2018年7月阅读-day14作业5.笔记和真题打卡

任务安排:看完当 整 课笔抄写并背诵考点限时模考,整理错上传笔记 作业打作业提交DDL:第二天24:001/发达:developed,advanced,sophisticated,elaborate,intricate,complicated,complex,subtle导航findone’swaynavigate模式patternformatformshapeconfigurationstructureset-up,composition,scheme,arrangement,framework专家expertspecialistmaster,professorguruauthorityvirtuoso,plished,aficionado依靠:dependon,relyon,drawon,contingenton,basedon,besubjectto,becontrolledby,bedeterminedby,beinfluencedby,bedecidedby,relateto,clingto,exploit,utilize,employ之前priorbeforebeforehandearlyprevious,:fairequalequatabletransparentonaparwith,even,balanced,equilibrium,level,neutral破坏destroyruin,wreckdestructionshatter,crashspoil,blemish,impair,hazard,devastate,damage,laywaste,upset,kill,wipeout,dismantle,knock/pull/teardown2/READINGPASSAGEYoushouldspendabout20minutesonQuestions1-13,whicharebasedonReadingPassage1below.AnancientAKnighthoodsareoneoftheoldestandmostprestigiousformsofhonouringindividualcitizensintheUnitedKingdom.Althoughinitiallyconferreduponmembersofthearmedforcessolelyonthebasisoftheirperformanceincombat,theawardnowrecognisesallcontributionstonationallife.SomeofthemostnotableknighthoodsofrecenttimeshavebeenbestowedonmusiciansorentertainerssuchasSirEltonJohnandSirPaulMcCartney,andthefieldsoffinance,industryandeducationarealsorepresented.Citizensofnon-Commonwealthcountriesareeligibleforan‘honorary‘knighthoodforwhichtheyarenotpermittedtousethetitles‘Sir’or‘Dame‘.PerceivedtobeaBritishtradition,thelegacyofknighthoodsactuallydatesbacktoancientRome,fromwhereitspreadthroughoutanumberofEuropeancountriesintheMiddleAgesandacquiredcertainfeatures.Awould-beknighthadtoundergostrictmilitaryinstructionfromayoungage,whichincludedspendingtimeasanassistant(knownasan)toanexistingknight,andparticipatinginbattle.Hehadtolearnhowtoequiphisknightforbattle,andtohelphimwithputtingontheheavyandcumbersomearmourofthetime.Hewasresponsibleforkeethisarmouringoodcondition,polishingandcleaningit.Healsohadtodemonstratechivalrousbehavioursuchasgenerosity,selflessness,fearlessnessandskillinbattle.Finally,thepotentialknightalsorequiredthefinancialmeanstopurchasehorses,weaponsandarmourforhimself,andthenmakehimselfavailabletoservetherulingmonarchforaminimumperiodeachyear.BInmoderntimes,theprocessisverydifferent.Insteadofrelyingonformalisedmilitarytrainingorpoliticalpatronage,anominationssystemisused.Thisway,a ’snamecanbeputforwardforaknighthoodbyanyinstitutionsuchasaschoolorbusiness,orevenjustafellowmemberofsociety.Afterthis,anadvisorypanel,actingonbehalfofthesovereign,deliberatesandselectsthefutureknightsanddamesfromthepoolofapplications.Thoseselectedarecontacteddiscreetlybeforeannouncementsaremadetoensurethattheywishtoacceptthehonour.CInrarecases,knighthoodscanberevokedthroughaprocessknownasforfeiture.Thismostoftenoccurswhentherecipientisconvictedofacriminaloffense.TerryLewis,aofficerinQueensland,Australia,wasstrippedofhisknighthoodafterbeingimplicatedinastringofillegalactivitiesthatincludedaccepting$700,000worthofbribesfrombookmakersandcasinos,andforgingthesignatureofanAustralianpoliticianonain1981.Lewishasrepeatedlyedhisinnocenceandsuggestedthathewasfalselyaccusedofthesecrimes,buthisappealsfailedincourt.Inamoreseriousincident,Britisharthistorianandinligenceofficer,AnthonyBlunt,losthisknighthoodafteritwasdiscoveredthathewasworkingasadoubleagentandhandingmaterialovertotheSoviet3/DKnighthoodshavealsobeenforfeitedforreasonsof petenceratherthanoutrightillegalityortreason.Havingbeenknightedfor'servicestobanking'in2004,CEOoftheRoyalBankofScotland,FredGoodwin,presidedovera24-billion-poundlossatthebankjustfouryearslater.Althoughretaininga16-million-poundpension,towhichhewaslegallyentitled,GoodwinhadhisknighthoodannulledastheQueen'sadvisorypaneldeemedhim'thechiefdecisionmakeratthetime'Scandalssuchasthesehavecontributedtospiriteddebatesregardingtheroleandrelevanceofknighthoodsin21st-centurysociety.Questions7-DothefollowingstatementsagreewiththeinformationgiveninReadingPassageTRUEifthestatementagreeswiththeinformationFALSEifthestatementcontradictstheinformationNOTGIVENifthereisnoinformationonthisTheknighthoodwasfirstawardedonlyformilitaryMostknightsnowcomefromtheartsandentertainmentPeoplefromoutsidetheCommonwealthcannotbeawardedanytypeofTheknighthoodbeganinGreats,ortraineeknights,wereusuallyrelatedtotheknightsthey neededmoneytobuyhisownQuestions7—CompletethesummaryChooseNOMORETHANTHREEWORDSfromthepassageforeachKnighthoodSelection:ThenandTheprocessof ingaknighthaschangedovertime.IntheMiddleAges,peoplebegantrainingto eaknightat7……Theyhadtoshowtheywerebraveandskilledfighters,andwererequiredtoworkfor8……forpartoftheyear.Today,potentialrecipientsoftheknighthoodareselectedthrough9……Afinaldecisionismadeby10……Questions11—ChooseTHREEletters,A—WhichTHREEofthefollowingarereasonsgiveninthetextforpeoplelosingtheirAPunishingsomeoneforacrimeheorshedidnotBUsing ’snameonanimportantCPoormanagementofaDWrongfullyacceptingpensionEGamblingonhorseracingorcardFGivingsecretinformationtoaforeign4/READINGPASSAGEYoushouldspendabout20minutesonQuestions14-26,whicharebasedonReadingPassage2below.‘JustdoOr-thesubtleartofAProcrastination,akindofchronictime-wasting,haslongbeendismissedasaninnocuoushumanfoible.Researchersarenowbeginningamoresoberexaminationofthispractice,however,andtheremaybegoodreasonforngso:twentypercentofAmericansnowadmittosufferingfromprocrastination,afifteenpercentjumpfrom1970.Researchersarebemusedastowhatexplainsthissharpriseinthefigures,butthereisnodoubtthatprocrastinationiswreakinghavoconpeople'slives.Onesideeffectisperhapsthemostpredictable:procrastinationhampersacademicandworkcommitmentsassufferersfailtomeetdeadlinesorachievetheirgoals.Butthereareothercoststoo.Inshiftingburdensofresponsibilityontoothersandrenegingontheirpromises,procrastinatorsunderminerelationshipsbothintheworkplaceandintheirprivatelives,allofwhichtakesatollontheirwell-being.Inonestudy,overthecourseofasemester,procrastinatinguniversitystudentswerenotedtobesufferingfromnotablyweakerimmunesystems,moregastrointestinalproblems,andhigheroccurrencesofinsomniathantheirnon-procrastinatingpeers.BIstherehopeforprocrastinators?Everyoneadmitsit'sadifficultdemontobeat,butafewself-styledprocrastinationcoacheshavedevelopedstrategiestothatend.Althoughevidencefortheirefficacyislargelyanecdotalatthisstage,someofthesestrategiesatleastofferpromisingavenuesforfutureresearch.CCareercounsellorAmySykesfocusesonthebasics.Firstly,shesays,embracepeerpressure.Manyweightlossandself-helpgroupsencourageindividualstoholdthemselvesaccountabletoawidercircleoftheirpeers,andSykesbelievesthissocialsafetynetcanbeharnessedjustassuccessfullybyprocrastinators.Achangeinisalsoconsideredvital.'Whenwewantpeopletodosomethingforus,wereallysellittothem,’Sykesobserves.'Butwhenweneedtodoitourselves,wefocusonallthereasonswedon'twantto.’Instead,sheargues,weshouldpiqueourowninterestandfindwaystomakeourimportantprojectsmoreattractive—byturningthemintolittlecompetitionsorfact-findingmissions,forexample.Ifallelsefails,Sykesbelieveswemust penseourselvesforourtroubles,ideallywithlittletreatsuponfinishingatask.‘Itdoesn'tneedtobebig,’shesays.'Pancakes,ahotbath,oranepisodeofyourfavouriteevisionshowcouldalldothetrick.’DThoughthesetipsmaybealittletoogardenvarietyforsome,othershavethoughtupmorecunningtwistsonthehumanpsyche.OnesuchapproachwasdevelopedbythecrimewriterRaymondChandler,whobuilthisstrategyonabasicyetcriticalobservation:procrastinatorsrarelysitaboutcompleyinactively,butrathertendtoengagethemselvesinusefulbutlesspressingtasks:vacuumingbehindthebed,cleaningoutthefridge,washingthewindowsand5/soon.Theresultisthatthey’cheat'themselvesintoexperiencingfeelingsofproductivityandsatisfactionthatofferfurtherdistractionfromtheoriginalproject.Chandler'smethod,whichhesuccessfullyusedtohelphimselfwritedetectivestories,involvessettingasideaperiodoftimeinwhichtheprocrastinatormaydooneoftwothings:absoluynothingorworkontheprojectthatheorshewishestocomplete.Sittingstill,withoutthesatisfactionofbusyinghimselfwithlessurgenttasks,Chandlerslowlyfelttheitchoftediousmonotonysinkin.Withinfiveortenminutes,thisitchhad eintolerable,andhefeltcompelledtobeginwritinghisstories.EAnotherprocrastinator,professorofphilosophyJohnPerry,developedhisstrategyagainstprocrastinationbasedonessentiallythesameinsightasChandler's—thatprocrastinatorsareactuallyquitegoodatng'marginallyuseful'tasks,justnotthetaskstheyreallyoughttobeng.Hethussurmisedthattheenemyofsuccessfultaskcompletionisnot,infact,thatgreatengineofproductiveactivity-procrastinationitself—butratherhowweorderourprojectsinthehierarchyofurgency.Ifaprocrastinatorneedstofinishanassignmentbefore8o'clockthefollowingmorning,forinstance,heislikelytofindhimselfsharpeningpencilsinstead.'Butifalltheprocrastinatorhadlefttodowastosharpensomepencils,’Perryobserves,'noforceonearthcouldgethimtodoit.’Thekeytothisapproachistorankone’spriorities,thenbumpthemosturgenttasksalittlefurtherdownandplaceatthetopsomepotentiallydauntingandimportant-soundingprojectswhichareultimaynotallthatessential.Ifthestudentwiththeessaydeadlinecanconvincehimselfheabsoluymustreorganisehisbox,orfinishreadingthatold,dustynovelheonlygothalfwaythrough,thensuddenlytheessaydeadlineisgoingtoseemafarsuperioroption.FIftheAncientGreeksstruggledwithit,andallthelifecoaches,counsellorsandmotivationalspeakersinthemodernworldareunabletoeraseitfromourexistenceeither,itseemsunlikelythatprocrastinationwillevertrulybeputtorest.Astheseprocrastinationgurushaveshown,however,therightstrategieshavethepotentialtominimiseitsimpact-ifyouevergetaroundtousingthem.Questions14-DothefollowingstatementsagreewiththeinformationgiveninReadingPassageInBoxes14-18onyouranswersheet，writeTRUEifthestatementagreeswiththeinformationFALSEifthestatementcontradictstheinformationNOTGIVENifthereisnoinformationonthisProcrastinationhasalwaysbeenrecognisedasaseriousThereasonfortheriseinprocrastinationisStudentsarethemostlikelygrouptoArangeofhealthproblemshavebeenlinkedtoMosttechniquestostopprocrastinationarebasedonscientific6/Questions19—Lookatthefollowingstatements(Questions19-25)andthelistofpeoplebelow.Matcheachstatementwiththecorrect ,A,BorC.19nghouseworkisacommonwayofavoidingimportantGetsupportfromotherMakealistofboringtasksbeforeimportantLookforwaystomaketheworkmoreListsarepowerfultoolsforreducingUseboredomasUserewardswhenataskisListofAAmyBRaymondCJohnQuestionChoosethecorrectletterA,B,CorWhatisthewriter’sASomeprocrastination-reducingstrategieshavehadprovenBProcrastinationwillneverbecompleyCProcrastinatorsshouldemployalifecoachtohelpDMostprocrastinatorswanttolearnhowtobemore7/READINGPASSAGEYoushouldspendabout20minutesonQuestions27-40,whicharebasedonReadingPassage3below.WhenevolutionworksagainstALifehaschangedinjustabouteverywaysincesmalltribesofhunter-gatherersroamedtheeartharmedwithnothingbutspearsandstonetools.Wenowbuyourmeatfromthesupermarketratherthanstalkingitthroughthejungle;housesandhigh-risesshelterusatnightinsteadofcaves.Butdespitethesechanges,someverybasicresponseslingeron.Theshort,sharpfeelingofheightenedawarenessthatsweepsthroughuswhenastrangerpassesinadarkalleyisnodifferent,physiologicallyspeaking,fromthesensationourancestorsexperiencedwhentheywerewalkingthroughthebushesandheardadrytwigsnapnearby.It'scalledthe'fightorflight’response,andithelpsustoidentifydangeroussituationsandactdecisivelyby,asthenamesuggests,musteringourstrengthforaorrunningawayasfastaswecan.BThisshifttosurvivalmodeisoftenpopularlydescribedasasuddenunease,asensethatasituationis'off'or'notright’.However,thesenseisactuallythe eofanincrediblycomplexmind-bodyprocesswhichinvolvesthebrain's'fearcentre’,thehypothalamus,advisingthesympatheticnervoussystemandtheadrenal-corticalsystemtowork,atfirstseparay,andthentogether,toblendapotentmixofhormonesandchemicalsandsecretethemintothebloodstream.Ourheartbeatrises,alongwithourrespiratoryrate.Skinfeelscold(hencethe'shiver'downthespine)asbloodsupplyisredirectedtothelargermusclesrequiredforaphysicalorahastyretreat.Theabilitytoconcentrateonissuesofminorimportancealsosuffers,asthebraintendstoprioritise'bigpicture’thinkingatthisCWithoutthisinstinctiveresponse,thehumanracewouldneverhavesurvived,butatpresentitisoftenmoreofahindrancethanahelp.Althoughinstancesofphysicalthreatshavedecreasedovertheyears,activationofthefightorflightresponsehasactuallyincreased,largelyinresponsetomentalfrustrations.Thisposesaproblem,however,becausethefightorflightmechanismfunctionsmosthelpfullyasaresponsetosomethingthatcancausebodilyharm,suchasafallingtreeorawildanimal,ratherthaninresponsetoafulminatingboss,atrafficjam,oraspousewhohasnotreturnedaphonecall.Duringtheseinstancesofmentaldistress,thephysicalmanifestationsoffightorflight,suchasaninabilitytothinkrationallyandcalmly,canactuallyexacerbatetheproblem.DAsimilarcaseofanevolutionarydevelopmentoverstayingits eistheexampleof'mindchatter'.Mindchatteristheceaselesstrainofscatteredthoughtsandself-talkthatoccupiesourmind,ensuringwearealways'switchedon’,searchingfordangerandthreats.Thiswouldhavebeenaboonforasolitarycavemanonathree-hourhuntingexpedition,butinamodernworldalreadyoverloadedwithsensoryinput,itcausesustofretaboutnonexistentpredicamentsandoccasionallyneedlesslytriggersthefightorflightresponse.8/EThesetwinforces,mindchatterandthefightorflightresponse,havecombinedtowreakhavoconthemodernpsycheandhaveledtoaeinwhatsomestudieshavesuggestedisacauseofuptoeightypercentofallillnesstoday:stress.Stress,erroneouslyconsideredbymanytobeamerefeeling,isactuallyaphysiologicalconditionresultingfromacumulativeaccrualofcertainhormonesinthebody,hormonesthatcanhelpusinquick,sharpdoses,butwhicharetoxiciftheyarenotproperlymetabolised.Metabolismofthesepotentiallytoxichormonesreliesonphysicalexertion,whichoriginallyevolvedaspartofthefightorflightprocess—hormonereleasewasusuallyfollowedbyphysicalexertion(fightingorrunning),whichreturnedthebodytoastateofbalance.Inpresentdayencounters,however,thevitalelementofphysicalexertionismissing:aresentfulemployeecannotpunchhisco-worker,forexample,andafrustrateddriverisunabletosimplyramhiswaythroughapackedFWhatcanbedonetorestorethebalance?StressresearcherNeilF.Neimarck,perhapsnot mendsphysicalexerciseasoneusefulstrategy.Fortunay,thebrainisnotcleverenoughtorealisethatthisexerciseiscompleyunrelatedtotheoriginalstressstimulus,andinthiswaywecaneffectively’fool'ourbodiesintometabolisingstresshormonesbypunchingaboxingbaginsteadofthe whoannoyedusinthefirstplace.Anotheroptionisthe'relaxationresponse’,discoveredbyHarvardcardiologistHerbertBenson.Bensonfoundthatcertainbehaviours,suchasdeepbreathing,meditation,andtherepetitionofsimple,affirmativephrases,actedasanantidotetomindchatterandthefightorflightresponses,calmingthenervoussystemandinducingarelaxedstateofmindandbodyinstead.Integratingthesemeth