英语诗歌鉴赏及名词解释(英文版)

英语诗歌鉴赏及名词解释(英文版)英语诗歌鉴赏及名词解释(英文版)英语诗歌鉴赏及名词解释(英文版)xxx公司英语诗歌鉴赏及名词解释(英文版)文件编号：文件日期：修订次数：第1.0次更改批准审核制定方案设计，管理制度TheBasicElementsofAppreciatingEnglishPoetry1.Whatispoetry?PoetryistheexpressionofImpassionedfeelinginlanguage.“Poetryisthespontaneousoverflowofpowerfulfeelings:ittakesitsoriginfromemotionrecollectedintranquility.”“Poetry,inageneralsense,maybedefinedtobetheexpressionoftheimagination.”Poetryistherhythmicalcreationofbeauty.Poetryistheimageofmanandnature.“诗言志，歌咏言。”---《虞书》“诗言志之所以也。在心为志，发言为诗。情动于中而行于言，言之不足，则嗟叹之；嗟叹之不足，故咏歌之；咏歌之不足，不知手之舞之，足之蹈之也。情发于声；声成文，谓之音。”---《诗·大序》“诗是由诗人对外界所引起的感觉，注入了思想与情感，而凝结了形象，终于被表现出来的一种‘完成’的艺术。”---艾青：《诗论》2.TheSoundSystemofEnglishPoetrya.TheprosodicfeaturesProsody(韵律)---thestudyoftherhythm,pause,tempo,stressandpitchfeaturesofalanguage.Chinesepoetryissyllable-timed,Englishpoetryisstress-timed.Stress:TheprosodyofEnglishpoetryisrealizedbystress.Onestressedsyllablealwayscomestogetherwithoneormoreunstressedsyllables.eg.Tiger,/tiger,/burning/brightInthe/forest/ofthe/night,Whatim/mortal/handor/eyeCouldframethy/fearful/symme/try---W.BlakeLength:itcanproducesomerhetoricalandartisticeffect.eg.Thecurfewtollstheknellofpartingday,Thelowingherdwindslowlyo’erthelea,ThePloughmanhomewardplodshiswearyway,Andleavestheworldtodarknessandtome.---ThomasGrayLongvowelsanddiphthongsmakethepoemslow,emotionalandsolemn;shortvowelsquick,passionate,tenseandexciting.Pause:itservesfortherhythmandmusicalityofpoetry.b.Meterormeasure(格律)poem---stanza/strophe---line/verse---foot---arsis+thesis;Meterormeasurereferstotheformationwayofstressedandunstressedsyllables.Fourcommonmeters:a)Iambus;theiambicfoot(抑扬格)eg.Shewalks/inbeau/ty,like/thenightOfcloud/lessclimes/andstar/ryskies;Andall/that’sbest/ofdark/andbrightMeetin/heras/pectand/hereyes.---Byronb)Trochee;thetrochaicfoot（扬抑格）eg.Never/seekto/tellthy/love,Lovethat/never/toldcan/be.---Blakec)Dactyl;thedactylicfoot（扬抑抑格）eg.Cannonto/rightofthem,Cannonto/leftofthem.Cannonin/frontofthem,Volley’dand/thunder’d.---Tennysond)Anapaest;theanapesticfoot（抑抑扬格）eg.Break,/break,/break,Onthycold/greystones,/Osea!AndIwould/thatmytongue/couldutterThethought/thatarise/inme.---Tennysonc)OthermetersAmphibrach,theamphibrachicfoot(抑扬抑格)；Spondee,thespondaicfoot(扬扬格)；Pyrrhic,thepyrrhicfoot(抑抑格)；d)Actalecticfoot(完整音步)andCactalecticfoot（不完整音步）eg.Richthe/treasure,Sweetthe/pleasure.(actalecticfoot)Tiger,/tiger,/burning/bright,Inthe/forest/ofthe/night.(cactalecticfoot)e)Typesoffootmonometer(一音步)dimeter（二音步）trimeter（三音步）tetrameter（四音步）pentameter（五音步）hexameter（六音步）heptameter（七音步）octameter（八音步）Wehaveiambicmonometer,trochaictetrameter,iambicpentameter,anapaestictrimeter,etc.,whenthenumberoffootandmeteraretakentogetherinapoem.C.RhymeWhentwoormorewordsorphrasescontainanidenticalorsimilarvowelsound,usuallystressed,andtheconsonantsoundsthatfollowthevowelsoundareidenticalandprecededbydifferentconsonants,arhymeoccurs.Itcanroughlybedividedintotwotypes:internalrhymeandendrhymeInternalrhymea)alliteration:therepetitionofinitialidenticalconsonantsoundsoranyvowelsoundsinsuccessiveorcloselyassociatedsyllables,esp.stressedsyllables.eg.Thefairbreezeblew,thewhitefoamflew,Thefurrowfollowedfree.---ColeridgeIslip,Islide,Igloom,Iglance,Amongmyskinningswallows.---TennysonWhereatwithblade,withbloodyblamefulblade,Hebravelybroachedhisboilingbloodybreast.---Shakespeare“Consonantcluster”(辅音连缀)“internalorhiddenalliteration”(暗头韵)asin“Hereinthelongunlovelystreet”(Tennyson)TheScian&theTeianmuse,Thehero’sharp,thelove’slute,Havefoundthefameyourshoresrefuse.---Byronb)Assonance(腹韵/元音叠韵/半谐音)：therepetitionofsimilaroridenticalvowelsoundsinalineendingwithdifferentconsonantsounds.eg.DonotgogentleintothatnightOldageshouldburnandraveatcloseofday.Rage,rageagainstthedyingofthelight.Thoughwisemenattheirendknowdarkisright,BecausetheirwordshaveforkednolightningtheyDonotgogentleintothatnight.c)Consonance(假韵):therepetitionoftheendingconsonantsoundswithdifferentprecedingvowelsoftwoormorewordsinaline.eg.AtonceavoicearoseamongThebleaktwigsoverheadInafull-heartedevensongOfjoyillimited.---HardyEndrhyme:linesinapoemendinsimilaroridenticalstressedsyllables.a)PerfectrhymePerfectrhyme(intwoormorewords)occursinthefollowingthreeconditions:identicalstressedvowelsounds(lie--high,stay--play);thesameconsonantsaftertheidenticalstressedvowels(park--lark,fate--late);differentconsonantsprecedingthestressedvowels(first–burst);follow—swallow(perfectrhyme)b)imperfect/halfrhyme:thestressedvowelsintwoormorewordsarethesame,buttheconsonantsoundsafterandprecedingaredifferent.eg.fern—bird,faze—late,like—rightc)Masculineandfemininerhymeeg.SometimeswhenI’mlonely,Don’tknowwhy,KeepthinkingIwon’tbelonelyByandby.---HughesThecomradeofthywanderingsoverHeaven,Asthen,whentooutstripthyskieyspeedScarceseem’davision;Iwouldne’erhavestriven…---ShelleyRhymescheme(韵式)a)Runningrhymescheme(连续韵)twoneighbouringlinesrhymedinaabbccdd:eg.Tiger,tiger,burningbrightIntheforestsofthenight,WhatimmortalhandoreyeCouldframethyfearfulsymmetry?InwhatdistantdeepsorskiesBurntthefireofthineeyes?Onwhatwingsdareheaspire?Whatthehanddareseizethefire?b)Alternatingrhymescheme(交叉韵)rhymedeveryotherlineinababcdcd:eg.ShallIcomparetheetoasummer’sday?Thouartmorelovelyandmoretemperate:RoughwindsdoshakethedarlingbudsofMay,Andsummer’sleasehathalltooshortadate:---Shakespearec)enclosingrhymescheme(首尾韵)Inaquatrain,thefirstandthelastrhymed,andthesecondandthethirdrhymedinabba:eg.Whenyouareoldandgrayandfullofsleep,Andnoddingbythefire,takedownthisbook,Andslowlyread,anddreamofthesoftlookYoureyeshadonce,andoftheirshadowsdeep;---W.B.YeatsD.Formofpoetry(stanzaicform)a)couplet:astanzaoftwolineswithsimilarendrhymes:eg.Alittlelearningisadangerousthing;Drinkdeep,ortastenotthePierianSpring.b)heroiccouplet:arhymingcoupletofiambicpentameter:eg.OcouldIflowlikethee,andmakethystreamMygreatexample,asitismytheme:---DenhamThensharethypain,allowthatsadrelief;Ah,morethanshareit,givemeallthygrief.---Popec)Triplet/tercet:aunitorgroupofthreelines,usu.rhymedeg.Heclaspsthecragswithcrookedhands;Closetothesuninlonelylands,Ringedwiththeazureworld,hestands.Thewrinkledseabeneathhimcrawls:Hewatchesfromhismountainswalls,Andlikeathunderbolthefalls.---Tennysond)quatrain:astanzaoffourlinesrhymedorunrhymed.eg.Omyluveislikeared,redrose,That’snewlysprunginJune;OmyluveislikethemelodieThat’ssweetlyplay’dintune.Asfairartthou,mybonielass,SodeepinluveamI;AndIwillluvetheestill,mydear,Tilla’theseasgangdry.---Burnse)Sonnet:afixedverseformofItalianoriginconsistingof14linesthatarecharacteristicallyiniambicpentameter:ThePetrarchan/Italiansonnet(FrancescoPetrarch):twoparts:octave,askingquestion,presentingaproblem,orexpressinganemotionaltensionrhymingabbaabba;whilethesestet,solvingtheproblemrhymingcdecde,cdecde,orcdcdcd.Shakespearean/Englishsonnet:arrangedusuallyintothreequatrainsandacouplet,rhymingababcdcdefefgg.Thefirstquatrainintroducesasubject,thesecondexpands,andoncemoreinthethird,andconcludesinthecouplet.Spenseriansonnet:threequatrainsandacoupletrhymingababbcbccdcdee;Miltonicsonnet:simplyanltaliansonnetthateliminatesthepausebetweentheoctaveandsestet.f)Blankverse:theunrhymediambicpentametereg.Tobe,ornottobe:thatisthequestion:Whether’tisnoblerinthemindtosufferTheslingsandarrowsofoutrageousfortune,Ortotakearmsagainstaseaoftroubles,AndbyopposingendthemTodie:tosleep;---Shakespeareg)Freeverse:poetrythatisbasedonirregularrhythmiccadenceoftherecurrence,withvariations,ofphrases,imagesandsyntacticalpatternsratherthantheconventionaluseofmeter.eg.DaysWhataredaysfor?Daysarewherewelive.Theycome,theywakeusTimeandtimeover.TheyaretobehappyinWherecanwelivebutdays?Ah,solvingthatquestionBringthepriestanddoctorIntheirlongcoatsRunningoverthefields.---PhilipLarkin3.ThesemanticsystemofEnglishpoetrya.ThemeaningofpoetryPoetryis“theonepermissiblewayofsayingonethingandmeaninganother”.(Frost)Themeaningofapoemusuallyconsistsofthreelevels,thatis,theliteral(thelowest),thesensory(themedium)andtheemotional(thehighest).b.Image---thesoulofthemeaninginpoetrya)Definition:“languagethatevokesaphysicalsensationproducedbyoneormoreofthefivesenses---sight,hearing,taste,touchandsmell.”(KirsznerandMandell)Aliteralandconcreterepresentationofasensoryexperienceorofanobjectthatcanbeknownbyoneormoreofthesenses.b)TypesofimagesIntermsofsenses：visualimage(视觉意象)auditoryimage（听觉意象）olfactoryimage（嗅觉意象）tactileimage（触觉意象）gustatoryimage（味觉意象）kinaestheticimage（动觉意象）eg.Spring,thesweetspring,istheyear’spleasantking,Thenbloomseachthing,thenmaidsdanceinaring,Colddothnotsting,theprettybirdsdosing:Cuckoo,jug-jug,pu-we,to-witta-woo!---ThomasNasheIntermsoftherelationbetweentheimageandtheobject:Literal(字面意象)andfigurativeimage（修辞意象）Theformerreferstotheonethatinvolvesnonecessarychangeorextensionintheobviousmeaningofthewords;ortheoneinwhichthewordscallupasensoryrepresentationoftheliteralobjectorsensation.Thelatteristheonethatinvolvesaturnontheliteralmeaningofthewords.eg.LetuswalkinthewhitesnowInasoundlessspace;Withfootstepsquietandslow,Atatranquilpace,Underveilsofwhitelace.---ElinorWylieIntermsofthereaders:fixedandfreeimage（稳定意象和自由意象）Byfixedortiedimage,itistheonesoemployedthatitsmeaningandassociationalvalueisthesameornearlythesameforallreaders.Byfreeimage,itistheonenotsofixedbythecontextthatitspossiblemeaningsorassociationalvaluesarelimited,itistherefore,capableofhavingvariousmeaningsorvaluesforvariouspeople.eg.SnakeIsawayoungsnakeglideOutofthemottledshadeAndhanglimponastone:Athinmouth,andatongueStayed,inthestillair.Itturned;itdrewaway;Itsshadowbentinhalf;Itquickenedandwasgone.Ifeltmyslowbloodwarm.Ilongedtobethatthing,Thepure,sensuousform.AndImaybe,sometime.---TheodoreRoethkec)Thefunctionofimage:tostimulatereaders’senses;toactivatereaders’sensoryandemotionalexperience;toinvolvethereadersinthecreationofpoetrywithpersonalandemotionalexperience;tostrikearesponsivechordintheheartsofreaders;eg.