,tiredness,andstomachupsetsarethoughttoarisefrombreathingpollutedair;doctors'surgeriesarefullofpeoplesufferingfromillnessescausedbypollution.Itisalsobecomingincreasinglydifficulttodealwiththeproblemoftrafficintowns;mostoftheimportantcitiesoftheworldsufferformtrafficjams.Infact,anyadvantagegainedincomfortisoftencancelledoutincitydrivingbythefrustrationcausedbytrafficjams:endlessqueuesofcarscrawlingoneafteranotherattheintersections.Asanincreasingnumberoftrafficregulationschemesaredevised,thepoorbewildereddriverfindshimselfdivertedandforcedintoone-waysystemswhichcauseevengreaterdelaysthanthetrafficjamstheyaresupposedtoprevent.Themountingcostofpetrolandtheincreasedtollsandroadtaxalladdtothedriver'sworries.Infact,hemustsometimeswonderifthemotorcarissuchablessingandnotjustamenace.mobilityn.1.流动性,移动性2.机动性

mobilizevt.1.动员2.调动vi.动员起来

[联想词]

summonvi.1.召唤2.(up)鼓起勇气3.召开,召集irritatevt.1.使恼怒,使烦躁2.使(身体某部分)不适,使疼痛radiusn.半径air-conditioningn.空调设备,空调系统drawbackn.缺点,欠缺,不利条件

[联想词]

setbackn.挫折,倒退,失败

handicapn.1.缺陷2.障碍vt.(handicapped;handicapping)妨碍,使不利productivea.1.多产的,富饶的2.富有成效的

productivityn.生产力,生产率surgeryn.1.外科,外科手术2.手术室

surgeonn.外科医生

[联想词]

dentistn.牙科医生

wardn.病房

bandagen.绷带vt.用绷带包扎intersectionn.道路交叉口,交点

[联想词]

junctionn.联结点,交叉口,枢纽

overpassn.天桥,立交桥

barricaden.路vt.在...设路障bewildervt.使迷