工程方法-sigma-测量系统

MSA--MeasurementSystemAnalysis(GR&R)

测量系统分析(重复性和再现性)主要培训内容LearningObjectives学习目的Explainhowmeasurementisaprocess解释工序中如何进行测量的EffectsofMeasurementSystemvariabilityontheprocessvariability测量系统误差对工序误差的影响BasictermsandconceptsinMSAMSA的基本术语和内容AnalysisofVariableGR&R计量型GRR的分析AnalysisofAttributeGR&R计数型GRR的分析AnalysisandApplicationofNestedGR&R

嵌套式GRR的分析和应用如果从你座位前的电脑上

看上面的图片

左边的脸

是生气的脸

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是平静的脸

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往后走3~5步

突然间

他们交换位置了!!

这个幻觉图片是由Glasgow大学的Phillippe

G.Schyns

and

Aude

Oliva所设计由此证明,

我们可能从来没看到过事情的真正面貌。。。看出来了别忘了回到座位上，呵呵

WhatisaMeasurementSystem?

测量系统是什么?测量:以确定实体或系统的量值大小为目标的一整套作业测量系统:由人,量具,测量方法和测量对象构成的过程的整体测量系统分析:指用统计学的方法来了解测量系统中的各个波动源,以及它们对测量结果的影响,最后给出本测量系统是否合乎使用要求的明确判断.观测值真实值测量系统测量人员测量设备测量物料测量方法测量环境Verifyproduct/processconformitytospecifications验证产品/工序和规格的一直性Assistincontinuousimprovementactivities为连续性的改善活动提供支持WhyWorryAboutMeasurementVariation?

为什么担心测量系统误差?Considerthereasonswhyweanalyzethemeasuresystem:想一下为何我们要分析测量系统:Howmightmeasurementvariationaffectthesedecisions?测量变异影响以上这些决定有多大程度?Whatiftheamountofmeasurementvariationisunknown如果测量误差未知那又到何种程度?Product产品Measurement测量Product产品Measurement测量MeasurementvariationcanmakeourprocessesLOOKworsethantheyare.测量误差能使我们的工序看起来比实际更差MSA:Warm-upExercise

MSA:热身练习Line2拉2Line1拉1Fromongoinglinemonitoring,weconcludethatLine1andLine2areproducingsimilarparts(samespread).从观测结果看,我们认定拉1和拉2生产相同的产品(相同分布)Processvariabilitystudy工序方差研究s2observed(Equalforbothlines)两条拉观测值相同EngineeringdecidestoperformaMSAtounderstandmeasurementvariability,beforeproceedingwithimprovementplans在进行改善计划前,工程部决定进行测量系统分析来分析测量变异,Line拉1Line拉2TotalVariability(observed)全部变异(观测值)MeasurementVariability测量变异S2observed观测值s2MS1测量系统!s2MS2测量系统2MSA:Warm-upExercise

MSA:热身练习Processvariabilitystudy工序方差研究Questions问题:1.

Arethetwolinesequivalent?两条拉一样吗?2.Whichmeasurementsystemisusefultodetectprocessvariability?哪一个测量系统适用于检测工序变异?3.Whatwouldyoudonextforprocessimprovementforeachline?对于每一条拉的改善行动,你下一步打算做什么?Line拉1Line拉2TotalVariability(observed)全部变异(观测值)MeasurementVariability测量变异TrueProcessVariability真实工序变异s2trueprocess(真实状况)+s2MS(测量系统)=s2observed(观测的)MSA:Warm-upExercise

MSA:热身练习MeasurementSystemAnalysisApproach测量系统分分析方法Therearetwotypesofmeasurementspossible:两种可能的的测量Variable计量值Datacanbedescribedonacontinuousscale数据可以用用连续的标标尺描述Attribute计数值Datacannotbeadequatelydescribedonacontinuousscale数据不能以以连续的标标尺描述Pass/Fail,verylowcounts通过/不通过,好/坏Eachmustbeapproacheddifferently.每一种方法法必须用不不同的处理理方法VariableMeasurementSystemAnalysis计量值测量量系统分析析Theidealmeasurementsystemwillproduce“true”measurementseverytimeitisused(ZeroBias,ZeroVariance).理想的测量量系统每次次会得出”真”测量值(零偏差,零变异)Studyofyourmeasurementsystemwillrevealtherelativeamountofvariationinyourdatathatresultsfrommeasurementsystemerror.研究你的测测量系统可可以揭示数数据中包含含的测量误误差的变异异量Itisalsoagreattoolforcomparingtwoormoremeasurementdevicesortwoormoreoperators.它可以是一一个很好的的工具比较较两或更多多测量设备备或两或两两个以上测测量员工.MSAshouldbeusedaspartofthecriteriaforacceptinganewpieceofmeasurementequipmenttomanufacturing.MSA应该是制造造业的新测测量系统的的合格接受受标准Itshouldbethebasisforevaluatingameasurementsystemwhichissuspectofbeingdeficient.应该为受怀怀疑的测量量系统能力力不足提供供评估基础础Itshouldbepartoftheperiodicmaintenanceprogram.应该是定期期维护程序序的一部分分.PossibleSourcesofProcessVariation测量误差的的可能来源源Toaddressactualprocessvariability,variationduetothemeasurementsystemmustfirstbeidentifiedandseparatedfromthatoftheprocess为了准确定定义实际的的工序变异异,和测量系统统变异,我们必须首首先从工序序变异中验验证和区分分它们.ObservedProcessVariation观测的工序序误差ActualProcessVariation实际的工序序误差MeasurementVariation测量误差Long-termProcessVariation长期的工序序误差Short-termProcessVariation短期的工序序误差VariationWithSample样本间误差差VariationdueToinstrument测量设备误误差VariationdueToOperators员工操作误误差Repeatability重复性Bias偏差Stability稳定性Linearity线性Reproducibility再现性Resolution精度'MeasurementVariation'HumidityCleanlinessVibrationLineVoltageVariationTemperatureFluctuationOperatorTechniqueStandardProceduresSufficientWorkTimeMaintenanceStandardCalibrationFrequencyOperatorTrainingEaseofDataEntryTool工具Environment环境WorkMethods工作方方法SourcesofMeasurementVariation测量误误差的的来源源WARNING敬告Ignoringthesevariablescanadverselyaffectthegagestudy.忽略这些变变量会阻碍碍仪器研究究Mechanicalinstability机械不稳定定性Electricalinstability电子不稳定定性Algorithminstability运算不稳定定性Wear磨损数据输入不不仔细员工培训校正频率维护标准不足够的工工作时间标准程序员工技术测量误差湿度清洁度震动电压变动温度波动MeasurementSystemVariability-Determinedthrough“R&RStudy”测量系统误差—通过”重复性和再现性研究决定Accuracy准确性Precision精确性ssstotalproductmeasurement222=+totalproductmeasurementMeasurementSystemBias-Determinedthrough“CalibrationStudy”测量系统偏差—通过”校正研究”决定Averages平均值Variability误差EffectsofMeasurementError测量误差的的影响CommonTermsinVariableMSA计量值测量量系统分析析的一般术术语“Accuracy””relatedterms:”准确性”相关的术语语Bias偏差Linearity线性Stability稳定性“Precision”relatedterms:”精确性”相关的术语语Repeatability重复性Reproducibility再现性Discrimination(Resolution)分辨力(精度)ConcernedwiththeMean和均值有关关ConcernedwiththeVariance和方差有关关准确度和精精确度1)准确但不精精确2)精确但不准准确3)既不精确也也不准确4)既精确又准准确Accuracy准确性Instrumentaccuracy(orbias)isthedifferencebetweentheobservedaveragevalueofmeasurementsandthemastervalue.设备精确性性(或偏差)是观测的平平均值和基基准值之间间的差别Themastervalueisanaccepted,traceablereferencestandard(e.g.,NIST).基准值(标准值)是可接受受的,可追述的的参考标标准(MasterValue基准值(ReferenceStandard)参考值AverageValue平均值AccuracyorBias精度或偏偏差EffectsofAccuracy精确度的影响响ActualprocessAverage实际的工序均值MeasurementBias测量偏差ObservedprocessAverage观测到的工序均值Effectontheprocess:工序影响Shiftsthemeanofthedistribution分布均值的偏偏移Bias123全部产品测量系统Instrument2Instrument1MasterValue(ReferenceStandard)AverageValueAccuracy精确度Accuracymaybeaffectedbytwodifferenttypesofsources:精确度可能受受两种来源的的影响:Lackofgoodcalibrationtoatruestandard缺乏真实标准准值的良好校校正AverageBias:differentoperatorsormachinesarecentereddifferently,suchthattheiraverageisoffsetfromthetruevalue平均偏差:不同的员工或或不同的机器器不同地集中中,这样一来他们们的均值和真真实值有一定定的偏移量.AverageBiasBias标准值(参考标准)平均值值偏差设备1设备2AccuracyorBias精度或或偏差差Anengineerchosefive““goldenunits””thatrepresentedtheexpectedrangeofmeasurements.Twelverandommeasurementsweremadeoneachpart.Historicalprocessvariationwasfoundtobe12mm.一工程程师选选择五五个”金标准准样本本”希望得得出测测量系系统的的偏差差,每一个个样本本随机机测量量12次,历史工工序误误差是是12mm.Datacanbefoundinthe01-05.MTWfile.数据在在01-05文件Meanofthesixtymeasurements60次测量量的均均值x=5.9467mmMeanvalueofthefivestandards5个标准准值的的均值值=6mmBias=x––=5.9467––6=––0.0533mm=0.444%ofprocessvariationExample1例1Ameasureofthechangeinbiasovertherangeofinstrumentcapability.测量系系统的的线性性是指指在其其量程程范围围内,偏倚是是基准准值的的线性性函数数.Linearityisanissuehere线性是是这的的一个个结果果Linearity线性BiasTrueValue真实值Accuracychangesoverpartrange精度在整个范围的变化TrueValue1真实值值1TrueValue2真实值值1`TrueValue3真实值值3TrueValue4真实值值4偏倚定义Linearity线性BiasTrueValue真实值Accuracychangesoverpartrange精度在整个范围的变化偏倚斜率b线性=斜率bX过程变差StdDeviation标准偏偏差Linearity线性UsingthedatasetfromExample1,用例1的数数据据(01-05文件件)MasterMeanError20.4916740.1250060.025008-0.2916710-0.61667BestFitLine最好好的的拟拟合合线线:MeanError均值值偏偏差差=0.7367-0.1317MasterLinearity线性性=0.1317××12=1.58mm(13.17%ofprocessvariation)Example2例2=(Ave.of12measurements)-(MasterValue)=(12个测测量量值值的的均均值值)-(标准准值值)Linearity线性性ComputetheaccuracyandlinearityforthedatainExample1,usingMiniTab’sGageLinearityStudy.计算在例例1中数据的的精度和和线性,用MiniTab:GageLinearityStudyExample3例3StatQualityToolsGageLinearityStudyExample3此为MiniTab13版本GageLinearity&AccuracyStudy计量仪线线性和精精度研究究GageLinearity&AccuracyStudy计量仪线线性和精精度研究究Stability稳定性Thedistributionofmeasurementsremainsconstantandpredictableovertimeforbothmeanandstandarddeviation对于均值值和标准准偏差测测量的分分布随时时间保留留恒定的的可预测测的Nodrifts,suddenshifts,cycles,etc…无漂移,突然偏移移,循环,等等.Evaluatedusingatrendchart用一个趋趋势图评评估EnsuredthrougharegularcalibrationandR&Rprogram通过定期期的校正正和重复复性和再再现性程程序MasterValue真实值(ReferenceStandard)参考标准Time2时间2Time1时间1Ameasureofthechangeinbiasovertime.在一定定时间间内偏偏差变变化的的测量量EffectsofStability稳定性性的影影响LongtermobservedvariabilityActualprocessdistributionMeas.Systemday1Meas.Systemday2Meas.Systemday3Effectontheprocess:工序的的影响响Increasesprocessvariabilityovertime.随时间间增加加工序序变异异Time实际的的工序序分布布测量系系统第第一天天测量系系统第第二天天测量系系统第第三天天长期观观测到到的变变异Precision精确度度ActualprocessvariabilityMeasurementvariabilityTotalobservedvariabilityEffectontheprocess:工序的的影响响Increasesprocessvariability.增加工工序变变异实际的的工序序变异异测量变变异全部观观测到到的变变异Precision精确度度Totalvariationinthemeasurementsystem测量系系统的的全部部变异异Measureofthetotalvariationofrepeatedmeasurements重复测测量的的全部部变异异PrecisionequalsthesumofRepeatabilityandReproducibility精确度度相当当于重重复性性和再再现性性的总总和sreproducibilityrepeatabilityproducttotal2222sss++=Precision:Repeatability精确度度:重复性性Repeatability重复性性Theinherentvariabilityofthemeasurementdevice测量设设备本本身的的变异异Variationthatoccurswhenrepeatedmeasurementsaremadeofthesamevariableundersimilarconditions:在相同同的状状态下下测量量重复复的数数据时时产生生的变变异:Samepart相同的的产品品Sameoperator相同的的员工工Sameset-up相同的的设置置Sameenvironmentalconditions相同的的环境境状况况Short-term短期Estimatedbythepooled(average)standarddeviationofthedistributionofrepeatedmeasurements利用pooled(average)standarddeviation计算重重复测测量ssss2222totalproductrepeatabilityreproducibility=++Precision:Repeatability精确度度:重复性性Repeatability:thevariationbetweensuccessivemeasurementsofthesamepart,samecharacteristic,bythesamepersonusingthesameinstrument.Alsoknownastest-retesterror;usedasanestimateofshort-termmeasurementvariation.重复性:同一个操作作者利用相相同的设备备,连续测量相相同部分,相同特性,所获得的测测量值的变变差.MasterValueGoodRepeatabilityPoorRepeatability标准值良好的重复复性差的重复性性ssss2222totalproductrepeatabilityreproducibility=++Precision:Reproducibility精确度:再现性Reproducibility:再现性Thevariationthatresultswhendifferentconditionsareusedtomakethesamemeasurements在不同状况况下做相同同测量而导导致的变异异:Differentoperators不同的操作作者Differentset-ups不同的设置置Differenttestunits不同的测量对对象Differentenvironmentalconditions不同的环境状状况Long-termmeasurementvariation长期的测量变变异Estimatedbythestandarddeviationoftheaveragesofmeasurementsfromdifferentmeasurementconditions用不同的测量量状况下的测测量均值的标标准差计算InspectorAMasterValueInspectorBInspectorCMachineAMachineBMachineCReproducibility:Thestandarddeviationoftheaveragesofthemeasurementsmadebydifferentpersons,machines,tools,etc.whenmeasuringtheidenticalcharacteristiconthesamepart再现性:当测量相同元元件的指定特特性时,不同操作者,机器,工具等的测量量均值的标准准偏差.Precision:Reproducibility精确度:再现性标准值操作者A操作者B机器A操作者C机器B机器CExample:AccuracyvsPrecision练习:准确性和精确确性Supposewehaveareferencematerialwitha‘true’hardnessof5.0:假设我们有一一个”真”强度值5.0的参考材料Method1givesthefollowingreadings:方法1.给出下列读值值3.8,4.4,4.2,4.0Method2givesthefollowingreadings:方法2.给出下列读值值6.5,4.0,3.2,6.3Whichmethodismoreaccurate?哪种方法更准准确?Whichmethodismoreprecise?哪种方法更精精确Whichmethoddoyouprefer?Why?你更愿意用哪哪种方法?为何?Discrimination(Resolution)分辨力(精度)Thenumberofdecimalplacesthatcanbemeasuredbythesystem.Incrementsofmeasureshouldbeatleastone-tenthofthewidthoftheproductspecificationorprocessvariation.测量系统测量量的小数点的的位数,测量的增量至至少是产品规规格或工序总总波动的1/10.12Whichrulershouldbeusedtomeasurepartsfortheprocessrepresentedbythedistributionabove?哪一个尺子应应该用于测量量上述工序分分布?MeasurementSystemVariance:s2meas=s2repeat+s2reprod测量量系系统统方方差差PrimaryoutputofanalyticalGageR&R分析析GRR的主主要要输输出出Todeterminewhetherthemeasurementsystemis““good””or““bad””foracertainapplication,youneedtocomparethemeasurementvariationtotheproductspecortheprocessvariation决定测量量系统是是否是”好的”或”怀的”对于一定定的应用用.Comparings2measwithTolerance:同公差比比较s2measPrecision-to-ToleranceRatio(P/T)精确度对对于公差差比Comparings2measwithProcessVariation(P/TV):同工序变变异比较较s2meas%RepeatabilityandReproducibility(%R&R)重复性和和再现性性的百分分比DiscriminationIndex分辨指数数MeasurementSystemMetrics测量系统统组成PrecisiontoToleranceRatio精确度对对于公差差比AddresseswhatpercentoftheToleranceistakenupbymeasurementerror.表明测量量误差占占了公差差的百分分比5.15smeasrepresents99%ofallmeasurements5.15smeas代表99%的测量Bestcase:<10%MarginallyAcceptable:<30%最好:<10%最低可接接受:<30%Includesbothrepeatabilityandreproducibility包括重复复性和再再现性Usuallyexpressedaspercent通常用百百分比表表达Tolerance=USL-LSLP/TRatio精确度对对于公差差比P/TV%R&R(or%Contribution)AddresseswhatpercentoftheTotalVariationisduetomeasurementerror表明测量量误差占占了全部部方差的的百分比比P/TV:Bestcase:<10%Acceptable:<30%P/TV:最好:<10%可接受:<30%P/TVand%R&RUsuallyexpressedaspercent通常用百百分比表表达Uses用途ofP/TandP/TV(%R&R)TheP/TratioisthemostcommonestimateofmeasurementsystemprecisionP/T比率是是测量量系统统精确确性计计算的的最常常用评评估.Evaluateshowwellthemeasurementsystemcanperformwithrespecttothespecifications评估测测量系系统和和规格格想比比较的的程度度TheappropriateP/Tratioisstronglydependentontheprocesscapability.IfCpkisnotadequate,theP/Tratiomaygiveafalsesenseofsecurity.适当的P/T百分比和工工序能力密密切相关,如过工序能能力不足够够,则P/T百分比可能能给一个错错误的信号号TheP/TV(%R&R)isthebestmeasureforSixSigmaAnalysisP/TV(%R&R)是六西格玛玛分析最好好的测量Estimateshowwellthemeasurementsystemperformswithrespecttotheoverallprocessvariation评估测量系系统和总工工序方差相相比的程度度%R&Risthebestestimatewhenperformingprocessimprovementstudies.\%R&R是进行工序序提高研究究的最好评评估TheMethod-CalculatingGageCapability方法计算测量仪仪器能力Step1:Randomlyselect10samples.Inaddition,identifytheoperatorswhousethisinstrumentdaily.步骤1.随机选取10个样本,并且确认每每日操作此此设备的员员工.Step2:Calibratethegageorverifythelastcalibrationdateisvalid.步骤2.校正测量仪仪器或确认认最近的一一次校正是是否有效.Step3:SetuptheMinitabdatacollectionsheetfortheR&Rstudy.步骤3.准备好MiniTab数据收集sheet做GR&R研究Columnheadings:PartID,Operator,Trial,Measurement(s)列名字:样本编号,员工,次数,测量.Calc>MakePatternedData>SimpleSetofNumbers(foreachinput)Step4:Askthefirstoperatortomeasureallthesamplesonceinrandomorder.Blindsampling,inwhichtheoperatordoesnotknowtheidentityofeachpartshouldbeusedtoreducehumanbias.步骤4:让第一个员员工随机测测量所有的的样本一次次,模糊样本,让操作者不不知道哪一一个样本以以减少人为为误差.Step5:Havethesecondoperatormeasureallthesamplesonceinrandomorderandcontinueuntilalloperatorshavemeasuredthesamplesonce(thisistrial1)步骤5.:让第二个操操作者随机机测量所有有的样本,一直到所有有的操作者者测量完所所有的样本本一次.(这是第一次次)Step6:Repeatsteps4&5fortherequirednumberoftrials.Itisbestifthesemeasurementscanbedoneoverseveraldays.步骤6.重复步骤4.和5完成需要的的次数.最好是这些些测量能在在这几天内内完成.Step7:EnterthedataandtoleranceinformationintoMinitab步骤7:输入数据和和公差在MiniTab中.Stat>QualityTools>GageR&RStudyStat>QualityTools>GageRunChartStep8:Analyzetheresultsbyassessingthequalityofthemeasurementsystembasedontheguidelinesonthefollowingpage.Determinefollow-upactions.步骤8:根据下面的的指引通过过评估测量量的质量来来分析结果果.决定下列步步骤:TheMethod-CalculatingGageCapability方法计算测量仪仪器能力MSASampleGuidelines测量系统分分析样本本指引Usually10samples,2-4operators(ifseveraloperatorsusethegauge),2-3trials用10个样本2-4个操作者(如果有几个个操作者使使用这个仪仪器),2-3次重复Dependingonthepurposeofthestudy1ormoregageswillbeincluded由研究1或更多的仪仪器所决定定.Ingeneralselectenoughsamplessothatnumberofsamplesxnumberofoperators/gages>15一般来说说选择足足够的样样本,样本数量量和操作作者成绩绩和仪器器比大于于15SAMPLESELECTION样本选择择Option1:ifprocessvariabilityisunknown,thesamplesselectedshouldberepresentativeofthenormalprocess/productvariation(togetTV)选择1:如工序变变异不知知,样本选择择应该代代表正常常的工序序/产品变异异(取得全部部变异)Option2:ifprocessvariabilityisknown,thesamplesselectedshoulduniformlyspanbeyondthewidthofthespecs选择2:如工序变变异已知知,则样本选选择应均均匀分布布在规格格范围内内外(不应超过过规格过过多).*Example:Minitab例:MiniTabStep1:Randomlyselect10samples.Inaddition,identifytheoperatorswhousethisinstrumentdaily步骤1.随机选取取10个样本,并且确认认每日操操作此设设备的员员工(Parts1through10werecollectedandthreeoperatorswereidentified).部分1到10被选取并并三个确确认的操操作者Step2:Calibratethegageorverifythelastcalibrationdateisvalid步骤2.校正测量量仪器或或确认最最近的一一次校正正是否有有效UseCalc>MakePatternedData>SimpleSetofNumbersStep3:SetuptheMinitabdatacollectionsheetfortheR&Rstudy.CreatetheR&Rdatacollectionsheetfor10partseachmeasured2timesby3operators步骤3.准备好MiniTab数据收集sheet做GR&R研究,每10单位测量2次被3个操作者,Columnheadings:列题头Column1:PartID(1-10)Column2:Operator(1-3)Column3:Trial(1-2)Column4:Measurement(s)Step4:Askthefirstoperatortomeasureallthesamplesonceinrandomorder.Blindsampling,inwhichtheoperatordoesnotknowtheidentityofeachpartshouldbeusedtoreducehumanbias.步骤4:让第一个员工工随机测量所所有的样本一一次,模糊样本,让操作者不知知道哪一个样样本以减少人人为误差.Step5:Havethesecondoperatormeasureallthesamplesonceinrandomorderandcontinueuntilalloperatorshavemeasuredthesamplesonce(thisistrial1).步骤5.:让第二个操作作者随机测量量所有的样本本,一直到所有的的操作者测量量完所有的样样本一次.(这是第一次)Step6:Repeatsteps4&5fortherequirednumberoftrials.(Weassumetheabovestepswereexecuted.SeefilenameGageR&R.mtw.)步骤6.重复步骤4.和5完成需要的次次数(我们假设上述述步骤已完成成,看文件01-06)Example-GageR&RusingMinitab例子:仪器重复性和和再现性研究究用MiniTabANOVAmethodispreferred.选择ANOVA方法.Step7:EnterthedataandtoleranceinformationintoMinitab.步骤7:输入数据和公公差在MintTabStat>QualityTools>GageR&RStudyFN:GageR&R.mtwEnterGageInfoandOptions(seenextpage)Example-GageR&RusingMinitab例子:仪器重复性和和再现性研究究用MiniTabtotalmeastotalmeasTVPssss==22/Step7:EnterthedataandtoleranceinformationintoMinitab.步骤7:输入数据和公公差在MintTabStat>QualityTools>GageR&RStudyGageInfo(seebelow)&OptionsLSLUSLLSLUSLTPMSMS-=-=ss*15.5*15.5/2Note:ThedenominatoroftheP/TVcalculationcanbeestimatedfromthesamplesusedinthestudyorfromahistoricalestimate.注意:P/TV计算的分分母是由由所研究究的样本本得来的的,或从历史史数据而而来.Example-GageR&RusingMinitab例子:仪器重复复性和再再现性研研究用MiniTabGageR&RStudy-ANOVAMethodANOVATableWithOperator*PartInteractionSourceDFSSMSFPParts92.058710.22874539.71780.00000Operators20.048000.0240004.16720.03256Oper*Part180.103670.0057594.45880.00016Repeatability300.038750.001292Total592.24912GageR&RSourceVarCompStdDev5.15*SigmaTotalGageR&R0.0044370.0666150.34306Repeatability0.0012920.0359400.18509Reproducibility0.0031460.0560880.28885Operator0.0009120.0302000.15553Oper*Part0.0022340.0472630.24340Part-To-Part0.0371640.1927810.99282TotalVariation0.0416020.2039651.05042Source%Contribution%StudyVar%ToleranceTotalGageR&R10.6732.6622.87Repeatability3.1017.6212.34Reproducibility7.5627.5019.26Operator2.1914.8110.37Oper*Part5.3723.1716.23Part-To-Part89.3394.5266.19TotalVariation100.00100.0070.03NumberofDistinctCategories=4SessionWindowOutput:GraphicalOutput:Answers!Butwhatdotheymean?Let’’sinvestigateeachsectiononeatatime.GageR&ROutput重复性和和再现性性输出GageR&RStudy-ANOVAMethodANOVATableWithOperator*PartInteractionSourceDFSSMSFp-valueParts92.058710.22874539.71790.00000Operators20.048000.0240004.16720.03256Oper*Part180.103670.0057594.45880.00016Repeatability300.038750.001292Total592.24913TheANOVAtableprovidesinsightintothesignificanceofthevariouspossiblesourcesoferrorANOVA方法揭示了不不同可能原因因错误的重要要度However,ANOVAwillbecoveredintheModule3.GageR&R,ANOVATableGaugeR&RStudy-ANOVAMethodSourceVarCompStdDev95%ConfInt5.15*SigmaTotalGaugeR&R0.0044370.066615(0.0597,0.2250)0.34306Repeatability0.0012920.035940(0.0287,0.0480)0.18509Reproducibility0.0031460.056088(*,*)0.28885Operator0.0009120.030200(0.0000,0.2169)0.15553Oper*Part0.0022340.047263(0.0254,0.0800)0.24340Part-To-Part0.0371640.192781(0.1098,0.3345)0.99282TotalVariation0.0416020.2039651.05042Varianceduetothemeasurementsystem(brokendownintorepeatabilityandreproducibility)由测量系统造造成的变异(分解成重复性性和再现性)Totalvariance总方差Varianceduetotheparts产品本身的变变异Standarddeviationforeachvariancecomponent每一个变异的的标准偏差99%ofthevariationrepresented代表99%的变异Question:Ifourmeasurementsystemisgood,wherewillwefindmostofourvariability?问题:如果我们的测测量系统是好好的,我们会在哪里里发现最大的的误差GageR&R,VariationComponents变异组成SourceVarComp5.15*SigmaTotalGaugeR&R0.0044370.34306Repeatability0.0012920.18509Reproducibility0.0031460.28885Operator0.0009120.15553Oper*Part0.0022340.24340Part-To-Part0.0371640.99282TotalVariation0.0416021.05042326600504134300...StudyVarTV/Ptotalmeas===ss=Source%Contrib%StudyVar%ToleranceTotalGageR&R10.6732.6622.87Repeatability3.1017.6212.34Reproducibility7.5627.5019.26Operator2.1914.8110.37Oper*Part5.3723.1716.23Part-To-Part89.3394.5266.19TotalVariation100.00100.0070.032287.05.13430.0*15.5/===-=TolLSLUSLTPMSs1067.0041602.0004437.022===totalMSonContributissQuestion:Whatisourconclusionaboutthemeasurementsystem?问题题:测量量系系统统的的结结论论是是什什么么?GageR&R,Results结果果Effectof%ToleranceP/T的影响Effectof%Contribution贡献度的影响响NumberofDistinctCategories分辨力系数Thenumberofdistinctcategoriesrepresentsthenumberofgroupswithintheprocessdatathatthemeasurementsystemcandiscern.分辨力系数的的数值代表测测量系统能够够将工序数据据区分的组数数If10differentpartswereusedinthegagemeasurementstudy,and4distinctcategoriesweredistinguished.Thismeansthatsomeofthose10partsarenotdifferentenoughtobediscernedasbeingdifferentbythemeasurementsystem.Highernumberofdistinctcategoriesimpliesamoreprecisegage.如果10不同部部分在在仪器器测量量研究究中,分辨力力系数数是4,这表明明10部分中中的一一部分分将不不能被被区分分,而被当当成相相同的的部分分由于于测量量系统统.高分辨辨力系系数暗暗示一一个高高精度度仪器器.分辨力系数NumberofDistinctCategories分辨力系数AutomobileIndustryActionGroup(AIAG)recommendations:汽车工业行动动集团提示:Categories系数Remarks备注<2Systemcannotdiscernonepartfromanother系统不能区分分开这个和那那个=2Systemcanonlydividedataintwogroupse.g.highandlow系统只能区分分成两组,例如:高和低=3Systemcanonlydividedatainthreegroupse.g.low,middleandhigh系统只能区区分成三组组,例如:低,中和高4Systemisacceptable系统可接受受我们一般定定为>=5Categories%Contribution233.3%318.2%411.1%57.4%65.3%73.9%83.0%DistinctCategoriesvs%Contribution分辨力系数数对贡献度度GageR&R,GraphicalOutput图表输出Operator*PartInteraction:操作者和产产品交互作作用.Showsifanygivenpart(s)washardtomanageforanygivenoperator(s)显示是否有有某操作者者难以处理理的产品ByOperator:操作者Showsifanyoperator(s)haddifferentreadings(onaverage)thantheothers显示是否某某操作者和和其他人有有不同结果果(平均值)ByPart:产品Showstheabilityofouroperatorstoobtainthesamereadingsforeachpart显示我们的的操作者对对于每一部部分获得相相同读值的的能力Alsoshowstheabilityofourmeasurementsystemtodistinguishbetweenparts(amountofoverlap)也显示我们们的测量系系统区分产产品的能力力(重叠叠的的数数量量)Whatwouldbetheidealgraphslooklike?Intheidealcase,whatwouldtheX-barandRchartslooklike?理想想状状况况下下,X-barandR看起起来来是是什什么么样样子子?GageR&R,Xbar&RWheredothepointsoneachchartcomefrom?数据据点点从从哪哪里里来来?HandlingPoorGageCapabilityIfadominantsourceofvariationisrepeatability(equipment),youneedtoreplace,repair,orotherwiseadjusttheequipment.如果可确确定的变变异来源源是重复复性(设备),你需要置置换,修理或调调整机器器.Ifadominantsourceofvariationisoperator(reproducibility),youmustaddressthisviatraininganddefinitionofthestandardoperatingprocedure.Youshouldlookfordifferencesbetweenoperatorstogiveyousomeindicationastowhetheritisatraining,skill,and/orprocedureproblem.如果可确确定的变变异来源源是操作作者(再现性),你必须忙忙于培训训和定义义标准准操作程程序,你应该查查询操作作者的区区别来决决定是否否是培训训,技术和/或程序问问题Evaluatethespecifications.Aretheyreasonable?评估规格格是否合合理?Checktheamountofmisclassifiedmaterial.Iftheprocessisoperatingatahighcapability(Ppkgreaterthan2),thenthegageisprobablynothinderingyouandyoucancontinuetouseit.检查误判判断的产产品数量量,如工序处处于一个个高工序序能力水水平(Ppk>2),则仪器没没有阻碍碍你,可以继续续用.TheNecessityofTrainingFarmHandsforFirstClassFarmsintheFatherlyHandlingofFarmLiveStockisForemostintheEyesofFarmOwners.SincetheForefathersoftheFarmOwnersTrainedtheFarmHandsforFirstClassFarmsintheFatherlyHandlingofFarmLiveStock,theFarmOwnersFeeltheyshouldcarryonwiththeFamilyTraditionofTrainingFarmHandsofFirstClassFarmersintheFatherlyHandlingofFarmLiveStockBecausetheyBelieveitistheBasisofGoodFundamentalFarmManagement.WarmUpExercise热身练习习Task:Youhave60secondstodocumentthenumberoftimesthe6thletterofthealphabetappearsinthetextatright.任务:用60秒去查字字母表中中第6个字母的的显示次次数.AwordofcautiononAttributeMeasurementSystems计数值值测量量系统统分析析的注注意时时限Attributedataisusuallygeneratedintheprocessof100%screeningofproduct计数值值通常常产生生于工工序100%筛选中中.100%productscreeningisperformedwhentheprocessisincapableofproducinghighlevelsofacceptableparts当可接接受部部分生生产工工序能能力不不足够够时,执行情情100%筛选.Consequentlyaconsiderableamountofborderlineparts(bothgoodanddefective)arebeingproduced因此相相当多多的处处于边边界的的产品品(可能通通过,可能不不通过过)被生产产出来来.Inherentvariabilitypresentinanyevaluationsystem/process,willresultinrejectionoflargeamountsofacceptablepartsandacceptanceoflargeamountsofdefectiveproduct评估系统/工序中潜在在的变异,将导致大量量可接受部部分的误拒拒收,大量不合格格品的误接接受.Thereforeweshouldconcentratemostofoureffortinimprovingtheprocesscapabilityandnotonperfectingscreeningsystems因此我们应应该集中我我们的精力力提高