气候变化与清洁发展机制

气候变化与清洁发展机制

IntroductiontoClimateChangeand

theCleanDevelopmentMechanism中国CDM能力建设项目培训讲义

TrainingMaterial

BuildingCapacityfortheCDMinChina1气候系统:Theclimatesystem大气圈、水圈、生物圈和地圈的整体及其相互作用。Thetotalityoftheatmosphere,hydrosphere,biosphereandgeosphereandtheirinteraction.2温室气体效应：GreenhouseGasEffect3气候变化：Climatechange指除在类似时期内所观测的气候的自然变迁之外，由于直接或间接的人类活动改变了地球大气的组成而造成的气候变化。Achangeofclimatewhichisattributeddirectlyorindirectlytohumanactivitythataltersthecompositionoftheglobalatmosphereandwhichisinadditiontonaturalclimatevariabilityobservedovercomparabletimeperiods.4全球气候变化：ChangeofGlobalTemperature根据新的证据以及考虑到不确定因素的情况下，在过去50年所观察到的全球变暖是由于温室气体浓度的增加而导致Inthelightofnewevidenceandtakingintoaccounttheremaininguncertainties,mostoftheobservedwarmingoverthelast50yearsislikelytohavebeenduetotheincreaseingreenhousegasconcentrationsSource:IPCCThirdAssessmentReport20015气候变化的影响：ClimateChangeImpacts

6公约目标：UNFCCCobjectives将大气中温室气体的浓度稳定在防止气候系统受到危险的人为干扰的水平上。这一水平应当在足以使生态系统能够自然地适应气候变化，确保粮食生产免受到威胁，并使经济发展能够可持续地进行之时间范围内实现。Stabilizationofgreenhousegasconcentrationsintheatmosphereatalevelthatwouldpreventdangerousanthropogenicinterferencewiththeclimatesystem.Suchalevelshouldbeachievedwithinatime-framesufficienttoallowecosystemstoadaptnaturallytoclimatechange,toensurethatfoodproductionisnotthreatenedandtoenableeconomicdevelopmenttoproceedinasustainablemanner.ARTICLE2

7京都议定书：TheKyotoProtocol附件一缔约方应该个别地或共同地确保附件A所列二氧化碳、甲烷等六种受控的温室气体排放总量，在2008年至2012年的承诺期内比1990年水平至少减少5.2％，

ThePartiesincludedinAnnexIshall,individuallyorjointly,ensurethattheiraggregateanthropogeniccarbondioxideequivalentemissionsofthegreenhousegaseslistedinAnnexAreducetheiroverallemissionsbyatleast5percentbelow1990levelsinthecommitmentperiod2008to2012.

Article3

到2005年12月31日前，附件一缔约方应在履行这些承诺方面做出可予证实的进展

EachPartyincludedinAnnexIshall,by2005,havemadedemonstrableprogressinachievingitscommitmentsunderthisProtocol.8附件一国家：AnnexIcountries附件一（工业发达国家）承诺减排温室气体。AnnexIcountries(industrialisedcountries)commitedthemselvestoreducetheirGHGemissionsAnnexI非附件一国家（发展中国家）Non-AnnexIcountries(developingcountries)9对工业国家要求：TherequirementsforAnnexIcountries

为发展中国家缔约方提供新的和额外的资金 ProvidenewandadditionalfinancialresourcestomeettheagreedfullcostsincurredtodevelopingcountryPartiesincomplyingwiththeirobligations帮助特别易受气候变化不利影响的发展中国家缔约方

AssistthedevelopingcountryPartiesthatareparticularlyvulnerabletotheadverseeffectsofclimatechange应采取一切实际可行的步骤，酌情促进、帮助和资助向其他缔约方特别是发展中国家缔约方转让或使他们有机会得到环境友好技术和专有技术

Takeallpracticablestepstopromote,facilitateandfinance,asappropriate,thetransferof,oraccessto,environmentallysoundtechnologiesandknow-howtootherParties,particularlydevelopingcountryParties10京都议定定书附录录B：AnnexBoftheKyotoProtocol欧盟气泡泡11减排指标标：Reductionobjectives1990200020102020246GtC-5%Kyoto-Protocol-24%Source:ABBCorporateResearch12控制温室室气体种种类：KyotoProtocolGreenhouseGases二氧化碳碳Carbondioxide(CO2)甲烷Methane(CH4)氧化亚氮氮Nitrousoxide(N2O)氢氟碳化化物Hydrofluorocarbons(HFCs)氟化碳Perfluorocarbons(PFCs)六氟化硫硫Sulphurhexafluoride(SF6)13为实现长长期可测测量符合合成本效效益原则则的减排排目标，，京都议议定书提提出三种种机制TheKPidentifiesthreemechanismstosupplementnationalactionstoachievereal,long-term,measurableandcost-effectiveGHGreductions:三机制：ThreemechanismsCleanDevelopmentMechanism清洁发展展机制（（CDM）JointImplementation联合履行行（JI）EmissionsTrading(ET)排放贸易易（ET）14AnnexI/B清洁发展展机制（（CDM）：CleanDevelopmentMechanismAnnexI/BDevelopingcountries发起国Sponsor东道国Host发起CDM项目CDMProjectSponsoring获得经核核证的减减排CertifiedEmissionReductions发展中国国家15CDM目的：CDMPurpose并协助附附件一所所列缔约约方遵守守其依第第三条规规定的排排放量限限制和削削减承诺诺。-toassistPartiesincludedinAnnexIinachievingcompliancewiththeirquantifiedemissionlimitationandreductioncommitments协助未列列入附件件一的缔缔约方实实现可持持续发展展并增进进《公约》的最终目目标，-toassistPartiesnotincludedinAnnexIinachievingsustainabledevelopmentandincontributingtotheultimateobjectiveoftheConventionArticleofKP1216清洁发展展机制的的管理：：ManagementofCDM清洁发展展机制由由作为本本议定书书缔约方方会议的的《公约》缔约方会会议授权权和指导导，并由由清洁发发展机制制的执行行理事会会监督。。ThecleandevelopmentmechanismshallbesubjecttotheauthorityandguidanceoftheConferenceofthePartiesservingasthemeetingofthePartiestothisProtocolandbesupervisedbyanexecutiveboardofthecleandevelopmentmechanism.缔约方会会议（COP）是联合合国气候候框架公公约的最最高机构构，每年年召开一一次会议议评审公公约的进进程。ConferenceoftheParties(COP)TheCOPisthesupremebodyoftheConvention.ItcurrentlymeetsonceayeartoreviewtheConvention'sprogress.作为京都都议定书书缔约方方会议的的公约缔缔约方会会议(议定定书/公公约缔缔约方会会议)（COP/MOP）是京都都条约最最高机构构，MeetingoftheParties(MOP)TheKyotoProtocol'ssupremebodywillbetheMOP,whichwillserveastheProtocol'smeetingoftheParties.17CDM管理架架构：：CDMBodies作为京京都议议定书书缔约约方会会议的的公约约缔约约方会会议(议议定定书/公公约缔缔约方方会议议)ConferenceofPartiestotheUNFCCCMeetingofthePartiestotheKyotoProtocol(COP/MOP)CDM执行理理事会会CDMExecutiveBoard(CDM-EB)认可专专家组组AccreditationPanel林业工工作组组AfforestationandReforestationWorkingGroup/Panel方法学学专家家组MethodologyPanel小项目目专家家组SmallscaleCDMPanel18执行理理事会会组成成：ExecutiveBoard执行理理事会会（EB）是在在COP/MOP领导下下的负负责CDM活动机机构ExecutiveBoard(EB)TheExecutiveBoardoperatesundertheauthorityoftheParties.执行理理事会会由十十个专专家构构成，，其中中五个个专家家分别别代表表五个个联合合国官官方区区域(非洲、、亚洲洲、拉拉丁美美洲、、加勒勒比海海地区区、中中东欧欧、OECD国家)，一个个专家家来自自小岛岛国组组织，，两个个专家家来自自附件件Ⅰ国家，，两个个专家家来自自非附附件Ⅰ国家。。TheExecutiveBoardconsistsof10members,includingonerepresentativefromeachofthefiveofficialUNregions(Africa,Asia,LatinAmericaandtheCaribbean,CentralEasternEurope,andOECD),onefromthesmallislanddevelopingstates,andtwoeachfromAnnexIandnon-AnnexIParties.TheCDM-EB2004MembersAlternatesMr.JohnW.Ashe1Ms.DesnaSolofa1Mr.Jean-JacquesBecker2Mr.MartinEnderlin2Mr.JohnShaibuKilani2(Chair)Mr.NdiayeCheikhSylla2Mr.SozaburoOkamatsu2Ms.SushmaGera2Ms.MarinaShvangiradze1Ms.AnastasiaMoskalenko1Mr.GeorgBørsting1(Vice-Chair)Mr.HansJürgenStehr1Mr.FareedAl-Asaly2

Mr.ChowKokKee2Mr.RichardMuyungi1Mr.HernánCarlino1Mr.XueduLu1Mr.JuanPabloBonilla1Mr.JoséMiguez2Mr.EduardoSanhueza21Term:2Yearse.g.ending20052Term:3yearse.g.ending2004

19执行理理事会会工作作：EBtasks批准建建议的的基准准和监监测方方法Approvalofproposedbaselineandmonitoringmethodologies执行理理事会会（EB）负责责认证证经营营实体体（DOE）Accreditationofdesignatedoperationalentities执行理理事会会（EB）负责责建立立、维维护并并管理理清洁洁发展展机制制项目目的注注册登登记（（CDMregistry），签签发经经核证证减排排证明明（CERs）TheCDM-EBisresponsibleforthemaintenanceofaCDMregistry,whichwillissuenewCERs20经营实实体的的工作作：taskofDOE审定CDM项目ValidationofCDMprojects申请项项目的的登记记Presentationofprojectsforregistration核查监监测报报告Verificationofmonitoringreports推荐签签发CERsRecommendationforCERissuance.目前共共有4个指定经营实实体(DOEs)，20个申请请实体体(AEs)Atpresent4DOEs,approximately20ApplicantEntities.21CDM参与条条件：：Participationrequirements所有的的缔约约方都都应满满足三三个基基本要要求：：AllPartiesmustmeetthreebasicrequirements:自愿参参与CDM项目活活动i)voluntaryparticipation,建立一一个CDM项目活活动的的管理理机构构ii)establishmentoftheNationalCDMAuthority,已经批批准京京都条条约iii)ratificationoftheKyotoProtocol.22项目合合格标标准：：ProjectEligibility京都议议定书书第12条规定温室气气体的的减排排应是是在没没有经经证明明的项项目活活动的的情况况下产产生任任何减减少排排放而而言是是额外外的，，与减减缓气气候变变化有有关的的真实的、可可测量的和和长期的效效益Article12oftheProtocolstatesthatprojectsmustresultin“reductionsinemissionsthatareadditionaltoanythatwouldoccurintheabsenceoftheprojectactivity”.TheCDMprojectmustleadtoreal,measurable,andlong-termbenefitsrelatedtothemitigationofclimatechange.Kyotoarticle12温室气体的的排放应小小于可信和和可能的基基准排放是是否是真实实的RealifactualGHGemissionsarelessthantheemissionsinacredibleandprobablebaselinescenario测定确定项项目排放水水平与基准准排放水平平方法的可可行性应是是在合理的的范围内MeasurableiftheactuallevelofGHGemissionsoftheprojectcaseandthelevelofGHGemissioninthebaselinescenariocanbeestablishedwithareasonabledegreeofcertainty项目对温室室气体的减减排的收益益应是长期期的AvoidingGHGemissionsisperdefinitionalong-termbenefit23可持续发展展标准：Sustainabledevelopmentcriteria京都条约中中规定清洁洁发展机制制的目的是是协助未列列入附件一一的缔约方方实现可持持续发展，，可持续发发展指标主主要包括：：TheprotocolspecifiesthatthepurposeoftheCDMistoassistnon-AnnexIPartiesinachievingsustainabledevelopment.社会指标：：项目可以以提高生活活质量、减减少贫困、、增进公平平等SocialcriteriaTheprojectimprovesthequalityoflife,alleviatespoverty,andimprovesequity.经济指标：：项目可可以为地方方实体提供供经济来源源，对收支支平衡及新新技术转移移起到积极极作用EconomiccriteriaTheprojectprovidesfinancialreturnstolocalentities,resultsinapositiveimpactonbalanceofpayments,andtransfersnewtechnology.环境指标：：项目通过过减少对石石化燃料的的使用导致致温室气体体的减排，，可以降低低对地方环环境的压力力，提供健健康的生活活环境等，，实现能源源环境政策策EnvironmentalcriteriaTheprojectreducesgreenhousegasemissionsandtheuseoffossilfuels,conserveslocalresources,reducespressureonthelocalenvironments,provideshealthandotherenvironmentalbenefits,andmeetsenergyandenvironmentalpolicies.24AnnexI/B联合履行（（JI）:JointImplementationAnnexI/BEconomiesinTransition发起联合履行项目JIProjectSponsoringBothPartiesareAnnexIParties在附件I国家之间减排单位EmissionReductionUnits发起国Sponsor东道国Host25199020002010202080100120Index排放贸易（（ET）：InternationalEmissionTradingEmissiontarget排放目标可以出售cansellcredits国家CountryA国家CountryB必须购买mustbuycredits市场信用MARKETFORCREDITStoday’semission目前排放水水平26京都机制总结：SummaryKP“Flexible””Mechanisms清洁发展机机制：CleanDevelopmentMechanism输出：经核核证的减排排(CERs)Output:CertifiedEmissionReductions(CERs)在附件一和和非附件一一国家之间间，开始时时间为2000年BetweenAnnexIandnon-AnnexIcountries,startedyear2000联合履行：：JointImplementation输出：减排排单位(ERU)Output:EmissionReductionUnits(ERU)在附件一国国家之间，，开始时间间为2008年BetweenAnnexIcountries,startsfrom2008排放国际贸贸易：InternationalEmissionsTrading输出：分配配的数量单单位(AAU)Output:AssignedAmountUnits(AAU)在附件一国国家之间，，开始时间间为2008年BetweenAnnexIParties,startsfrom200827马拉喀什协协定：Marrakechaccords17/CP.7京都议定书书第十二条条确定的清清洁发展机机制的模式式和程序Decision17/CP.7ModalitiesandproceduresforacleandevelopmentmechanismasdefinedinArticle12oftheKyotoProtocol附件:清洁发展机机制的方式式和程序ANNEX:ModalitiesandproceduresforacleandevelopmentmechanismA.定义DefinitionsB.作为京都议议定书缔约约方会议的的公约缔约约方会议的的作用RoleoftheConferenceofthePartiesservingasthemeetingofthePartiestotheKyotoProtocolC.执行理事会会ExecutiveboardD.认证和指定定经营实体体AccreditationanddesignationofoperationalentitiesE.指定经营实实体DesignatedoperationalentitiesF.参与要求ParticipationrequirementsG.审定和登记记ValidationandregistrationH.监测MonitoringI.核查和核证证VerificationandcertificationJ.核证的排减减量的发放放Issuanceofcertifiedemissionreductions28马拉喀什协协定附录：MarrakechAccords:APPENDICES附录A：经营实体体认证标准准APPENDIXA:Standardsfortheaccreditationofoperationalentities附录B：项目设计计书APPENDIXB:Projectdesigndocument附录C：基准和监测测方法学制订指南的的职权范围围APPENDIXC:Termsofreferenceforestablishingguidelinesonbaselinesandmonitoringmethodologies附录D：清洁发展机机制注册要求APPENDIXD:Cleandevelopmentmechanismregistryrequirements29CDM项目流程：：projectcycle设计审定/注册监测核查/认证签发CERsPP：项目目参与方DOE：指定经营营实体EB：执行行理事会CER：经核证证的减排309、静夜四四无邻，，荒居旧旧业贫。。。12月-2212月-22Sunday,December25,202210、雨中黄黄叶树，，灯下白白头人。。。01:46:2201:46:2201:4612/25/20221:46:22AM11、以我独独沈久，，愧君相相见频。。。12月-2201:46:2201:46Dec-2225-Dec-2212、故人江海别别，几度隔山山川。。01:46:2201:46:2201:46Sunday,December25,202213、乍见翻疑梦梦，相悲各问问年。。12月-2212月-2201:46:2201:46:22December25,202214、他乡生白发发，旧国见青青山。。25十二月月20221:46:22上午01:46:2212月-2215、比不不了得得就不不比，，得不不到的的就不不要。。。。十二月月221:46上上午午12月月-2201:46December25,202216、行动动出成成果，，工作作出财财富。。。2022/12/251:46:2201:46:2225December202217、做前前，能能够环环视四四周；；做时时，你你只能能或者者最好好沿着着以脚脚为起起点的的射线线向前前。。。1:46:22上上午1:46上上午午01:46:2212月月-229、没没有有失失败败，，只只有有暂暂时时停停止止成成功功！！。。12月月-2212月月-22Sunday,December25,202210、很很多多事事情情努努力力了了未未必必有有结结果果，，但但是是不不努努力力却却什什么么改改变变也也没没有有。。。。01: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