2013英语专业四级

QUESTIONBOOKLETQUESTIONBOOKLET试卷用后随即销毁。试卷用后随即销毁。—GRADEFOUR—PARTV READINGCOMPREHENSION [25MIN]Inthissectiontherearefourpassagesfollowedbyquestionsorunfinishedstatements,eachwithfoursuggestedanswersmarkedA,B,CandD.Choosetheonethatyouthinkisthebestanswer.MarkyouranswersonAnswerSheetTwo.TEXTATheartofpublicspeakingbeganinancientGreeceover2,000yearsago.Now,twitter,instantmessaging,e-mail,blogsandchatforumsofferrivalapproachestocommunication—butnonecanreplacetheroleofagreatspeech.Thespokenwordcanhandlevariousvitalfunctions:persuadingorinspiring,informing,payingtribute,entertaining,orsimplyintroducingsomeoneorsomethingoracceptingsomething.Overthepastyear,thehumanvoicehashelpedguideusovertheupsanddownsofwhatwascertainlyastormytime.Persuasionisusedindealingwithorreconcilingdifferentpointsofview.WhentheleadersmetinCopenhageninDecember2009,persuasivewordsfromactivistsencouragedthemtocommitthemselvestofirmeraction.Inspirationalspeechesconfronttheemotions.Theyfocusontopicsandmattersthatareclosetopeople'shearts.Duringwars,generalsusedinspiringspeechestopreparethetroopsforbattle.Aspeechthatconveysknowledgeandenhancesunderstandingcaninformus.Theinformationmustbeclear,accurate,andexpressedinameaningfulandinterestingWhentheH1N1流行病announced,theideaof“swine猪流感manypeople.InformativespeechesfromWorldHealthOrganizationofficialshelpedpeopletokeeptheirpanicundercontrolsotheycouldtakesensibleprecautions.Sadeventsarenevereasytodealwithbutaspeechthatpaystributetothelossofalovedoneandgivespraisefortheircontributioncanbecomforting.Madonna'sspeechaboutMichaelJackson,afterhisdeath,highlightedthefactthathewillcontinuetoliveonthroughhismusic.It'snotonlyinworldforumswherepublicspeakingplaysanimportantrole.Itcanalsobesurprisinglyhelpfulinthecourseofourownlives.Ifyou‟retakingpartinadebateyouneedtopersuadethelistenersofthesoundnessofyourargument.Insports,athletesknowtheimportanceofapeptalk （鼓舞士气的讲话beforeamatchtoinspireteammates.Youyourselfmaybeaskedtodoapresentationat-1-collegeorworktoinformtheothersaboutanareaofvitalimportance.Onamorepersonallevel,afriendmaybeupsetandneedcomforting.Oryoumightbeaskedtointroduceaspeakeratafamilyeventortospeakatawedding,whereyourlanguagewillbeneededtomovepeopleormakethemlaugh.Greatspeakingabilityisnotsomethingwe'rebornwith.EvenBarackObamaworkshardtoperfecteveryspeech.Forabrilliantspeech,therearerulesthatyoucanputtogooduse.Tolearnthoserulesyouhavetopracticeandlearnfromsomeoutstandingspeechesinthepast.Theauthorthinksthespokenwordisstillirreplaceablebecauseithasalwaysbeenusedtoinspireorpersuadepeople.ithasabigroletoplayintheentertainmentbusiness.itplaysimportantrolesinhumancommunication.itisofgreatuseineveryday-lifecontext.WhichofthefollowingstatementsisINCORRECTabouttheroleofpublicspeaking?Speechesatworldforumscanleadtoeffectivesolutionstoworldproblems.Speechesfrommedicalauthoritiescancalmpeopledownintimesofpandemics.Themoraleofsoldiersbeforeabattlecanbeboostedbyseniorofficers'speeches.Speechespayingtributetothedeadcancomfortthemourners.PublicspeakingcanplayallthefollowingrolesEXCEPTtoconvincepeopleinadebate.toinformpeopleatapresentation.toadvisepeopleatwork.toentertainpeopleatawedding.Accordingtothepassage,whichofthefollowingbestexplainstheauthor'sviewon“greatspeakingability”?Itcomesfromobservingrules.Itcanbeperfectedwitheasyeffort.Itcanbeacquiredfrombirth.Itcomesfromlearningandpractice.Whatisthemainideaofthepassage?Publicspeakingininternationalforums.Themanyusesofpublicspeaking.Publicspeakingindailylifecontext.Therulesofpublicspeaking.TEXTBEverybusinessneedstwothings,saysSkullcandyCEORickAlden:inspirationanddesperation.In2001,Aldenhadboth.He'dsoldtwosnowboardingbusinesses,andhewasdesperatelybored.Buthehadanidea:Hewantedtomakeanewkindofheadphone.“Ikeptseeingpeoplemissingtheircellphonecallsbecausetheywerelisteningto-2-music,”heexplains.ThenI'mina索道I'vegotmyheadphoneson,andIrealizemyphoneisringing.As1takemyglovesoffandreachformyphone,Ithink,“Itcan'tbethattoughtomakeheadphoneswithtwoplugs,oneformusicandoneforyourcellphone.”Aldendescribedwhathewantedtoadesigner,perfectedaprototype,andoutsourced（外包）manufacturingoverseas.Aldenthenstarteddesigningheadphonesintohelmets,backpacks-anywherethatwouldmakeiteasytolistentomusicwhilesnowboarding.“Sellingintoboardandskateshopswasn'tabigresearcheffort,”heexplains.“ThoseweretheonlyguysIknew!”Aldendidn‟twanttobeamanufacturer.Andbyoutsourcing,he'dhopedhecouldgetthebusinessoffthegroundwithoutdebt.Buthewaswrong.Soheaskedhiswife,“CanIputa抵押贷款）onthehouse?Shesaid,„Whatistheworstthingthatcanhappen?Welosethehouse,wesellourcars,andwestartalloveragain.‟Idefinitelymarriedther ightwoman!”Forthenexttwoyears,Aldenjuggledmortgagepaymentsandpaymentstohismanufacturers.“Factorieswon'tshipyourproducttilltheygetpaid,”hesays.“Butittakesfourorfivemonthstogetamortgagecompanysoupsetthattheyknockonyourdoor.Sowepaidthefactoryfirst.”Gradually,non-snowboardersbegantonoticethecolorfulheadphones.In2006,thecompanystartedsellingthemin1,400FYE(ForYourEntertainment)stores.“WeknewthatnineoutoftenpeoplewalkingintothatstorewouldbelearningaboutSkullcandyforthefirsttime.Whywouldtheylookatbrandstheyknewandtakehomeanewbrandinstead?Wehadagreedtobuybackanythingwedidn‟tsell,butweweredealingwithhugenumbers.It‟dkillustotakebackalltheproducts.”Alden‟sfearsfadedasSkullcandybecametheNo.1headphonesellerinthosestoresandtripleditsrevenueto$120millioninoneyear.Hiskeyinsightwasthatheadphonesweren‟tgadgets;theywereafashionaccessory.“Inthebeginning,”he says,“thatlittlewhitewirethatsaidyouhadaniPod—thatwascool.Butnowwearingthewhitebudmeansyou‟rejustlikeeveryoneelse.Headphonesoccupythiscriticalpieceofcranialrealestateandarevisible.”Today,SkullcandyisAmerica'ssecond-largestheadphonesupplier,afterSony.With79employees,thecompanyisbiggerthanAldeneverimagined.Aldencameupwiththeideaofanewkindofheadphonebecausehewasnolongerinsnowboardingbusiness.hadnootherbusinessopportunities.wasveryfondofmodernmusic.sawaninconvenienceamongmobileusers.Thenewheadphonewasoriginallydesignedforsnowboarders.motorcyclists.mountainhikers.marathonrunners.-3-DidAldensolvethemoneyproblem?Hesoldhishouseandhiscars.Factoriescouldshipproductsbeforebeingpaid.Heborrowedmoneyfromamortgagecompany.Heborrowedmoneyfromhiswife'sfamily.WhatdidAldendotopromotesalesinFYEstores?Hespentmoremoneyonproductadvertising.Hepromisedtobuybackproductsnotsold.Heagreedtosellproductsatadiscount.Heimprovedthecolourdesignoftheproduct.Aldenseesheadphonesasasignofself-confidence.asymbolofstatus.partoffashion.akindofdevice.TEXTCIwasstandinginmykitchenwonderingwhattohaveforlunchwhenmyfriendTajcalled.“Sitdown,”shesaid.Ithoughtshewasgoingtotellmeshehadjustgottenthehaircutfromhell.Ilaughedandsaid,“Itcan'tbethatbad.”Butitwas.Beforethephonecall,Ihad30yearsofretirementsavingina“safe”fundwithabrilliantfinancialguru（金融大亨）.WhenIputdownthephone,mysavingsweregone.IfeltasifIhaddiedand,forsomeunknownreason,wasstillbreathing.SinceBernieMadoff‟sarrestonchargesofrunninga$65millionPonzischeme,I‟vereadmanyarticlesabouthowweinvestorsshouldhaveknownwhatwasgoingon.IwishIcouldsayIhadreservationsaboutMadoffbefore“theCall”,butIdidnot.OnNewYear‟sEve,threeweeksafterwelostoursavings,sixofusMadoffpeoplegatheredatTaj'shousefordinner.Asweweresittingaroundthetable,someoneasked, youcouldhaveyourmoneybackrightnow,butitwouldmeangivingupwhatyouhavelearnedbylosingit,wouldyoutakethemoneyorwouldyoutakewhatlosingthemoneyhasgivenyou?”Myhusbandwasstillinfinancialshock.Hesaid,“Ijustwantthemoneyback.”Iwasn'tcertainwhereIstood.Iknewthatlosingourmoneyhadcrackedmewideopen.I‟dbeenwalkingaroundlikewhattheBuddhistscallahungryghost:alwaysfocusedonthebitethatwasyettocome,nottheoneinmymouth.NomatterhowmuchIateorhadorexperienced,itdidn‟tsatisfyme,becauseIwasn‟treallytakingitin,wasn'tabsorbingit.NowIwasforcedtopayattention.Still,Icouldn'thonestlysaythatifsomeonehadofferedmethemoneyback,Iwouldturnitdown.-4-Buttheotherfourallsaidthatwhattheywereseeingaboutthemselveswasincalculable,andtheydidn‟tthinkitwouldhavebecomeapparentwithoutthegroundoffinancialstabilitybeingrippedoutfromunderneaththem.MyfriendMichaelsaid,“I‟dstartedtogetcomplacent.It‟sasifthemusclesofmyheartstartedtoatrophy（萎缩）.Nowthey‟reawake,alive—andIdon‟twanttogoback.”Theseweren‟tjustemptywords.Michaelandhiswifeneededtotakeinboarderstomeettheirexpenses.Tajwassobrokethatshewasmovingintosomeone‟sgarageapartmentinthreeweeks.Threefriendshaddeclaredbankruptcyandweren'tsurewhereorhowtheyweregoingtolive.WhatdidtheauthorlearnfromTaj‟scall?hadgotanawfulhaircut.Theyhadlosttheirretirementsavings.Tajhadjustretiredfromwork.Theyweregoingtomeetforlunch.Howdidtheauthorfeelinthefollowingweeks?Angry.Disappointed.Indifferent.Desperate.Accordingtothepassage,towhichwasshe“forcedtopayHerfriends.Herhusband.Herlostsavings.Herexperience.WhichofthefollowingstatementsisCORRECTaboutherfriends?Herfriendsvaluedtheirexperiencemore.Herfriendsfeltthesameasshedid.Herfriendswereinabetterfinancialsituation.DHerfriendsweremoreoptimisticthanshe.Whatisthemessageofthepassage?Desireformoneyishumannature.Onehastobedecisiveduringcrises.Understandinggainedismoreimportantthanmoneylost.Itisnaturaltoseevariedresponsestofinancialcrises.TEXTDInthe19thcentury,thereusedtobeamodelofhowtobeagoodperson.Thereareallthesetorrentsofpassionflowingthroughyou.Yourjob,ascaptainofyoursoul,istoerect-5-damstokeepthesepassionsincheck.Yourjobistojustsaynotolaziness,lust,greed,druguseandtheothersins.Thesedaysthatmodelisoutoffashion.Youusuallycan‟tchangeyourbehaviourbysimplyresolvingtodosomething.Knowingwhattodoisnotthesameasbeingabletodoit.Yourwillpowerisnotlikeadamthatcanblockthetorrentofself-indulgence.It'smorelikeamuscle,whichtireseasily.Moreover,you'reasocialbeing.Ifeverybodyaroundyouisovereating,you‟llprobablydoso,too.The19th-centurycharactermodelwasbasedonanunderstandingoffreewill.Today,weknowthatfreewillisbounded.Peoplecanchangetheirlives,butorderingchangeisnotsimplebecausemanythings,evenwithinourselves,arebeyondourdirectcontrol.Muchofourbehaviour,forexample,isguidedbyunconscioushabits.ResearchersatDukeUniversitycalculatedthatmorethan40percentoftheactionswetakearegovernedbyhabit,notactualdecisions.Researchershavealsocometounderstandthestructureofhabits—cue,routine,reward.Youcanchangeyourownpersonalhabits.Ifyouleaverunningshortsontheflooratnight,that'llbeacuetogorunninginthemorning.Don‟ttrytoignoreyourafternoonsnackcraving.Everytimeyoufeelthecueforasnack,insertanotherroutine.Takeawalk.Theirresearchthusimpliesadifferentcharactermodel,whichissupposedtomanipulatetheneural（神经系统的）networksinside.Tobeaneffectiveperson,underthismodel,youaresupposedtocoollyexamineyourownunconscioushabits,andthehabitsofthoseunderyourcare.Youaresupposedtodevisestrategiestoalterthecuesandroutines.Everyrelationshipbecomesslightlymanipulative,includingyourrelationshipwithyourself.You'retryingtoarousecertainresponsesbyimplantingcertaincues.Thisisabitdisturbing,becausetheimportanthabitualneuralnetworksarenotformedbymereroutine,norcantheybereversedbyclevercues.Theyareburnedinbyemotionstrengthenedbystrongye