中西跨文化交际课程情景标准总结案例解析计划

中西跨文化交际课程情况标准总了事例剖析计划中西跨文化交际课程情况标准总了事例剖析计划中西跨文化交际课程情况标准总了事例剖析计划v1.0可编写可改正

Unit1LanguageandCultureinCommunication

TheoryCommunicationissomethingwedoeveryday.Ittakesplacesonaturallythatwesimplyfailtonoticeituntilithiccupsorbreaksdown.Thoughitiscommonplace,itisnoexaggerationtosaythatcommunicationislifeandlifeiscommunication.youjoinasocialgathering,youmustbeawareofrulesandproceduresthatgovernthewaythingsaregoingtoproceed.Thereisatechnicaltermforsuchrulesandprocedures—schema.2.Faceandpolitenessaretwootherareaswhichareextremelyvalue—sensitive.OneofthedistinctivefeaturesofChinesepolitenessisself—denigrationandother—elevation.

Case1:Litzisaprofessorofcross—culturalcommunicationina

universityinFinland.SheinvitedherChinesestudentshomeforaneveningparty.

TheschemafromLitz’spointofviewincludesthefollowing:

1.Givinginvitation:byphone/bymail

2.Prepareeverythingbeforethearrivalofguests

3.Receivingguests:openthedoor/expresswelcome/take

theirovercoats/introduceguests/offerthemdrinks/makethemcomfortable

4.Servingfood:setthetable/soupfirst/maincourse/desert

5.Postdinneractivities:chat/playmusic/offermoredrinks

6.Seeingguestsoff:thankthemforcoming/goodnight

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Litz’seveningpartywasnotverysuccessful,becauseshewasupsetby

oneofherguests.HerewastheinitialconversationbetweenLitzandLin:

Litz:(opensthedoor)Oh,Lin,howniceyoucouldcome!

Lin:It’snotdifficulttofindyourhouse.

Litz:Comeonin.Lin:(comesin)Litz:CanItakeyourcoatLin:No,thanks.Litz:Ok,thiswayplease.Lin:(takeoffhercoatandhangsit)Analysis:LitzwashurtbecauseLindidnotletherhanghercoat.Litz’sofferingtohangLin’scoatisoneofLitz’sways(it’sonLitz’sschema).OnLin’sside,shethoughtthatLitzwashersupervisorandthatitwasinappropriatetolethersupervisorhanghercoat.Herewehaveaninstanceofoneactionattachedwithdifferentculturalvalues.

Case2:

FindinganInterestedBuyer

GeorageHallwasinBeijingattendingatradefairandlookingforanopportunitytodobusinessinChina.Hehadbeenverysuccessfulinhis

businessdealingsintheUSandpridedhimselfonhisability“togetthingsmoving.”Hisfirstdaywasgoingwell.Helookedaroundatthedisplaysofsportingequipmenttogetsomeideaofwhomhemightapproach.Hewassurethathisproducts,tennisracketswithanunusualnewdesign,wouldarousesomeinterests.Ontheseconddayheapproachedthecompanywhichhefeltwouldbemostresponsivetohisproducts.Heintroducedhimselftothegeneral,aMr.Li.SincehehadreadthatChinesefind

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gettingdowntobusinessimmediatelytooabruptandrude,hebeganacasualconversation,eventuallyleadinguptothetopicofhisproductsandsuggestinghowMr.Li’scompanymightbenefitfromusingthem.GeorgethensuggestedthathecouldarrangetogettogetherwithMr.Liandprovidemorespecificsanddocumentationonhisproducts.

Mr.LirespondedinfairlygoodEnglish,”Thatwouldbeinteresting.”

KnowingthathehadonlyafewdaysleftinBeijing,Georgewantedtonail

downatime,”Whencanwemeet”askedGeorge.

“Ah.Thisweekisverybusy,”repliedMr.Li.

“Itsureis,”saidGeorge,”Howabout10o’clockMeetyou

here.”

“Tomorrowat10o’clock”askedMr.Lithoughtfully.

“Right,”saidGeorge,“I’llseeyouthen”

“Hmm,yes;whydon’tyoucomebytomorrow,”wasthereply.

“OK,”respondedGeorge,”Itwasnicemeetingyou.”

Thenextdayat10o’clockheapproachedMr.Li’scompany’sexhibit

onlytofindthatMr.LihadsomeimportantbusinessandwasnotabletomeetwithGeorge.HecalledbacklaterinthedayandwastoldthatMr.Liwasnotavailable.

Analysis:英佳人士做事情讲究准时。而中国人不太重视这方面。本案列中，李

先生不只没有准时接见预定的客户，甚至放了他“鸽子”。

Case3abookonChinesecultureinChinese.:ProfessorLianghaswrittenHisbookisputondisplayinBeijingInternationalBookFair’96.ProfessorLiangwouldliketohavehisbooktranslatedintoEnglishandsubmittedtoThompsonPublishers.ProfessorLianghasaskedLiYan,whomhemeetsregularlyintheEnglishCorner,tohelphimtotalktoPeter

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Allright,aThompsonrepresentative.

Prof.Liang:奥莱特先生，这是鄙人的拙作。

LiTan:Mr.Allright,thisaclumsybookwrittenbyyourhumbleservant.

MrAllright:No,no,no,you'renotmyhumbleservant.WedonotpublishbooksinChinese.

LiYan(toProfessorLiang):不，不，不，你不是我的佣人，我们不出中文

书。

ProfessorLiang:我要请李艳翻译成英文。

LiYan(toMr.Allright):ProfessorLiangwillaskmetotranslateitintoEnglish.

Mr.Allright:Mmthat’sinteresting.

Analysis:Chineseauthorsalmostalwaysbelittletheirworksby

describingthemasclumsywritings,andtheyusethesamedescriptionwhen

theypresentthemtoChinesepublishers.Butthiswillbe

counter—productiveinEnglish.Instead,authorsshouldpointoutthe

meritsoftheirworksratherthan“clumsiness”.

Unit2CultureShock

Theory:1.Cultureshockcanbedescribedasthefeelingofconfusionand

disorientationthatoneexperienceswhenfacedwithalargenumberofnew

andunfamiliarpeopleandsituations.

Thereisadesireforindependenceandseparateness,foundinforeigners'needsfortheirownprivacyandautonomy

Hospitalitymeansthecordialandgenerousreceptionofor

dispositiontowardguests.

4.Politenessreferstotheconsiderationforothers,tact,and

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observanceofacceptedsocialusage.

Privacycouldbeunderstoodastherightofanindividualtoself-determinationastothedegreetowhichtheindividualiswillingtosharewithothersinformationabouthimself.

Case1:Jane,anAmericanteacherintheUS,hadjuststartedteachingEnglishtoagroupofJapanesestudents.Shewantedtogettoknowthestudentsmoreformally,sosheinvitedthemtoherhouseforparty.The

studentsallarrivedtogetheratexactly8:00.Theyseemedtoenjoytheparty:theydanced,sang,andatemostofthefood.Atabout10:00,one

ofthestudentssaidtotheteacher,“Ithinkit’stimeformetoleave.

Thankyouverymuchfortheparty.”Thenalltheotherstudentsgotup

togo,andallleftatthesametime.Janedecidedshewouldneverinvite

themagain!

Analysis:在日本以及其余很多的亚洲国家里，年青人平时成群作队的一同去参

加一些交际聚会，此后一道走开。在他们看来这是很正常可是的事。此后Jane

以为这是一种欺侮，因为他们在同一时间里一下子所有走开了。在美国以及其余

一些英语国家，夜晚10点走开一个聚会相对来说是比较早的。

Case2:FourSecretariesandTheirJobsFourclassmatesfromatopChineseuniversityalltookjobsassecretariesaftergraduation.Fiveyearslaterthefourformerclassmateshadareunionanddiscussedtheirjobs.ChenQiandDaiYunbothworkasbilingualsecretariesforaFinnishcompanyinBeijing.ChenQiissecretarytotheFinngeneralmanger,andDaiYunissecretarytotheChineselocalmanger,apositiononlyslightly

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lowerthanthatoftheFinnmanger.ZhangYingisfromapoliticallyprominentfamilyandwashiredasthesecretarytotheleaderofasmallgovernmentbureauinthecapitalcityofherhomeprovince.LuYanworksforastaterunenterpriseinthesamecitywhereshewashiredasthesecretarytothenewmanagerforinternationalmarketing.ThecompanyhasnevermarketeditsproductsabroadbeforesothisofficeandLuYan’spositionarenewtothecompany.FiveyearslaterChenQiissatisfiedwithherjobwiththeFinnishcompanybutDaiYunisnot.TheFinnmanagerreceivesordersfromthecompany’shomeofficeinFinland,andhegivesorderstothosebelowhiminChina,includinghissecretaryChenQi.Hetellsherhowhewantshistimescheduledandshethenmakesappointmentsforhimaccordingtohisinstructions.ShetranslatesmemosandotherdocumentsandinterpretsfromChinesetoEnglishtoChinese.IfthemanagerdoesnotthinkChenQihasdoneherworkwell,hetellsherrightaway.Heisverydemanding,butChenQifeelsthatsheknowswhatherdutiesareandknowswhathermanagerexpects.Sheisconfidentthatsheisdoingagoodjob.DaiYunoftendoesnothaveasmuchworktodoasChenQidoes,becauseherbossscheduleshisownappointmentsanddoesalotoftheofficepaperworkhimself.Whenheisoutoftownshehastimetostudyforthegraduateentranceexam.However,sheisnotsurewhetherornotsheisdoingagoodjob.Hermanagertellsherwhatsheisexpectedtodo,buthedoesthisdaybyday.Whenpeoplecallorcometotheofficetoseeherboss,shegreetstheminEnglishorChineseasnecessary.Shereceivestheirmemosandothermessagesaswellastheirquestionsandrequestsandpassesthemontohermanager.DaiYunthinksofherjobasdoingwhathermanagerwantshertodo.Shepayscloseattentiontohismoodsand6v1.0可编写可改正

behavior,andsometimessheisabletoanticipatewhathewouldlike

withouthimtellingher.

Analysis：很多中国人在外企工作，不一样样国家的外企领导有不一样样的工作作风和标

准。本案列中，戴云给不一样样的外国上级做秘书，在工作中出现因为不一样样的文化冲

突而惹起的各样工作以及交流中的问题就很常有了。

Case3dayinaChinesecity,WangLinonhiswaytothe:OnecoldwinterlibrarymetanAmericanprofessorwhoknewverylittleaboutChina.Aftergreetinghim,Wangsaid:“It’srathercold.You’dbetterputonmoreclothes.”Buttheprofessordidn’tappearhappyonhearingthis.Analysis:美国人以及大多数西方国家的人们不喜爱被见告要怎么做怎么做，他们比较喜爱独立，可是中国人则习惯关怀他人，这个事例中王林的建议表达的就

是一种对他人的关怀，可是美国教授却不习惯这样的表达。

Case4peoplearegatheredtosaygoodbye:Inagoodrestaurant,fourteentotheirprofessor,whoismovingtoanotheruniversity.Steven:MayIhaveyourattentionpleaseI’dliketocalluponBentosayafewwords.Ben:Thankyou,Steven.ProfessorShore,colleagues:Tonightisoneofthoseparadoxes---it’sasadtimeandyetit’sahappytime.Sad,because.Wearelosingoneofourbestprofessors;happybecausewearepleasedtoseeProfessorShoregaintherecognitionthatherichly’mnotsurewhowillbeabletocontrol

usandkeepus

inline.Ithinkthenewprofessorwillhaveadifficulttime.Andsurely

noonewillbeabletotell

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jokesinthesamewayasyou,Professor.Seriously,weallknowthatyouwillbedifficulttoreplace.Yourscholarlyapproachandyourdedicationwillalwaysbe

remembered.Iwould

thereforeliketoproposeatoast.Colleagues,pelasechargeyourglasses.

ProfessorShore,may

yourfuturebefilledwillgreatsuccess,andmayyoualwaysrememberus.

Weknowwewillnever

forgetyou.

ToProfessorShore!

All:(Standingup)ToProfessorShore!(Everyonedrinks.ProfessorShore

remainsseatedand

smilesatthemall.)

Analysis：就餐时老是要在各样缘故下向人敬酒：能够是非正式的，向朋友或同

事敬酒；也能够是正式的，向全体聚会的人敬酒。与中国式的敬酒大不一样样的是，

在西方正式的敬酒时，受敬的人是不可以够饮酒的，而是正襟危坐，两眼睁睁看他人

饮酒。另一个不一样样是：不论正式仍是非正式，敬酒的人不用走过去敬酒，而是在

自己的座位处站起来敬酒。敬酒时开始的语言永久是：“向”，而其余随敬酒

的人重复敬酒人的第一句话（即“向”），此后喝一口酒。敬酒时假如举了杯，说了敬词，而实质上没有饮酒，就会被看做十分不恭的行为，在许久从前甚至于被以为是一种欺侮，是不想加入敬酒的仪式。

Case5:AnAmericanwenttoChinesehome.Hewasofferedsometea.Justwhenthefirstcupwasabouttofinish,moreteawasadded.Thevisitor

drankthesecondcup.Thenthecupwasfilledthethirdtime.Thenhedrankit,thenuntilthevisitorwasquitefull.Why

Analysis:在中国的传统文化风俗里，主人平时会不停给客人倒水倒茶，也许不

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断地给客人的盘子里加食品以表示他的热忱好客。面对的这样的状况，中国客人

知道如何办理，在他们感觉吃饱喝足此后，就会随它放在桌上。而美国客人就不

懂了，在美国，在自己的盘子里剩下食品是不礼貌的，于是他出于依照美国文化

理念可能会在这样的款待中吃的过多。

Case6:

DinnerwithFriend

JaniceisayoungAmericanengineerworkingforamanufacturingjoint

venturenearNanjing.SheandherhusbandGeorge,whoisteachingEnglish

atauniversity,arelearningChineseandenjoyingtheirnewlife.They

havebeeneagertogettoknowChinesepeoplebettersotheywerepleased

whenLiuLingling,Janice’syoungco-workerinvitedthemtoherhome

fordinner.

WhenJaniceandGeorgearrived，LinglingintroducedthemtoherhusbandYangFeng,askedthemtositdownatatablecontaining8platesofvariouscolddishes,servedthemteaandthendisappearedwithherhusbandinto

thekitchen.AfterafewminutesLinglingcamebackandaddedwatertotheirtea.JaniceofferedtohelpinthekitchenbutLinglingsaidshe

didn’tneedhelp.SheinvitedthecoupletolookattheirnewCDplayerandtheircolorfulTVandthendisappearedagain.Ahalf-hourlatershecamebackandsatdownandthethreebegantoeat.YangFengcameinfromtimetotimetoputdishafterhotdishonthetable.MostofthefoodwaswonderfulbutneitherGeorgenorJanicecouldeatthefattyporkinpeppersauceortheeacucumbers,andtherewasmuchmorethantheycouldeat.TheykeptwishingYangFengwouldsitdownsotheycouldtalktohim.Finallyhedidsitdowntoeatabit,butquicklyturnedontheTVtoshowthemallitshightechingfeatures.Soonitwastimetogohome.9v1.0可编写可改正

GeorgeandJanicefeltslightlydepressedbythisexperience,butreturnedtheinvitationtwoweekslater.TheydecidedtomakeaniceAmericanmealandfeltluckytofindolives,tomatojuice,crackersandasappetizers.Forthemaincoursetheypreparedspaghettiandasaladwithdressingmadefromoil,vinegar,andsomespicestheyfoundinthemarket.WhenLiuLinglingandYangFengarrivedtheywereimpressedbytheapartmentandaskedthepriceoftheTV,videoplayer,vacuumcleanerandotherthings.Janicepolitelyrefusedtoanswertheirquestions.TheytooksmalltastesoftheappetizersandseemedsurprisedwhenbothGeorgeandJanicesatdownwiththem.Theyateonlyalittlespaghettianddidnotfinishthesaladontheirplates.Georgeurgedthemtoeatmorebuttheyrefusedandlookedaroundexpectantly.JuniceandGeorgetalkedabouttheirfamiliesandjobsandaskedthetableandservedcoffeeandpastries.YangFengandLinglingeachputfourspoonsofsugarsintotheircoffeebutdidnotdrinkmuchofitandateonlyabiteortwoofpastry.Aftertheyleft,Georgesaidthatatleasttheyhadachancetotalk,butJanicewasupset.“Welefttheirplacesofullthatwecouldn’twalkandthey’regoingtohavetoeatagainwhentheygethome.WhatwentwrongAnalysis：中西方饮食习惯大大的不一样样。中国人邀请客人会准备一大桌子的菜，

并在就餐过程中用力劝告客人多吃点，吃完此后，还有剩菜，就表示主人的盛

情款待。而西方人一不劝吃，二就餐完成后，盘子最好是空的。本案列中的两对

中外夫妻不明这个文化差异，发生误会就是自可是然的事了。

Case7:Afterthemealandafterthetablehasbeencleared.Liuisnot

surewhattodo,butwantstohelpinsomeway.Atleasthewantstooffer.

Helen:Thanksforyourhelp,Huang.

Liu:Pleasure.WhatcanIdonow

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Helen:Nothing.It’sfine.I’llrinsethesedishesthenstackthem.

It’llonlytakeaminute.

Liu:Doesthefamilyusuallyhelp

Helen:Well,atspecialtimes.Jacksometimesrinsesthedishesbutyou

canseehe’sreallytiredtonight.

Liu:Letmedoitforyou.

Helen:Notruly,it’sokay.

Liu:MaybeIcanwipethetablethen.

Helen:Thatwouldbehelpful.Thanks.You’rereallykind,Huang.

Analysis：在西方人家中的就餐的时间里，大家都想法参加帮一下忙，即即是男

士也不例外，不要一点不动着开饭。所有家住者要能帮者摆摆餐具，或餐后整理

洗碗，把餐具放进洗碗机，倒垃圾，站在一边帮着擦干洗好的餐具。固然都是小

忙，却表示你对他人的操劳特别在乎，是个专心的人。

Case8:Twostrangershavebeenchatting.

A:Soyou’rebeenhereforayear

B:Yes.Onemoreyeartogo,thenI’llgobacktochina.

A:Whatwillyoudobackhome

B:It’shardtoknow.There’salotchangeatthemoment.

A:Yeah.Everythingischanging,everywhere.Sometimesit’sdifficult

tokeepup.

B:That’strue.MaybeI’ll

(A’smobilephonerings.)

A:Excuseme,I’dbetteranswerthis.It’sprobablywork.

B:Sure.Takeyourtime.

Analysis：有时在与人发言中，不免要有什么原由要走开一会儿，或是去接一个

电话，或要去卫生间。礼貌再此被提出来。出于礼貌起见，要记着做一些适合解

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释再走开。不论原由是什么，即即是要接一个手机电话，在翻开电话回话前，向

对方说声对不起。

假如只走开几分钟，没有必需找一个原由。你说了对不起，就表示你的确是有事

要走开一会儿。

Case9:LiuHuangiscallinghisfriendStevenathishome.

Person:Hello.Johnisspeaking.

Liu:HelloI’mlookingforSteven.

Person:Sorry,there’snooneherecalledSteven.

Liu:Isthat65778868

Person:No.Ithinkyou’vegotthewrongnumber.Thisis65788868.

Liu:Oh,I’msorry.

Person:Noproblem.Goodluck.

Liu:Thanks.

Analysis：失手拨错号码是常有的事。假如在外国，即使有语言阻拦，惧怕说英语，也仍是要先与对方查对能否是拨错了，此后再致歉。假如发现拨错了号码就立刻挂电话，是不礼貌的行为。

Case10’vehadagreat:Lin:Thankyousomuchforawonderfulnight.Itime.

Erica:It’sbeenapleasurehavingyou.Wehopeyoucancomeagain,soon.

Lin:I’dlikethat.Youbothknowhowtomakemefeelathome.Thanks

foreverything.

Analysis：在出发走开的时候，找到主人，当面说一声感谢，是有礼貌的行为。

Case11:

OfftoaBadStart

DavidHuhadjuststartedworkingfortheforeignownedcompany.Hewas

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sittingathisworkstationbuthadnotbeengivenanyassignmentthatheshouldbedoingatthismoment.Hewasrelaxingandwaitingandthenthoughthewouldtaketheopportunitytohavealookaround.Hepokedhisheadintoseveralofficesjusttoseewhattherewastobeseen.SuddenlyMr.Parkercameuptohimandangrilyaskedhimwhathewasdoing.DavidHuwasembarrassed.Helaughedandquicklystartedtomovebacktowardhisworkstation.ThisdidnotseemtosatisfyMr.Parkerwhostartedtotalkrapidlyandangrily.Hopingtocalmhimdown,smiledandapologized,tryingtoexplainthathewastryingtolearnmoreaboutthedepartment.However,Mr.Parkergotevenangrier.Finally,anotherworkercamebyandcalmedhimdown,butMr.Parkerleft,hestilllookedangry.sighed;heknewhehadmadeabadstartbutstilldidn’tunderstandwhy.Analysis：外国人很讲究隐私权，一般不一样样意自己的个人空间遇到打搅。而中国

人比较喜爱看喧闹，想知道他人在做什么。因此在本案列中，吴先生未经赞成就

在企业四周走动，惹起其余职工的激烈不满。

Case12:

SharingtheWealth

AnnaBilowhadbeenworkingforaChinese-ownedandoperatedcompanyinNanjingforaboutsixmonths.ThedivisionshewasworkinginhadasmallcollectionofChinese-Englishdictionaries,Englishlanguagereferencebooks,andsomevideosinEnglishincludingacoupleoftrainingfilms

andseveralfeaturefilmsthatAnnahadbroughtathernewemployer’s

requestwhenshecamefromEurope.Annaknewthatsomeoftheothersectionshadsimilarcollections.Shehadsometimesusedherfriendshipwithoneofthewomeninanotherdepartment,GuMing,toborrowEnglishnovelsandreferencebooksandinturnhadletGuMingborrowbooksfrom13v1.0可编写可改正

hersection’scollection.Onotheroccasions,shehadseenfriendly,

noisyexchanges,whereoneoftheotherworkersinherdivisionhadlentabookorvideotoacolleaguefromanothersection.Annathoughtitwasagreatideawhenamemowascirculatedsayingthat

thecompany’sleadershaddecidedtocollectalltheEnglishlanguagematerialstogetherintoasinglecollection.Theplanwastoputtheminasmallroomthatwascurrentlybeingusedforstoragesothatallemployeescouldhaveequalaccesstothem.Nowshewouldnolongerhavetogofromdepartmenttodepartmenttryingtofindthematerialssheneeded.Annawassurprisedtohearherco-workerscomplainingaboutthenewpolicy.WhentheyoungmaninchargecametothedepartmenttocollecttheirEnglishlanguagematerials,shewasastoundedtoseethemhidingmostofthebooksandallbutoneofthevideosintheirdesks.Whenshecheckedoutthenewso-calledcollection,shefoundthatthefewitemswerealloutdatedorsomehowdamaged.ShealsonoticedthatnoneofthematerialsshehadborrowedfromGuMingwereinthecollection.SheaskedherfriendwhytheChinesewereunwillingtosharetheirEnglishlanguagematerialswithalltheirco-workers,whentheyseemedwillingtosharethemwithintheirdepartments.Analysis:西方人对隐私方面有很多禁忌，中国人对自我隐私的保护也十分注重，可是二者之间存在较大差异。西方人乐于将自己的书本和整理的资料取出来

让朋友和同事共享，而在中国，即即是朋友间，人们也不肯意与人共享自己的书

籍和资料。因为这类资料共享的见解不一样样，事例中Anna才会难以理解顾明等同

事将自己的资料，书本藏起来的做法。

Unit3What’sinaName

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Theory:1.ChineseandBritishpeoplecalleachotherwithtitlesindifferentways.

Kintermsareusedinfamilymembers,butitdiffersbetweenwesternsandChinesepeople.

Case1:ABritishtourististravelingbytraininChina.SittingoppositehimisaChinesepassenger.Theyintroducethemselvestoeachother⋯Britishtourist:Hello,I’mEricJackson.Gladtomeetyou.Chinesepassenger:Hello,mynameisLiuXin.I’mgladtomeetyou,too.Wheredoyoucomefrom,Mr.EricBritishtourist:I’mfromBritain.PleasejustcallmeEric,Mr.Xin.Chinesepassenger:AndyoumayjustcallmeLiuXin.Analysis:Bothofthemhavetakeneachother’sgivennameforthesurname,sincetheorderofthesurnamesofChineseandEnglishnamesarejusttheopposite.Asinbothculturesatitleisusuallyusedwiththesurname,theyfeelunnaturalwhentheirgivennamesareusedwiththetitles.AccordingtoBritishcustomit’squitenormalforpersonswhofirstmeettoaddresseachotherbytheirgivennamesalone,whereashere,whenpeoplefirstmeet,theyusuallyaddresseachotherbytheirfullnamesandneverbytheirgivennamesalone.

Case2isvisitingaChinesefamily.TheChinesehostess:ABritishtouristintroducesherselfandherhusbandtoguest⋯Chinesehostess:Welcometomyhome.MynameisCaiHong,andthisismyhusband.Britishtourist:Thankyou,Mrs.Cai.It’sapleasuretomeetyou,Mrs.Cai.I’mLucyTaylor.

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Chinesehostess:Haveaseat,MadamLucy.Analysis:TheBritishtouristthinksthatCaiHong’ssurnameisherhusband’ssurname,sincesheisunawareofthefactthatinChinawomenstillusetheirownsurnameaftermarriage.CaiHongthinksthat‘madam’isarespectfultermofaddressforanyfemaleEnglish-speaker,unawareofthefactthatinBritainitisusuallyusedbysomeonewhoisprovidingaservicesuchasashopassistanttoacustomerorapolicemantoamemberofthepublicasin‘CanIhelpyou,madam’Itisneverusedasatitlebeforesomeone’sname.Shealsomistakesthegivennameforthesurname.

Case3:LinMeiisaChinesestudentwhoisnowstudyingatauniversity

inAmerica.Herseven-year-olddaughterJiajiaiswithherandstudies

inaprimaryschool.TheyhavebeeninAmericaforthreeyears.Wang

XiaohongisaChinesevisitingscholaratthesameuniversityasLinMei

andthetwogetonwellwitheachother.WangXiaohongsometimesfeels

lonelysinceshehasbeeninAmericaforonlytwomonths,soshesometimes

visitsLinMei’sfamily.Onedayshecametovisitthem.Belowistheir

conversation.

WangXiaohong:佳佳，你妈妈在家吗

Jiajia:在。妈妈，小红阿姨找你。

LinMei:王教师您来啦，请坐。我女儿真不懂礼貌。佳佳，此后要叫王阿姨。

Analysis:ThecombinationofthetermofaddressXiaohongAyi(givenname+Auntie)reflectsthemixtureofthetwocultures.Ontheonehandwehavetheextendeduseofkintermsprecededbyaperson’sname,conventionallysurname,.Wang+Auntie,inChineseculture.Ontheotherwehavetheconventionaluseofkintermsfollowedbygivennames.Auntie+Xiaohong,inthecultureofEnglish—speakingcountries.Inotherwords,

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itshowsthecombinationofChinesesequence,.name+kintermandEnglishuseofgivenname.SinceJiajiahaslivedinAmericaforthreeyears,shemusthavebeenstronglyinfluencedbytheforeignculturedespitetheinfluenceofChineseculturefromhermotherandotherChinese.SofromJiajia’spointofviewitisappropriateandpolitetocallWangXiaohongXiaohongAyi.However,LinMei,asanadult,stillstickstotheChineseculturewhendealingwithaChinesewhocametoAmericaonlyrecently;andaccordingtoChineseculture,itisimpoliteforchildtoaddressanadultbyusinghisorhergivenname.Unit4SocialInteraction

Theory:Socialinteractionisoneofthemostcommoninteractionsbetweenpeople.CulturaldifferencescanleadtodifficultieswhenforeignersandChinesemeet.Suchdifferencescancausemisunderstanding,unsatisfactoryinteractionandevenunpleasantphysicalreactions.Differentexpectationsexist,governingwhatisconsideredappropriate,politeandrespectful.Expectationcanalsodifferregardingprivacy,andthedirectnessandindirectnesswithwhichpeopleshouldexpressthemselves.

Case1:Ericagoestoasmalldinnerpartytowhichsheandafriendhavebeeninvited.Herhost,Mrs.Pennymeetsthematthedoorofherhome.Penny:Hello,Erica.Welcome.Pleasecomein.Erica:Thankyou.John,I’dliketointroduceMrs.PennyRoberts.Penny,

thisismyfriendJohnPernot.

Penny:Hello,John.Welcome.

John:Hello,Mrs.Roberts.

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Penny:PleasecallmePenny.Nowdocomeinsideandsitdown.

Analysis：在介绍时，先介绍谁是有些规矩的，弄不好会产生误会。但学起来并

不难。一般的规矩是：第一介绍女性，男女主人，贵宾或不太熟的人。

Case2:Erica:ProfessorHonda,mayIintroducemyclassmateStevenJacobs.

Steven,thisismyprofessorofliterature.

Prof:Nicetomeetyou,Steven.

Steven:Thankyou.It’sapleasuretomeetyou,ProfessorHonda.Etica

hastalkedalotaboutyou.

Porf:Allgood,Ihope.

Analysis：在西方，将较年青的人介绍给年龄较大的人以表示对后者的尊敬。这

也合用于对社会地位的考虑。假如有三个人：一位教授，两位学生。教授的名称

要先被提起，同时请他接受向另一位学生的介绍，此后再把第二位学生介绍给他。

Case3:WhenmywifeintroducedmetoatouristfromCanada,Ishookhands

withhimandusedmybusinesscard.Andheseemedembarrassed.

Analysis：西方人平时不像中国人和日自己那样在介绍时相互递送名片。他们通

常只有在商务活动中才使用名片。

Case4ostdidn’tintroducehim:AFrenchmantookpartinaparty;thehtoothers.ButtheFrenchmanchattedwithoneoftheguests.Theothersbecameangry.Analysis：当两个西方人在一同的时候，假如遇到另一个人，平时要把在场每个人介绍一遍。假如新加入的人没有被介绍就同此中一个人聊了起来，其余的人就会以为这两个人的行为没有礼貌。

Case5:WhenLinmetaladyfromAmerica,hedidn’tknowwhetherheshould

shakehandswithherornot,buthavingtakenpolitenessinto

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consideration,hereachedouthishand.

Analysis：假如一位男士拿禁止能否要与一位女士握手，最好先等这位女士把手

伸出来。

Case6:

Erica:Hello!Thankforcoming.Here,letmetakeyourcoat.

Lin:Hello.Thanks.Here’ssomewineforyou.

Erica:That’slovely.Youreallyshouldn’thave,Lin.Thankyou.Let’s

goinandmeettheothers.

Analysis：不论东方仍是西方，去做客总要带点儿礼品。不论赴晚会仍是晚宴，

带甁葡萄酒老是适合的。有些西方人给女主人买些花儿，或是巧克力。奉上礼品

的时候，对你的礼品低调办理，就是说，不要太多地讨论你的礼品。上边的典范

是，受礼的主人倒要说上两句，以表谢意。

Case7:

Twocolleaguesareatwork.

Karen:WhatareyoudoingforChristmas

Li:SomefriendshaveinvitedmetostaywiththemoverChristmas.

Karen:That’sgreat!Iguessyou’llexperienceawestern-style

Christmasthen

Li:Yeah.It’sgood,isn’titMaybeyoucanhelp.I’dliketotake

somethingbutI’mnotsurewhat.

Karen:Doyourfriendshaveanychildren

Li:Mmmm.Two,Ithink.One’s6andtheother’salittleyounger,

Ithink.

Karen:Wellyoucan’tgowrongifyoutakeagiftforeachofthem.Wrap

themupandputthemundertheChristmastree.

Li:Suchas

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Karen:MaybeaboxofChristmascandy.

Li:That’sagreatidea!

Karen:Well,Ihavetogonow,Li.MerryChristmas.

Li:MerryChristmastoyou,Karen.Thanksforyourhelp.

Analysis：礼品都要在节前包好放在圣诞树下，要在圣诞节那一天翻开。客人送的

礼品也会同家人的一同方在树下。礼品都要丰饶圣诞色彩的纸包装，放上一个小

标签（名签），上写有送的人和接收礼品的人的名字。

Case8:

Erica:Lin,dohavesomemoredessert.

Lin:Thankyou,butI’mafraidI’vehadenough.It’swonderful.

Analysis：同世界上其余国家的人相同，西方人也很好客。他们也老是想让客人

吃得多多的。所有学会如何在餐桌上婉词拒绝很合用途。

Case9:LinhuahasaccompaniedanAmericandelegationtovisitChina.TheyhaveexperiencedthehospitalityoftheChinesepeople.AfterreturningtoAmerica,Linhuaoncevisitedthem.Theyweresogladtomeetagain.Linhuaofferedtohostthemeal,buttheyrefused.Theyorderedtheirowndish,andLinhuaorderedherown.Whenfootingthebill,theyonlypaidtheirpart,andnoonewantedtopayforLinhua.Linhuafoundthemsoinhospitable,thoughsheknewtheAmericanswouldusuallypayfortheirownfood.Analysis：在中国，为了表示热忱好客，人们常常会请客人在自己家里吃饭，要

是在外就餐时，主人也会抢着为客人买单。而在美国，为了表示相同与独立，就

餐时，人们一般都推行AA制，各付各的帐。

Case10:

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AfamousChineseactressmarriedaGerman.Onedaywhenshewasacting,herhusbandwastherewatching,sayingagainandagainthatshewasthe

bestactress.Theactress’colleaguespresentaskedherafterwardsto

tellherhusbandnottopraisehisownwifelikethatinpublic.Onlearning

this,theGermanwonderedwhathedidwrong.

OncetheactressandherhusbandweretalkingwiththeirChinesefriends

ataparty,herhusbandpolitelypraisedaChineseladyonherbeauty.Thelady’husbandsaidthathiswifewasmoderatelygoodlookingwhen

young,butnowshewasoldandnolongerso.Theladynoddedinagreement

withasmile.Theactress’husbandwassurprised.

Analysis：在西方国家里，家庭成员之间相互赞叹是很正常的事情，被赞叹者通

常也会感觉很快乐。可是中国人忧如极少在公共场所赞叹自己的家人。在第二个

例子中，西方文化里以为说自己的家人看上去很老，这样的说法是不适合的。称

赞“你有一个美丽的老婆”在西方国家里是很自然的也是被高度赏识的，而在中

国相同的赞叹也许会被以为是不稳固的，特别在年长辈眼前。

Unit5RoleandRelationships

Theory:Therearedifferentexpectationstowardsdifferentrolesbetween

malesandfemales,parentsandchildren,andamongfriendsindifferent

cultures.Forinstance,differentvaluesinchild-rearing,family

relationship,friendshipandsoon.

Case1:

TheEntrepreneur

CharleswasexcitedabouthisnewpromotionandtransfertoChina.Hehaddonewellinthemarketingdepartmentofhiscompanyandhadbeenpromotedtoassistthedirectorofmarketingatthecompany’srecentlyestablished

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operationsinShanghai.HEhadstudiedabitaboutChinese,butsofarhadworkedonlyintheUnitedStatesandhadlittleexperiencewithChineseindividualsorculture.Inthetwomonthsbeforerelocating,CharlesoftenwenttothelocaluniversitylibrarytotrytoabsorballhecouldaboutChina,itsculture,andthewaysofdoingbusiness.Inaddition,hiscompanyprovidedaweek-longcultureseminarjustpriortohisdeparture.AfterarrivinginShanghai,CharlesfoundthathisworkwasexcitingandthatmarketingtotheChinesewasanewchallenge.DuringhiscultureseminarhehadlearnedseveralconceptsthatwereimportantintheChinesebusinessenvironmentsuchastheconceptofguanxi.HEhadalsolearnedaboutindividualism.Hefeltheunderstoodtheseconceptsandwassurehewouldlearnmore.Becausethemarketingdirectorhadtwoassistants,CharlesworkedcloselywithDashan,hisChinesewascounterpart.CharleslearnedthatDashancamefromafairyinfluentialfamilyinthearea.Dashanwasquitemotivatedandworkedveryhard.toCharlesitseemedthatDashanwasquite“individualistic”asheworkedhardforbonuses,wasalwaysgoingtheextramile,andhadsetanumberofworkrelatedgoalsforhimself.Afterafewmonths,Dashanleftthecompanytostartaventureofhis

own.CharleskeptintouchwithhimandnoticedthatDashan’sbusinesswasdoingverywell.Oneweekend,DashaninvitedCharlesfordinner.ManyofDashan’srelativeswerepresentaswellassomefriendswhomCharleshadnotmet.CharelsfoundthatDashan’shousewasquiteniceandequippedwithmanybig-ticketconsumeritems,suchasapersonalcomputer,air-conditioning,andmodernkitchenappliances,CharlesalsolearnedthatDashanhadrecentlyboughtanewcarforhisparents.ItwasclearthatDashan’sbusinesswasveryprofitableandsuccessful.Dashan22v1.0可编写可改正

wasmanagingithimselfandalreadyhad40or50employees.Itseemedto

CharlesthatDashanwasdoingquiteagoodjobofbeing

“individualistic.”

Analysis:中西方人们对父亲母亲和孩子之间关系的理解有必定差异。事例中，大山

对工作努力、拿奖金、跳槽、装饰房屋、给父亲母亲买新车等都被Charles视为个人

主义很强，为了获得自己的利益才努力工作等。而在中国人眼里，给父亲母亲买房屋，

买车，努力工作以让自己父亲母亲过上好日子都是孝敬的表现。

Case2:WhatisTrueFriendshipYangRuifangworkedasasecretaryinanAustraliancompanyinMelbourne.ShebecamefriendlywithoneoftheAustraliansecretaries,awomannamedCathyLane.ThetwousuallyatelunchtogetherandYangRuifangoftenaskedCathyforadviceonproblemssheshefacedadjustingtoAustraliansociety.Cathygaveheralotofadviceandhelpedhermovefromoneapartmenttoanother.CathywentwithYangRuifangtotheImmigrationBureauseveraltimestohelpsortoutsomeproblem.YangRuifangvisitedCathyseveraltimesathomebutdidnotinviteCathytoherapartmentbecausesheshareditwithfourotherpeople.Iftheydidnotseeeachotherovertheweekend,theyusuallytalkedonthetelephone.AsYangRuifangwasalsopreparingtotakeanEnglishtest,shewasabletogetalotofhelpwithEngl