British-History-III教学讲解课件

BritishHistoryIIIBritishHistoryIII1TheBritishIndustrialRevolutionItreferstothemechanizationofindustryandtheconsequentchangesinsocialandeconomicorganizationinBritaininthelate18thandearly19thcenturies.TheIndustrialRevolutionbeganinGreatBritainbecausesocial,political,andlegalconditionstherewereparticularlyfavorabletochange.Propertyrights,suchasthoseforpatentsonmechanicalimprovements,werewellestablishedTheBritishIndustrialRevolut2TheBritishIndustrialRevolutionThepredictable,stableruleoflawinBritainmeantthatmonarchsandaristocratswerelesslikelytoarbitrarilyseizeearningsorimposetaxesthantheywereinmanyothercountries.Earningsweresafer,andambitiousbusinesspeoplecouldgainwealth,socialprestige,andpowermoreeasilythancouldpeopleontheEuropeancontinent.Thesefactorsencouragedrisktakingandinvestmentinnewbusinessventures,bothcrucialtoeconomicgrowth.TheBritishIndustrialRevolut3AdamSmithGreatBritain’sgovernmentpursuedarelativelyhands-offeconomicpolicy.Thisfree-marketapproachwasmadepopularthroughBritishphilosopherandeconomistAdamSmithandhisbookTheWealthofNations(1776).Thehands-offpolicypermittedfreshmethodsandideastoflourishwithlittleinterferenceorregulation.AdamSmithGreatBritain’sgove4AdamSmithAdamSmitharguedthatprivatecompetitionfreefromregulationproducesanddistributeswealthbetterthangovernment-regulatedmarkets.Since1776,whenSmithproducedhiswork,hisargumenthasbeenusedtojustifycapitalismanddiscouragegovernmentinterventionintradeandexchange.Smithbelievedthatprivatebusinessesseekingtheirowninterestsorganizetheeconomymostefficiently,“asifbyaninvisiblehand.”AdamSmithAdamSmitharguedth5TheBritishIndustrialRevolutionSeveralindustriesplayedkeyrolesinBritain’sindustrialization.Ironandsteelmanufacture,theproductionofsteamengines,andtextileswereallpowerfulinfluences,aswastheriseofamachine-buildingsectorabletospreadmechanizationtootherpartsoftheeconomy.TheBritishIndustrialRevolut6FactorsforIndustrialRevolution1)wellplacedgeographicallytoparticipateinEuropeanandworldtrade;2)increasinglyinterestedinoverseastradeandcolonies.Internationaltradebroughtwealthtomerchantsandnewfarmingmethodsprovidedcapitalforindustrialization;3)thelimitedmonarchyresultedfromthegloriousrevolutionensuredtheeconomicgroupscouldexerttheirinfluenceovergovernmentpolicy;FactorsforIndustrialRevolut7FactorsforIndustrialRevolution4)themaintownswereneartoseaportsandriversandconvenientforthedistributionofproducts;5)naturalresources:riversusefulfortransportationandwaterandsteampower;mineralresources;6)well-trainedcraftsmen,engineers7)Theinventorswerewell-respectedandtheysolvedpracticalproblems;8)theProtestantworkethicandprincipleoflaissezfaireFactorsforIndustrialRevolut8FactorsforIndustrialRevolution9)England,ScotlandandWalesformedacustomsunionafter1707andthisincludedIrelandafter1807(thenationalmarketnothinderedbyinternalcustomsbarriers);10)theenclosuresandotherimprovementsinagriculturemadecontributionsbyprovidingfoodforthepopulation,laborforthefactoriesandrawmaterialsneededbyindustry.FactorsforIndustrialRevolut9FourImportantInventionsJohnKay’sflyingshuttlein1733JamesWatt’ssteamenginein1765JamesHargreaves’sspinningjennyin1766RichardArkwright’swaterframein1769FourImportantInventionsJohn10JamesWattmadevastimprovementstothesteamengine,makingitpracticalforlarge-scaleindustrialuse.In1764WattwasgivenaNewcomensteamenginetorepair.Whileworkingontheengine,herealizedthatitwastedenergy.Heeventuallyintroducedavarietyofmodifications,includingaseparatecoolingchamberforthesteamthatmadetheenginemuchmoreefficient.

JamesWattmadevastimprovemen11SteamEngineHarnessingthepowerofsteammarkedasignificantstepintechnology.Theintroductionofthesteamengineledtomanynewinventions,mostnotablyintransportationandindustry.Modelsofthesteamengineweredesignedasearlyas1690,butitwasnotuntil70yearslaterthatJamesWattarrivedatthedesignofthemodernsteamengine.SteamEngineHarnessingthepow12British-History-III教学讲解课件13SirRichardArkwrightIn1769BritishinventorRichardArkwrightpatentedhisspinningframe,whichspuncottonfiberintothread.ArkwrightestablishedhugecottonmillsthatbecamethemodelsforthefactorysystemoftheIndustrialRevolution.

SirRichardArkwrightIn1769B14FlyerSpinningFrame

IntroducedbyRichardArkwrightin1769,theflyerspinningframe(alsocalledthethrostleorroll-drawingmachine)reflectsthemovetowardautomationthatcharacterizedtheIndustrialRevolution.Themachineispoweredbythedrivewheelatthebottom,drawingoutthefiberintothread,thentwistingitasitiswoundontothebobbins.

FlyerSpinningFrame

Introduce15NewcastleuponTyne,EnglandManytownsthroughoutBritainbecamemanufacturingcentersduringtheIndustrialRevolutioninthe18thand19thcenturies.NewcastleuponTyne,innortheasternEngland,becameimportantforsteelproductionandshipbuilding.NewcastleuponTyne,England16TextileMillinLancashire,England

Thetextileindustrywasoneofthefirstindustriestobemechanizedin18th-centuryBritain.ThesewomenworkedinatextilemillinLancashire,innorthwesternEngland.TextileMillinLancashire,En17GrowthofCitiesOneofthemostobviouschangestopeople’sliveswasthatmorepeoplemovedintotheurbanareaswherefactorieswerelocated.Newmanufacturingtownsandcitiesgrewdramatically.Manyofthesecitieswereclosetothecoalfieldsthatsuppliedfueltothefactories.ThenamesofBritishfactorycitiessoonsymbolizedindustrializationtothewiderworld:Liverpool,Birmingham,Leeds,Glasgow,Sheffield,andespeciallyManchester.GrowthofCitiesOneofthemos18GrowthofCitiesIntheearly1770sManchesternumberedonly25,000inhabitants.By1850,afterithadbecomeacenterofcottonmanufacturing,itspopulationhadgrowntomorethan350,000.

Inpre-industrialEngland,morethanthree-quartersofthepopulationlivedinsmallvillages.Bythemid-19thcentury,however,thecountryhadmadehistorybybecomingthefirstnationwithhalfitspopulationincities.By1850millionsofBritishpeoplelivedincrowded,grimindustrialcities.GrowthofCitiesIntheearly119EffectsonLaborDivisionofLaborinIndustryDivisionoflaborisabasictenetofindustrialization.Indivisionoflabor,eachworkerisassignedtoadifferenttask,orstep,inthemanufacturingprocess,andasaresult,totalproductionincreases.Asthisillustrationshows,onepersonperformingallfivestepsinthemanufactureofaproductcanmakeoneunitinaday.Fiveworkers,eachspecializinginoneofthefivesteps,canmake10unitsinthesameamountoftime.EffectsonLaborDivisionofLa20DivisionofLaborDivisionofLabor21EffectsonLaborThemovementofpeopleawayfromagricultureandintoindustrialcitiesbroughtgreatstressestomanypeopleinthelaborforce.Womeninhouseholdswhohadearnedincomefromspinningfoundthenewfactoriestakingawaytheirsourceofincome.Traditionalhandloomweaverscouldnolongercompetewiththemechanizedproductionofcloth.Skilledlaborerssometimeslosttheirjobsasnewmachinesreplacedthem.EffectsonLaborThemovemento22EffectsonLaborWiththedevelopmentoftheIndustrialRevolutioninBritaininthe18thcentury,childlaborwaspracticedonalargescaleinthenew“manufactories.”Inthefactories,peoplehadtoworklonghoursunderharshconditions,oftenwithfewrewards.Factoryownersandmanagerspaidtheminimumamountnecessaryforaworkforce,oftenrecruitingwomenandchildrentotendthemachinesbecausetheycouldbehiredforverylowwages.EffectsonLaborWiththedevel23EffectsonLaborBythattime,Britainhadchangedforever.TheeconomywasexpandingataratethatwasmorethantwicethepaceatwhichithadgrownbeforetheIndustrialRevolution.Althoughvastdifferencesexistedbetweentherichandthepoor,mostofthepopulationenjoyedsomeofthefruitsofeconomicgrowth.EffectsonLaborBythattime,24EffectsonLaborThewidespreadpovertyandconstantthreatofmassstarvationthathadhauntedthepreindustrialagelessenedinindustrialBritain.Althoughtheoverallhealthandmaterialconditionsofthepopulaceclearlyimproved,criticscontinuedtopointtourbancrowdingandtheharshworkingconditionsformanyinthemills.EffectsonLaborThewidespread25QueenVictoriareignedfor63years,thelongestreigninthehistoryofEngland.Thoseyears,from1837to1901,becameknownastheVictorianAgeandweremarkedbytheriseofthemiddleclassandadeeplyconservativemorality.

QueenVictoriareignedfor63y26QueenVictoriaVictoria(queen)(1819-1901),queenoftheUnitedKingdomofGreatBritainandIreland(1837-1901)andempressofIndia(1876-1901).HerreignwasthelongestofanymonarchinBritishhistoryandcametobeknownastheVictorianera.

QueenVictoriawastheofficialheadofstatenotonlyoftheUnitedKingdombutalsoofthegrowingworldwideBritishEmpire,whichincludedCanada,Australia,India,NewZealand,andlargepartsofAfrica.QueenVictoriaVictoria(queen)27QueenVictoriaAsthepersonalembodimentofherkingdom,Victoriawaseagertoensurethathercountrywasheldinhighesteemthroughouttheworldasaneconomicallyandmilitarilypowerfulstateandasamodelofcivilization.VictoriabroughttotheBritishmonarchysuch19th-centuryidealsasadevotedfamilylife,earnestness,publicandprivaterespectability,andobediencetothelaw.Duringthelateryearsofherreign,themonarchyattainedahighdegreeofpopularityamongmostofitssubjects.QueenVictoriaAsthepersonal28British-History-III教学讲解课件29AbdicationofEdwardVIIIAfterbeingproclaimedkingin1936,EdwardVIIIoftheUnitedKingdomofGreatBritainandNorthernIrelandannouncedhisintentiontomarryWallisWarfieldSimpson,anAmericandivorcee.BecausetheBritishandCommonwealthgovernmentsstronglyopposedthemarriage,EdwardabdicatedonDecember11,1936.HeandSimpsonweremarriedinFranceonJune3,1937.AbdicationofEdwardVIII30British-History-III教学讲解课件31QueenElizabethIIElizabethIIbecamequeenoftheUnitedKingdomofGreatBritainandNorthernIrelandin1952uponthedeathofherfather,KingGeorgeVI.ThroughoutherreignshehasbeenasymbolofunityandcontinuitywithintheUnitedKingdomandtheCommonwealthofNations.QueenElizabethIIElizabethII32British-History-III教学讲解课件33WinstonChurchillChurchill,SirWinstonLeonardSpencer(1874-1965),BritishpoliticianandprimeministeroftheUnitedKingdom(1940-1945,1951-1955),widelyregardedasthegreatestBritishleaderofthe20thcentury.ChurchilliscelebratedforhisleadershipduringWorldWarII(1939-1945).Hiscourage,decisiveness,politicalexperience,andenormousvitalityenabledhimtoleadhiscountrythroughthewar,oneofthemostdesperatestrugglesinBritishhistory.WinstonChurchillChurchill,Si34WinstonChurchillWinstonChurchill’spubliclifeextendedfromthereignofQueenVictoriainthelate19thcenturytotheColdWar.Duringthislongpoliticalcareer,ChurchillheldeveryimportantcabinetofficeintheBritishgovernment,exceptforeignminister.ChurchillwasalsoknownforthemanybooksonBritishhistoryandpoliticshewrotethroughouthislifetime.HiscommandoftheEnglishlanguagenotonlymadehimagreatoratorbutearnedhimtheNobelPrizeforliteraturein1953.WinstonChurchillWinstonChurc35MargaretHildaThatcherThatcher,MargaretHilda,(1925-?),firstwomantoholdtheofficeofprimeministeroftheUnitedKingdom(1979-1990).VictoriousintheJune1987elections,shebecamethefirstBritishprimeministerinthe20thcenturytoservethreeconsecutiveterms.DuringThatcher'syearsasprimeminister,unemploymentrose,almostdoublinginherfirstterm.ThatcheropposedthesocialistprogramsoftheLabourpartyandworkedtodecreasetheroleofthegovernmentintheeconomy.MargaretHildaThatcherThatche36MargaretHildaThatcherSheprivatizedsomenationalizedindustriesandsocialprograms,includingeducation,housing,andhealthcare.In1990controversyoverThatcher'staxpolicyandoverherreluctancetocommittheUnitedKingdomtofulleconomicintegrationwithEuropeinspiredastrongchallengetoherleadership.SheresignedinNovemberandwassucceededaspartyleaderandprimeministerbyherprotégé,JohnMajor.MargaretHildaThatcherShepri37MargaretThatcherThatcherismreferstoPrimeMinisterMargaretThatcher’sPolicyinthe1980’s.Itplacesmuchemphasisonprivatizationandmonetarism,namely,onminimumstateinterventionintheeconomyandtightfiscalpolicy.Herpolicieshelddowninflation,andbroughtfortharelativelyrapideconomicgrowthinEngland.

MargaretThatcherThatcherismr38TheBritishEmpireTheBritishEmpireexpandedthrougheitheraggressionorannexation.Itextendeditsinfluencetonationsbymeansofaggression.IndiaandChinawerebothvictimsofthispolicy.Britainalsoenlargeditsempirebyannexingun-inhabitedorsparsely-populatedlandssuchasAmericaandAustralia.By1900,Britainhadbuiltupabigempireconsistingofagreatmanyprotectorates,Crowncolonies,spheresofinfluences,andself-governingdominionsalmosteverywherearoundtheglobe.TheBritishEmpireTheBritish39ThreeInternationalConflictsinthe2ndhalfofthe20thCenturyTheUnitedKingdomwasinvolvedintheWarofAggressionagainstNorthKoreain1950,theSuezCanalCrisisin1956andtheFalklandIslandsWarin1982.ThreeInternationalConflicts40BritishHistoryIIIBritishHistoryIII41TheBritishIndustrialRevolutionItreferstothemechanizationofindustryandtheconsequentchangesinsocialandeconomicorganizationinBritaininthelate18thandearly19thcenturies.TheIndustrialRevolutionbeganinGreatBritainbecausesocial,political,andlegalconditionstherewereparticularlyfavorabletochange.Propertyrights,suchasthoseforpatentsonmechanicalimprovements,werewellestablishedTheBritishIndustrialRevolut42TheBritishIndustrialRevolutionThepredictable,stableruleoflawinBritainmeantthatmonarchsandaristocratswerelesslikelytoarbitrarilyseizeearningsorimposetaxesthantheywereinmanyothercountries.Earningsweresafer,andambitiousbusinesspeoplecouldgainwealth,socialprestige,andpowermoreeasilythancouldpeopleontheEuropeancontinent.Thesefactorsencouragedrisktakingandinvestmentinnewbusinessventures,bothcrucialtoeconomicgrowth.TheBritishIndustrialRevolut43AdamSmithGreatBritain’sgovernmentpursuedarelativelyhands-offeconomicpolicy.Thisfree-marketapproachwasmadepopularthroughBritishphilosopherandeconomistAdamSmithandhisbookTheWealthofNations(1776).Thehands-offpolicypermittedfreshmethodsandideastoflourishwithlittleinterferenceorregulation.AdamSmithGreatBritain’sgove44AdamSmithAdamSmitharguedthatprivatecompetitionfreefromregulationproducesanddistributeswealthbetterthangovernment-regulatedmarkets.Since1776,whenSmithproducedhiswork,hisargumenthasbeenusedtojustifycapitalismanddiscouragegovernmentinterventionintradeandexchange.Smithbelievedthatprivatebusinessesseekingtheirowninterestsorganizetheeconomymostefficiently,“asifbyaninvisiblehand.”AdamSmithAdamSmitharguedth45TheBritishIndustrialRevolutionSeveralindustriesplayedkeyrolesinBritain’sindustrialization.Ironandsteelmanufacture,theproductionofsteamengines,andtextileswereallpowerfulinfluences,aswastheriseofamachine-buildingsectorabletospreadmechanizationtootherpartsoftheeconomy.TheBritishIndustrialRevolut46FactorsforIndustrialRevolution1)wellplacedgeographicallytoparticipateinEuropeanandworldtrade;2)increasinglyinterestedinoverseastradeandcolonies.Internationaltradebroughtwealthtomerchantsandnewfarmingmethodsprovidedcapitalforindustrialization;3)thelimitedmonarchyresultedfromthegloriousrevolutionensuredtheeconomicgroupscouldexerttheirinfluenceovergovernmentpolicy;FactorsforIndustrialRevolut47FactorsforIndustrialRevolution4)themaintownswereneartoseaportsandriversandconvenientforthedistributionofproducts;5)naturalresources:riversusefulfortransportationandwaterandsteampower;mineralresources;6)well-trainedcraftsmen,engineers7)Theinventorswerewell-respectedandtheysolvedpracticalproblems;8)theProtestantworkethicandprincipleoflaissezfaireFactorsforIndustrialRevolut48FactorsforIndustrialRevolution9)England,ScotlandandWalesformedacustomsunionafter1707andthisincludedIrelandafter1807(thenationalmarketnothinderedbyinternalcustomsbarriers);10)theenclosuresandotherimprovementsinagriculturemadecontributionsbyprovidingfoodforthepopulation,laborforthefactoriesandrawmaterialsneededbyindustry.FactorsforIndustrialRevolut49FourImportantInventionsJohnKay’sflyingshuttlein1733JamesWatt’ssteamenginein1765JamesHargreaves’sspinningjennyin1766RichardArkwright’swaterframein1769FourImportantInventionsJohn50JamesWattmadevastimprovementstothesteamengine,makingitpracticalforlarge-scaleindustrialuse.In1764WattwasgivenaNewcomensteamenginetorepair.Whileworkingontheengine,herealizedthatitwastedenergy.Heeventuallyintroducedavarietyofmodifications,includingaseparatecoolingchamberforthesteamthatmadetheenginemuchmoreefficient.

JamesWattmadevastimprovemen51SteamEngineHarnessingthepowerofsteammarkedasignificantstepintechnology.Theintroductionofthesteamengineledtomanynewinventions,mostnotablyintransportationandindustry.Modelsofthesteamengineweredesignedasearlyas1690,butitwasnotuntil70yearslaterthatJamesWattarrivedatthedesignofthemodernsteamengine.SteamEngineHarnessingthepow52British-History-III教学讲解课件53SirRichardArkwrightIn1769BritishinventorRichardArkwrightpatentedhisspinningframe,whichspuncottonfiberintothread.ArkwrightestablishedhugecottonmillsthatbecamethemodelsforthefactorysystemoftheIndustrialRevolution.

SirRichardArkwrightIn1769B54FlyerSpinningFrame

IntroducedbyRichardArkwrightin1769,theflyerspinningframe(alsocalledthethrostleorroll-drawingmachine)reflectsthemovetowardautomationthatcharacterizedtheIndustrialRevolution.Themachineispoweredbythedrivewheelatthebottom,drawingoutthefiberintothread,thentwistingitasitiswoundontothebobbins.

FlyerSpinningFrame

Introduce55NewcastleuponTyne,EnglandManytownsthroughoutBritainbecamemanufacturingcentersduringtheIndustrialRevolutioninthe18thand19thcenturies.NewcastleuponTyne,innortheasternEngland,becameimportantforsteelproductionandshipbuilding.NewcastleuponTyne,England56TextileMillinLancashire,England

Thetextileindustrywasoneofthefirstindustriestobemechanizedin18th-centuryBritain.ThesewomenworkedinatextilemillinLancashire,innorthwesternEngland.TextileMillinLancashire,En57GrowthofCitiesOneofthemostobviouschangestopeople’sliveswasthatmorepeoplemovedintotheurbanareaswherefactorieswerelocated.Newmanufacturingtownsandcitiesgrewdramatically.Manyofthesecitieswereclosetothecoalfieldsthatsuppliedfueltothefactories.ThenamesofBritishfactorycitiessoonsymbolizedindustrializationtothewiderworld:Liverpool,Birmingham,Leeds,Glasgow,Sheffield,andespeciallyManchester.GrowthofCitiesOneofthemos58GrowthofCitiesIntheearly1770sManchesternumberedonly25,000inhabitants.By1850,afterithadbecomeacenterofcottonmanufacturing,itspopulationhadgrowntomorethan350,000.

Inpre-industrialEngland,morethanthree-quartersofthepopulationlivedinsmallvillages.Bythemid-19thcentury,however,thecountryhadmadehistorybybecomingthefirstnationwithhalfitspopulationincities.By1850millionsofBritishpeoplelivedincrowded,grimindustrialcities.GrowthofCitiesIntheearly159EffectsonLaborDivisionofLaborinIndustryDivisionoflaborisabasictenetofindustrialization.Indivisionoflabor,eachworkerisassignedtoadifferenttask,orstep,inthemanufacturingprocess,andasaresult,totalproductionincreases.Asthisillustrationshows,onepersonperformingallfivestepsinthemanufactureofaproductcanmakeoneunitinaday.Fiveworkers,eachspecializinginoneofthefivesteps,canmake10unitsinthesameamountoftime.EffectsonLaborDivisionofLa60DivisionofLaborDivisionofLabor61EffectsonLaborThemovementofpeopleawayfromagricultureandintoindustrialcitiesbroughtgreatstressestomanypeopleinthelaborforce.Womeninhouseholdswhohadearnedincomefromspinningfoundthenewfactoriestakingawaytheirsourceofincome.Traditionalhandloomweaverscouldnolongercompetewiththemechanizedproductionofcloth.Skilledlaborerssometimeslosttheirjobsasnewmachinesreplacedthem.EffectsonLaborThemovemento62EffectsonLaborWiththedevelopmentoftheIndustrialRevolutioninBritaininthe18thcentury,childlaborwaspracticedonalargescaleinthenew“manufactories.”Inthefactories,peoplehadtoworklonghoursunderharshconditions,oftenwithfewrewards.Factoryownersandmanagerspaidtheminimumamountnecessaryforaworkforce,oftenrecruitingwomenandchildrentotendthemachinesbecausetheycouldbehiredforverylowwages.EffectsonLaborWiththedevel63EffectsonLaborBythattime,Britainhadchangedforever.TheeconomywasexpandingataratethatwasmorethantwicethepaceatwhichithadgrownbeforetheIndustrialRevolution.Althoughvastdifferencesexistedbetweentherichandthepoor,mostofthepopulationenjoyedsomeofthefruitsofeconomicgrowth.EffectsonLaborBythattime,64EffectsonLaborThewidespreadpovertyandconstantthreatofmassstarvationthathadhauntedthepreindustrialagelessenedinindustrialBritain.Althoughtheoverallhealthandmaterialconditionsofthepopulaceclearlyimproved,criticscontinuedtopointtourbancrowdingandtheharshworkingconditionsformanyinthemills.EffectsonLaborThewidespread65QueenVictoriareignedfor63years,thelongestreigninthehistoryofEngland.Thoseyears,from1837to1901,becameknownastheVictorianAgeandweremarkedbytheriseofthemiddleclassandadeeplyconservativemorality.

QueenVictoriareignedfor63y66QueenVictoriaVictoria(queen)(1819-1901),queenoftheUnitedKingdomofGreatBritainandIreland(1837-1901)andempressofIndia(1876-1901).HerreignwasthelongestofanymonarchinBritishhistoryandcametobeknownastheVictorianera.

QueenVictoriawastheofficialheadofstatenotonlyoftheUnitedKingdombutalsoofthegrowingworldwideBritishEmpire,whichincludedCanada,Australia,India,NewZealand,andlargepartsofAfrica.QueenVictoriaVictoria(queen)67QueenVictoriaAsthepersonalembodimentofherkingdom,Victoriawaseagertoensurethathercountrywasheldinhighesteemthroughouttheworldasaneconomicallyandmilitarilypowerfulstateandasamodelofcivilization.VictoriabroughttotheBritishmonarchysuch19th-centuryidealsasadevotedfamilylife,earnestness,publicandprivaterespectability,andobediencetothelaw.Duringthelateryearsofherreign,themonarchyattainedahighdegreeofpopularityamongmostofitssubjects.QueenVictoriaAsthepersonal68British-History-III教学讲解课件69AbdicationofEdwardVIIIAfterbeingproclaimedkingin1936,EdwardVIIIoftheUnitedKingdomofGreatBritainandNorthernIrelandannouncedhisintentiontomarryWallisWarfieldSimpson,anAmericandivorcee.BecausetheBritishandCommonwealthgovernmentsstronglyopposedthemarriage,EdwardabdicatedonDecember11,1936.HeandSimpsonweremarriedinFranceonJune3,1937.AbdicationofEdwardVIII70British-History-III教学讲解课件71QueenElizabethIIElizabethIIbecamequeenoftheUnitedKingdomofGreatBritainandNorthernIrelandin1952uponthedeathofherfather,KingGeorgeVI.ThroughoutherreignshehasbeenasymbolofunityandcontinuitywithintheUnitedKingdomandtheCommonwealthofNations.QueenElizabethIIElizabethII72British-History-III教学讲解课件73WinstonChurchillChurchill,SirWinstonLeonardSpencer(1874-1965),BritishpoliticianandprimeministeroftheUnitedKingdom(1940-1945,1951-1955),widelyregardedasthegreatestBritishleaderofthe20thcentury.ChurchilliscelebratedforhisleadershipduringWorldWarII(1939-1945).Hiscourage,decisiveness,politicalexper