南京师范大学学位英语试题

1998年1月ListeningComprehension(20minutes)SectionAA)Themanwantstoattendtomorrowsshow.Therearen'tanyticketsleftfortonight'sshow.Therearen'tanyticketsleftfortomorrow'sshow.Themandoesn'twanttoattendtomorrow'sshow.A)Detectivestories.Storiesaboutjailescapes.Lovestories.Storiesaboutroyalfamilies.A)Itwasalonglecture,buteasytounderstand.Itwasnotaseasyasshehadthought.Itwasasdifficultasshehadexpected.Itwasinterestingandeasytofollow.A)Toputhimthroughtothedirector.Tohaveatalkwiththedirectorabouthiswork.Toarrangeanappointmentforhimwiththedirector.lbgoandseeifthedirectorcanmeethimrightnow.A)Margaretwantedtoreturnsomemagazinestothewoman.Margaretwantedtolendsomemagazinestothewoman.Margaretwantedtoborrowsomemagazinesfromthewoman.Margaretwantedtogetsomemagazinesbackfromthewoman.A)Hedoesn,tcaremuchaboutit.Heenjoysitverymuch.Hedoesn'tmindeventhoughit'stedious.Hehatesworkingovertime.A)Thewomandoesn,tthinkitexcitingtotravelbyair.They'llstayathomeduringtheholidays.Theyareofferedsomeplaneticketsfortheirholidays.They,llbeflyingsomewherefortheirvacation.A)Somethingwentwrongwiththebus.Shetooksomebodytohospital.Somethingpreventedherfromcatchingthebus.Shecameonfootinsteadoftakingabus.A)Doherhomework.Cleanthebackyard.Washclothes.Enjoythebeautifulday.A)Themanislookingforaplacetolivein.Themanhasahouseforrent.Thewomanisasecretary.Thetwospeakersareoldfriends.PartIIReadingComprehension(35minutes)PassageOneQuestions11to15arebasedonthefollowingpassage.Inbringingupchildren,everyparentwatcheseagerlythechild,sacquisition(学会)ofeachnewskill-thefirstspokenwords,thefirstindependentsteps,orthebeginningofreadingandwriting.Itisoftentemptingtohurrythechildbeyondhisnaturallearningrate,butthiscansetupdangerousfeelingsoffailureandstatesofworryinthechild:Thismighthappenatanystage.Ababymightbeforcedtouseatoilettooearly,ayoungchildmightbeencouragedtolearntoreadbeforeheknowsthemeaningofthewordshereads.Ontheotherhand,though,ifachiIdisleftalonetoomuch,orwithoutanylearningopportunities,heloseshisnaturalenthusiasmforlifeandhisdesiretofindoutnewthingsforhimself.Patentsvarygreatlyintheirdegreeofstrictnesstowardstheirchildren.Somemaybeespeciallystrictinmoneymatters.Othersareseverovertimesofcominghomeatnightorpunctualityformeals.Ingeneral,thecontrolsimposedrepresenttheneedsoftheparentsandthevaluesofthecommunityasmuchasthechild,sownhappiness.Asregardsthedevelopmentofmoralstandardsinthegrowingchild,consistencyisveryimportantinparentalteaching.Toforbidathingonedayandexcuseitthenextisnofoundationformorality(道德).Also,parentsshouldrealizethataexampleisbetterthanprecept”.Iftheyarenotsincereanddonotpractisewhattheypreach(说教)，theirchildrenmaygrowconfused,andemotionallyinsecurewhentheygrowoldenoughtothinkforthemselves,andrealizetheyhavebeentosomeextentfooled.Asuddenawarenessofamarkeddifferencebetweentheirparents'principlesandtheirmoralscanbeadangerousdisappointment.Eagerlywatchingthechild,sacquisitionofnewskills.shouldbeavoidedisuniversalamongparentssetsupdangerousstatesofworryinthechildwillmakehimloseinterestinlearningnewthingsIntheprocessofchildren'slearningnewskillsparents.shouldencouragethemtoreadbeforetheyknowthemeaningofthewordstheyreadshouldnotexpecttoomuchofthemshouldachieveabalancebetweenpushingthemtoohardandleavingthemontheirownshouldcreateasmanylearningopportunitiesaspossibleThesecondparagraphmainlytellsusthat.parentsshouldbestrictwiththeirchildrenparentalcontrolsreflectonlytheneedsoftheparentsandthevaluesofthecommunityparentalrestrictionsvary,andarenotalwaysenforcedforthebenefitofthechildrenaloneparentsvaryintheirstrictnesstowardstheirchildrenaccordingtothesituationTheword“precept”(Line3,Para.3)probablymeans“"・ideapunishmentbehaviorinstructionInmoralmatters,parentsshould.observetherulesthemselvesbeawareofthemarkeddifferencebetweenadultsandchildrenforbidthingswhichhavenofoundationinmoralityconsistentlyensurethesecurityoftheirchildrenPassageTwoQuestions16to20arebasedonthefollowingpassage.Agoodmodernnewspaperisanextraordinarypieceofreading.Itisremarkablefirstforwhatitcontains:therangeofnewsfromlocalcrimetointernationalpolitics,fromsporttobusinesstofashiontoscience,andtherangeofcommentandspecialfeatures(特写)aswell,fromeditorialpagetofeaturearticlesandinterviewstocriticismofbooks,art,theatreandmusic.Anewspaperisevenmoreremarkableforthewayonereadsit:nevercompletely,neverstraightthrough,butalwaysbyjumpingfromheretothere,inandnotglancingatonepiece,readinganotherarticleallthewaythrough,readingjustafewparagraphsofthenext.Agoodmodernnewspaperoffersvarietytoattractmanydifferentreaders,butfarmorethannayonereaderisinterestedin.Whatbringsthisvarietytogetherinoneplaceisitstopicality(时事性)，itsimmediaterelationtowhatishappeninginyourworldandyourlocalitynow,butimmediacyandthespeedofproductionthatgoeswithitmeanalsothatmuchofwhatpapersinanewspaperhasnomorethantransient(短暂的)value.Forallthesereasons,notwopeoplereallyreadthesamepaper:whateachpersondoesistoputtogetheroutofthepagesofthatday'spaper,hisownselectionandsequence,hisownnewspaper.Forallthesereasons,readingnewspapersefficiently,whichmeansgettingwhatyouwantfromthemwithoutmissingthingsyouneedbutwithoutwastingtime,demandsskillandself-awarenessasyoumodifyandapplythetechniquesofreading.AmodernnewspaperisremarkableforallthefollowingexceptitswidecoverageuniformstylespeedinreportingnewspopularityAccordingtothepassage,thereasonwhynotwopeoplereallyreadthe"same"newspaperisthat.peoplescanforthenewstheyareinterestedindifferentpeoplepreferdifferentnewspaperspeoplearerarelyinterestedinthesamekindofnewspeoplehavedifferentviewsaboutwhatagoodnewspaperisItcanbeconcludefromthepassagethatnewspaperreaders.applyreadingtechniquesskillfullyjumpfromonenewspapertoanotherappreciatethevarietyofanewspaperusuallyreadanewspaperselectivelyAgoodnewspaperoffers“avarietytoreadersbecause.ittriestoservedifferentreadersithastocoverthingsthathappeninacertainlocalityreadersaredifficulttopleasereadersliketoreaddifferentnewspapersThebesttitleforthispassagewouldbe"”.TheImportanceofNewspaperTopicalityTheCharacteristicsofaGoodNewspaperTheVarietyofaGoodNewspaperSomeSuggestionsonHowtoReadaNewspaperPassageThreeQuestions21to25arebasedonthefollowingpassage.Americansocietyisnotnap(午B垂)friendly.Infact,saysDavidDinges,asleepspecialistattheUniversityofPennsylvaniaSchoolofMedicine."There'sevenaprohibitionagainstadmittingweneedsleep."Nobodywantstobecaughtnappingorfoundasleepatwork.Toquoteproverb:aSomesleepfivehours,naturerequiresseven,lazinessnineandwickednesseleven.”Wrong.Thewaynottofallasleepatworkistotakenapswhenyouneedthem."Wehavetototallychangeourattitudetowardnapping”,saysDr.WilliamDementofStanfordUniversity,thegodfatherofsleepresearch.LastyearanationalcommissionledbyDementidentifiedanuAmericansleepdebt”whichonemembersaidwasasimportantasthenationaldebt,thecommissionwasconcernedaboutthedangersofsleepiness:peoplecausingindustrialaccidentsorfallingasleepwhiledriving.ThismaybewhywehaveanewsleeppolicyintheWhiteHouse.Accordingtorecentreports,presidentClintonistryingtotakeahalf-hoursnooze(打瞌睡)everyafternoon.About60percentofAmericanadultsnapwhengiventheopportunity.Weseemtohave“amidafternoonquietphase“alsocalled“asecondarysleepgate.”Sleeping15minutestotwohoursintheearlyafternooncanreducestressandmakeusrefreshed.Clearly,wewereborntonap.WeSuperstarsofSnoozedon'tnaptoreplacelostshut-eyeortoprepareforanightshift.Rather,we“snack“onsleep,whenever,whereverandatwhatevertimewefeellikeit.Imyselfhavenappedinbuses,cars,planesandonboats;onfloorsandbeds;andinlibraries,officesandmuseums.ItiscommonlyacceptedinAmericansocietythattoomuchsleepisunreasonablecriminalharmfulcostlyTheresearchdonebytheDementcommissionshowsthatAmericansdon'tliketotakenapsareterriblyworriedabouttheirnationaldebtsleeplessthanisgoodforthemhavecausedmanyindustrialandtrafficaccidentsThepurposeofthisarticleisto.warnusofthewickednessofnappingexplainthedangerofsleepinessdiscussthesideeffectsofnappingconvincethereaderofthenecessityofnappingTheAmericansleepdebt”(Line1,Para.3)istheresultofthetraditionalmisconceptiontheAmericanshaveaboutsleepthenewsleeppolicyoftheClintonAdministrationtherapiddevelopmentofAmericanindustrytheAmericans?worryaboutthedangerofsleepinessThesecondsentenceofthelastparagraphtellsusthatitis.preferabletohaveasoundsleepbeforeanightshiftgoodpracticetoeatsomethinglightbeforewegotobedessentialtomakeupforcostsleepnaturaltotakeanapwheneverwefeeltheneedforitPassageFourQuestions26to30arebasedonthefollowingpassage.Violinprodigies(神童)，Ilearned,havecomeindistinctwavesfromdistinctregions.Mostofthegreatperformersifthelate19thandearly20thcenturieswerebornandbroughtupinRussiaandEasternEurope.IaskedIsaacStern,oneoftheworld,sgreatestvioliniststhereasonforthisphenomenon."Itisveryclear,“hetoldme."TheywereallJews(犹太人)andJewsatthetimewereseverelyoppressedandill-treatedinthatpartoftheworld.Theywerenotallowedintotheprofessionalfields,buttheywereallowedtoachieveexcellenceonaconcertstage.”Asaresult,everyJewishparentJsdreamwastohaveachildinthemusicschoolbecauseitwasapassporttotheWest.Anotherelementintheemergenceofprodigies,Ifound,isasocietythatvaluesexcellenceinacertainfieldtonurture(培育)talent.Nowadays,themostnurturingsocietiesseemtobeintheFarEast."InJapan,amostcompetitivesociety,withstrongerdisciplinethanours,”saysIsaacStem,childrenarereadytotesttheirlimitseverydayinmanyfields,includingmusic.WhenWesternmusiccametoJapanafterWorldWarII,thatmusicnotonlybecamepartoftheirdailylives,butitbecameadisciplineaswell.TheKoreansandChineseasweknow,arejustashighlymotivatedastheJapanese.That'sagoodthing,becauseevenprodigiesmustworkhard.Nexttohardwork,biologicalinheritanceplaysanimportantroleinthemakingofaprodigy.J.S.Bach,forexample,wasthetopofseveralgenerationsofmusicians,andfourofhissonshadsignificantcareersinmusic.JewishparentsinEasternEuropelongedfortheirchildrentoattendmusicschoolbecause.itwouldallowthemaccesstoabetterlifeintheWestJewishchildrenarebornwithexcellentmusicaltalenttheywantedtheirchildrentoenterintotheprofessionalfielditwouldenablethefamilytogetbettertreatmentintheirowncountryNurturingsocietiesasmentionedinthepassagerefertosocietiesthat,.enforcestrongdisciplineonstudentswhowanttoachieveexcellencetreasuretalentandprovideopportunitiesforitsfulldevelopmentencouragepeopletocompetewitheachotherpromisetalentedchildrenhighpositionsJapanisdescribedinthepassageasacountrythatattachesimportanceto.all-rounddevelopmentthelearningofWesternmusicstricttrainingofchildrenvarietyinacademicstudiesWhichofthefollowingcontributestotheemergenceofmusicalprodigiesaccordingtothepassage?Anaturalgift.Extensiveknowledgeofmusic.Veryearlytraining.Aprejudice-freesociety.Whichofthefollowingtitlesbestsummarisesthemainideaofthepassage?JewishContributiontoMusicTrainingofMusiciansintheWorldMusicandSocietyTheMakingofProdigiesTOC\o"1-5"\h\zB2.C 3.B 4.C 5.D6.B7.D8.A9.C 10. AB12. C13. C14. D15.A16.B17.C18.D 19. A20. B21.A22. C23. D24. A25.D26.A27.B28.C 29. A30. D1998年 6月ListeningComprehension (20minutes)SectionAA)Theyaretwins.Theyareclassmates.Theyarefriends.Theyarecolleagues.A)ThemanisplanningatriptoAustin.ThemanhasnotbeentoAustinbefore.Themandoesn'tlikeAustin.ThemanhasbeentoAustinbefore.A)Thesizeoftheroom.Longworkinghours.Thehotweather.Thefanintheroom.A)Themanhaschangedhisdestination.Themanisreturninghisticket.ThemanisflyingtoNewYorktomorrowmorning.Themancan'tmanagetogotoNewYorkasplanned.A)Itisdifficulttoidentify.Ithasbeenmisplaced.Itismissing.Ithasbeenborrowedbysomeone.A)Lookingforatimetable.Buyingsomefurniture.Reservingatable.Windowshopping.A)Coldandwindy.Snowwillbereplacedbystrongwinds.Itwillgetbetter.Rainyandcold.A)Itisnolongeravailable.Ithasbeenreprintedfourtimes.Thestoredoesn'thaveitnow,butwillhaveitsoon.Theinfonnationinthebookisoutofdate.A)Henrydoesn'tlikethecolor.Someoneelsepaintedthehouse.Therewasnoladderinthehouse.Henrypaintedthehousehimself.A)Inacottonfield.Atarailwaystation.Onafarm.Onatrain.SectionBPassageoneQuestions11to13arebasedonthepassageyouhavejustheard.A)Theyinvitedhimtoaparty.Theyaskedhimtomakeaspeech.Theygaveaspecialdinnerforhim.Theyinvitedhiswifetoattendthedinner.A)Hewasembarrassed.Hefeltgreatlyencouraged.Hefeltsad.Hewasdeeplytouched.A)Sam'swifedidnotthinkthatthecompanywasfairtoSam.Sam'swifewassatisfiedwiththegoldwatch.Samdidnotlikethegoldwatch.Thecompanyhadsomefinancialproblems.PassageTwoQuestions14to16arebasedonthepassageyouhavejustheard.A)Thenumberofstudentstheytakeinislimited.Theyreceivelittleornosupportfrompublictaxes.Theyareonlyopentochildrenfromrichfamilies.Theyhavetopaymoretaxes.A)Privateschoolsadmitmorestudents.Privateschoolschargelessthanreligiousschools.Privateschoolsrunavarietyofprograms.Privateschoolsallowstudentstoenjoymorefreedom.A)Thechurches.Theprogramdesigners.Thelocalauthorities.Thestategovernment.PassageThreeQuestions17to20arebasedonthepassageyouhavejustheard.A)Shewasfoundstealinginabookstore.Shecaughtsomeoneintheactofstealing.Sheadmittedhavingstolensomething.Shesaidshewaswronglyaccusedofstealing.A)Abook.$3,000.Ahandbag.AChristmascard.A)Shewasquestionedbythepolice.Shewasshutinasmallroomfor20minutes.Shewasinsultedbytheshopperaroundher.Shewasbody-searchedbythestoremanager.A)Theyrefusedtoapologizeforhavingfollowedherthroughthetown.Theyregrettedhavingwronglyaccusedherofstealing.Theystillsuspectedthatshewasathief.Theagreedtopayher$3,000damages.PartIIReadingComprehension(35minutes)PassageOneQuestions21to25arebasedonthefollowingpassage.PsychologistGeorgeSpilichandcolleaguesatWashingtonCollegeinChestertown,Maryland,decidedtofindoutwhether,asmanysmokerssay,smokinghelpsthemto“thinkandconcentrate.Spilichputyoungnon-smokers,activesmokersandsmokersdeprived(被剥夺)ofcigarettesthroughaseriesoftests.Inthefirsttest,eachsubject(试验对象)satbeforeacomputerscreenandpressedakeyassoonasheorsherecognizedatargetletteramongagroupingof96.Inthissimpletest,smokers,deprivedsmokersandnon-smokersperformedequallywell.Thenexttestwasmorecomplex,requiringalltoscansequencesof20identicallettersandrespondtheinstantoneoftheletterstransformedintoadifferentone.Non-smokerswerefaster,butunderthestimulationofnicotine(尼古丁)，activesmokerswerefasterthandeprivedsmokers.Inthethirdtestofshort-termmemory,non-smokersmadethefewesterrors,butdeprivedsmokerscommittedfewererrorsthanactivesmokers.Thefourthtestrequiredpeopletoreadapassage,thenanswerquestionsaboutit.Non-smokersremembered19percentmoreofthemostimportantinformationthanactivesmokers,anddeprivedsmokersbestedthosewhohadsmokedacigarettejustbeforetesting.Activesmokerstendednotonlytohavepoorermemoriesbutalsohadtroubleseparatingimportantinformationfrominsignificantdetails.“Asourtestsbecamemorecomplex,“sumsupSpilich,anon-smokersperformedbetterthansmokersbywiderandwidermarginsnHepredicts,asmokersmightperformadequatelyatmanyjobs-untiltheygotcomplicated.Asmokingairlinepilotcouldflyadequatelyifnoproblemsarose,butifsomethingwentwrong,smokingmightdamagehismentalcapacity.”ThepurposeofGeorgeSpilich,sexperimentsis.totestwhethersmokinghasapositiveeffectonthementalcapacityofsmokerstoshowhowsmokingdamagespeople'smentalcapacitytoprovethatsmokingaffectspeople'sregularperformancetofindoutwhethersmokinghelpspeople'sshort-termmemoryGeorgeSpilich,sexperimentwasconductedinsuchawayastocompelthesubjectstoseparatemajorinformationfromminordetailsputthesubjectsthroughincreasinglycomplextestschecktheeffectivenessofnicotineonsmokersregisterthepromptresponsesofthesubjectsTheword“bested”(Line3,Para.5)mostprobablymeans.beatenviedcaughtupwithmadethebestofWhichofthefollowingstatementsistrue?Activesmokersingeneralperformedbetterthandeprivedsmokers.Activesmokersrespondedmorequicklythantheothersubjects.Non-smokerswerenotbetterthanothersubjectsinperformingsimpletasks.Deprivedsmokersgavetheslowestresponsestothevarioustasks.Wecaninferfromthelastparagraphthat.smokersshouldnotexpecttobecomeairlinepilotssmokinginemergencycasescausesmentalillnessnoairlinepilotssmokeduringflightssmokersmayproveunequaltohandingemergencycasesPassageTwoQuestions26to30arebasedonthefollowingpassage.Thereisnodenyingthatstudentsshouldlearnsomethingabouthowcomputerswork,justasweexpectthematleasttounderstandthattheinternal-combustionengine(内燃机)hassomethingtodowithburningfuel,expandinggasesandpistons(活塞)beingdriven.Forpeopleshouldhavesomebasicideaofhowthethingsthattheyusedowhattheydo.Further,studentsmightbehelpedbyacoursethatconsidersthecomputer*simpactonsociety.Butthatisnotwhatismeantbycomputerliteracy.Forcomputerliteracyisnotaformofliteracy(读写能力);itisatradeskillthatshouldnotbetaughtasaliberalart.Learninghowtouseacomputerandlearninghowtoprogramonearetwodistinctactivities.Acasemightbemadethatthecompetentcitizensoftomorrowshouldfreethemselvesfromtheirfearofcomputers.Butthisisquitedifferentfromsayingthatalloughttoknowhowtoprogramone.Leavethattopeoplewhohavechosenprogrammingasacareer.Whileprogrammingcanbelotsoffun,andwhileoursocietyneedssomepeoplewhoareexpertsatit,thesameistrueofautorepaidandviolin-making.Learninghowtouseacomputerisnotthatdifficult,anditgetseasierallthetimeasprogramsbecomemore“user-friendly”.Letusassumethatinthefutureeveryoneisgoingtohavetoknowhowtouseacomputertobeacompetentcitizen.Whatdoesthephraseulearningtouseacomputer,,mean?ItsoundslikealearningtodriveacarM,thatis,itsoundsasifthereissomesetofdefiniteskillsthat,onceacquired,enableonetouseacomputer.Infact,alearningtouseacomputervismuchmorelikealearningtoplayagame”,butlearningtherulesofonegamemaynothelpyouplayasecondgame,whoserulesmaynotbethesame.Thereisnosuchathingasteachingsomeonehowtouseacomputer.Onecanonlyteachpeopletousethisorthatprogramandgenerallythatiseasilyaccomplished.Tobethecompetentcitizensoftomorrow,peopleshould.trytolayasolidfoundationincomputersciencebeawareofhowthethingsthattheyusedowhattheydolearntouseacomputerbyacquiringacertainsetofskillsunderstandthatprogrammingacomputerismoreessentialthanrepairingacarInthesecondparagraph“violin-making”ismentionedtoshowthatprogrammingacomputerisasinterestingasmakingaviolinoursocietyneedsexpertsindifferentfieldsviolin-makingrequiresasmuchskillascomputerprogrammingpeoplewhocanuseacomputerdon'tnecessarilyhavetoknowcomputerprogrammingLearningtouseacomputerisgettingeasierallthetimebecauseprogramsarebecominglesscomplicatedprogramsaredesignedtobeconvenienttousersprogrammingisbecomingeasierandeasierprogramsarebecomingreadilyavailabletocomputerusersAccordingtotheauthor,thephraseulearningtouseacomputerv(Lines3-4,Para.3)meanslearning.asetofrulesthefundamentalsofcomputersciencespecificprogramsgeneralprinciplesofprogrammingTheauthoryspurposeinwritingthispassageis.tostresstheimpactofthecomputeronsocietytoexplaintheconceptofthecomputerliteracytoillustratetherequirementsforbeingcompetentcitizensoftomorrowtoemphasizethatcomputerprogrammingisaninterestingandchallengingjobPassageThreeQuestions31to35arebasedonthefollowingpassage.Thewaypeopleholdtothebeliefthatafun-filled,painfreelifeequalshappinessactuallyreducestheirchancesofeverattainingrealhappiness,iffunandpleasureareequaltohappinessthenpainmustbeequaltounhappiness.Butinfact,theoppositeistrue:moreoftenthannotthingsthatleadtohappinessinvolvesomepain.Asaresult,manypeopleavoidtheveryattemptsthatarethesourceoftruehappiness.Theyfearthepaininevitablybroughtbysuchthingsasmarriage,raisingchildren,professionalachievement,religiouscommitment(承担的义务)，self-improvement.Askabachelor(单身汉)whyheresistsmarriageeventhoughhefindsdatingtobelessandlesssatisfying.Ifheishonesthewilltellyouthatheisafraidofmakingacommitment.Forcommitmentisinfactquitepainful.Thesinglelifeisfilledwithfun,adventure,excitement.Marriagehassuchmoments,buttheyarenotitsmostdistinguishingfeatures.Coupleswithinfantchildrenareluckytogetawholenight'ssleeporathree-dayvacation.Idon'tknowanyparentwhowouldchoosethewordfuntodescriberaisingchildren.Butcoupleswhodecidenottohavechildrenneverknowthejoysofwatchingachildgrowuporofplayingwithagrandchild.Understandingandacceptingthattruehappinesshasnothingtodowithfunisoneofthemostliberatingrealizations.Itliberatestime:nowwecandevotemorehourstoactivitiesthatcangenuinelyincreaseourhappiness.Itliberatesmoney:buyingthatnewcarorthosefancyclothesthatwilldonothingtoincreaseourhappinessnowseemspointless.Anditliberatesusfromenvy:wenowunderstandthatallthosewhoarealwayshavingsomuchfunactuallymaynotbehappyatall.Accordingtotheauthor,abachelorresistsmarriagechieflybecauseheisreluctanttotakeonfamilyresponsibilitieshebelievesthatlifewillbemorecheerfulifheremainssinglehefindsmorefunindatingthaninmarriagehefearsitwillputanendtoallhisfunadventureandexcitementRaisingchildren,intheauthorJsopinion,is.amoraldutyathanklessjobarewardingtaskasourceofinevitablepainFromthelastparagraph,welearnthatenvysometimesstemsfromhatredmisunderstandingprejudiceignoranceTounderstandwhattruehappinessisonemust.haveasmuchrunaspossibleduringone'slifetimemakeeveryefforttoliberateoneselffrompainputupwithpainunderallcircumstancesbeabletodistinguishhappinessfromfunWhatistheauthortryingtotellus?Happinessoftengoeshandinhandwithpain.Onemustknowhowtoattainhappiness.Itisimportanttomakecommitments.Itispainthatleadstohappiness.PassageFourQuestions36to40arebasedonthefollowingpassage.It'sveryinterestingtonotewherethedebateaboutdiversity(多样化)istakingplace.Itistakingplaceprimarilyinpoliticalcircles.HereattheCollegeFund,wehavealotofcontactwithtopcorporate(公司的)leaders;noneofthemistalkingaboutgettingridofthoseinstrumentsthatproducediversity.Infact,theysaythatiftheircompaniesaretocompeteintheglobalvillageandintheglobalmarketplace,diversityisanimperative.Theyalsosaythattheneedfortalented,skilledAmericansmeanswehavetoexpandthepoolmeanspromotingpoliciesthathelpprovideskillstomoreminorities,morewomenandmoreimmigrants.Corporateleadersknowthatifthatdoesn,toccurinoursociety,theywillnothavetheengineers,thescientist,thelawyers,orthebusinessmanagerstheywillneed.Likewise,Idon,thearpeopleintheacademysaying."Let'sgobackward.Let'sgobacktothegoodolddays,whenwehadameritocracy(不拘一格选人才)“(whichwasnevertrue-weneverhadameritocracy,althoughwe'vecomeclosetoitinthelast30years).IrecentlyvisitedagreatlittlecollegeinNewYorkwherethecampushaddoubleditsminoritypopulationinthelastsixyears.ItalkedwithanAfricanAmericanwhohasbeenaprofessorthereforalongtime,andsheremembersthatwhenshefirstjoinedthecommunity,therewerefewerthanahandfulofminoritiesoncampus.Now,allofusfeeltheuniversityisbetterbecauseofthediversity.Sowherewehearthisdebateisprimarilyinpoliticalcirclesandinthemedia-notincorporateboardroomsoroncollegecampuses.Theword“imperative”(Line5,Para.1)mostprobablyreferstosomething.superficialremarkabledebatableessentialWhichofthefollowinggroupsofpeoplestilldifferintheirviewsondiversity?Minorities.Politicians.Professors.Managers.Highcorporateleadersseemtobeinfavorofpromotingdiversitysoasto.lowertherateofunemploymentwinequalpoliticalrightsforminoritiesbecompetitiveintheworldmarketsatisfythedemandsofagrowingpopulationItcanbeinferredfromthepassagethat.meritocracycanneverberealizedwithoutdiversityAmericanpoliticalcircleswillnotacceptdiversityitisunlikelythatdiver