批判性思维介绍Introduction to Critical Thinking【国外优秀商务模板】

ZaidAliAlsagoffzaid.alsagoff@

Module1:

Introductionto

CriticalThinkingQuestion?WhydoYOUstudyforaDegree?DoYouAgreeWithThisStatement?“Somepeoplestudyalltheirlifeandattheirdeaththeyhave

learnedeverythingexcepttoTHINK”–FrancoisDomergue

Why?DoYouAgree?WhyisImaginationsoImportant?INeedinputfromyou!WhydoesUNITARhavethiscourse?TohelpyouimproveyourThinkingSkillsHOWTOTHINK!Module1:IntroductiontoCriticalThinking1.WhatisThinking?6.BarrierstoCriticalThinking2.TypesofThinking4.CriticalThinkingStandards5.BenefitsofCriticalThinking7.CharacteristicsofaCriticalThinker3.WhatisCriticalThinking?IntroductionWhatisThinking?1.1WhatisThinking?Whydoesn’tSHElikeme?Whydoesn’tHElikeme?Asyoustartaskingquestionsandseekanswers,youareinfactthinking.1.1WhatisThinking?Thinkingisapurposeful,organizedcognitiveprocessthatweusetomakesenseofourworld.TypesofThinking1.2TypesofThinkingProblemSolvingDecisionMakingCriticalThinkingAnalyzingEvaluatingReasoningNewIdeasCreativeThinkingRightLeftWhatisCriticalThinking?1.3WhatisCriticalThinking?WARNING:THISMANISNOTTHINKINGCRITICALLY!!Source:/introwhatis.htm

1.3WhatisCriticalThinking?(2)“Criticalthinkingconsistsofamentalprocessofanalyzingorevaluatinginformation,particularlystatementsorpropositionsthatpeoplehaveofferedastrue.Itformsaprocessofreflectinguponthemeaningofstatements,examiningtheofferedevidenceandreasoning,andformingjudgmentsaboutthefacts.”–Wikipedia

“Criticalthinkingistheintellectuallydisciplinedprocessofactivelyandskillfullyconceptualizing,applying,analyzing,synthesizing,and/orevaluatinginformationgatheredfrom,orgeneratedby,observation,experience,reflection,reasoning,orcommunication,asaguidetobeliefandaction.“-MichaelScriven&RichardPaulMoreDefinitions…1.3WhatisCriticalThinking?(3)CriticalThinkingisthegeneraltermgiventoawiderangeofcognitiveandintellectualskillsneededto:Effectivelyidentify,analyze,andevaluatearguments.Discoverandovercomepersonalprejudicesandbiases.Formulateandpresentconvincingreasonsinsupportofconclusions.Makereasonable,intelligentdecisionsaboutwhattobelieveandwhattodo.1.3WhatisCriticalThinking?(4)ProblemSolvingDecisionMakingCriticalThinkingAnalyzingEvaluatingReasoningRightLeftDon’tneedtomemorizedefinitions!Justunderstandandpracticethecorecriticalthinkingskillsemphasizedinthiscourse.1.3WhatisCriticalThinking?(5)CRITICALTHINKINGSKILLSAnalyzingReasoningEvaluatingDecisionMakingProblemSolvingCriticalThinkingStandards1.4CriticalThinkingStandards(CTS)Themostsignificantcritical(intellectual)thinkingstandards:ClarityAccuracyPrecisionRelevanceDepthBreadthLogicFairness1.4CTS-ClarityCouldyouelaboratefurtheronthatpoint?Couldyouexpressthatpointinanotherway?Couldyougivemeanillustration?Couldyougivemeanexample?Source:/tresources/content/Ruland-CriticalThinkingStandards.pdf

Clarityisthegatewaystandard

HelpyouIcan,yes.

1.4CTS–AccuracyIsthatreallytrue?Howcouldwecheckthat?Howcouldwefindoutifthatistrue?Source:/tresources/content/Ruland-CriticalThinkingStandards.pdf

Thischickenweighsover300pounds.AstatementcanbeclearbutnotaccuratePowerfulyouhavebecome,thedarksideIsenseinyou.

1.4CTS–PrecisionCouldyougivemoredetails?Couldyoubemorespecific?

Source:/tresources/content/Ruland-CriticalThinkingStandards.pdf

Astatementcanbebothclearandaccurate,butnotpreciseSizemattersnot.

YaoMingisTALL!1.4CTS–RelevanceHowisthatconnectedtothequestion?Howdoesthatbearontheissue?Source:/tresources/content/Ruland-CriticalThinkingStandards.pdf

Istudiedhardallsemester,thereforeIshouldgetA+.Astatementcanbeclear,accurate,andprecise,butnotrelevanttothequestionatissue.Youmustunlearnwhatyouhavelearned.

1.4CTS–DepthHowdoesyouransweraddressthecomplexitiesinthequestion?Howareyoutakingintoaccounttheproblemsinthequestion?Isthatdealingwiththemostsignificantfactors?Source:/tresources/content/Ruland-CriticalThinkingStandards.pdf

Gravedangeryouarein.Impatientyouare.Astatementcanbeclear,accurate,precise,andrelevant,butsuperficial.1.4CTS–BreadthDoweneedtoconsideranotherpointofview?Isthereanotherwaytolookatthisquestion?Whatwouldthislooklikefromaconservativestandpoint?Whatwouldthislooklikefromthepointofviewof...?Source:/tresources/content/Ruland-CriticalThinkingStandards.pdf

Thatiswhyyoufail.

Alineofreasoningmaybeclear,accurate,precise,relevant,anddeep,butlackbreadth.Headache!!!Yougot0marksfor“Participation”,becauseyoudidn’tparticipateintheclassdiscussionatall.1.4CTS–LogicDoesthisreallymakesense?Doesthatfollowfromwhatyousaid?Howdoesthatfollow?Butbeforeyouimpliedthisandnowyouaresayingthat;howcanbothbetrue?Source:/tresources/content/Ruland-CriticalThinkingStandards.pdf

Supermanseesthroughanything.Supermanseesthroughwalls.SupermanseesthroughYou.

Whenthecombinationofthoughtsaremutuallysupportingandmakesenseincombination,thethinkingis"logical.“Maytheforcebewithyou.1.4CTS–FairnessCriticalthinkingdemandsthatourthinkingbefair.Open-mindedImpartialFreeofdistortingbiasesandpreconceptionsSource:/tresources/content/Ruland-CriticalThinkingStandards.pdf

Difficulttoachieve,butyoumusttry!Fair-mindednessisanessentialattributeofaCriticalThinker.

1.4CTS–GoodThinkingis…CLEAR……….....ratherthan........UNCLEARACCURATE…....ratherthan…….INACCURATEPRECISE……....ratherthan…….VAGUERELEVANT…….ratherthan…….IRELEVANTCONSISTENT….ratherthan……INCONSISTENTLOGICAL……….ratherthan……ILLOGICALCOMPLETE……ratherthan……INCOMPLETEFAIR…………….ratherthan…....BIASEDSource:/tresources/content/Ruland-CriticalThinkingStandards.pdf

BenefitsofCriticalThinking1.5BenefitsofCriticalThinkingExamples:AcademicPerformanceunderstandtheargumentsandbeliefsofothersCriticallyevaluatingthoseargumentsandbeliefsDevelopanddefendone'sownwell-supportedargumentsandbeliefs.WorkplaceHelpsustoreflectandgetadeeperunderstandingofourownandothers’decisionsEncourageopen-mindednesstochangeAidusinbeingmoreanalyticalinsolvingproblemsDailylifeHelpsustoavoidmakingfoolishpersonaldecisions.Promotesaninformedandconcernedcitizenrycapableofmakinggooddecisionsonimportantsocial,politicalandeconomicissues.Aidsinthedevelopmentofautonomousthinkerscapableofexaminingtheirassumptions,dogmas,andprejudices.BarrierstoCriticalThinking1.6BarrierstoCriticalThinkingIfCriticalThinkingissoimportant,whyisitthatuncriticalthinkingissocommon?Whyisthatsomanypeopleincludingmanyhighlyeducatedandintelligentpeoplefindcriticalthinkingsodifficult?1.6BarrierstoCriticalThinkingLackofrelevantbackgroundinformationPoorreadingskillsPoorlisteningskillsBiasPrejudiceSuperstitionEgocentrismSocio-centrismPeerpressureMindlessConformismMindlessnon-conformismProvincialismNarrow-mindednessClosed-mindednessDistrustofreasonStereotypingUnwarrantedassumptionsandstereotypesRelativisticthinkingScapegoatingRationalizationWishfulthinkingShort-termthinkingSelectiveperception/attentionSelectivememoryOverpoweringemotionsSelf-deceptionFace-savingFearofchangeCommonBarriers1.6BarrierstoCriticalThinkingFivePowerfulBarrierstoCriticalThinking:Self-centeredthinking

self-interestedthinkingself-servingbiasGroup-centeredthinking

GroupbiasConformismBeliefsthatarepresumedtobetruewithoutadequateevidenceorjustification

Assumption

StereotypingBelievingthatsomethingistruebecauseonewishesitweretrue.Thetruthis“justamatterofopinion”

RelativismSubjectivismCulturalrelativismEgocentrismUnwarrantedAssumptionsSociocentrismRelativisticThinkingWishfulThinkingIamprobablythegreatestthinkersinceSocrates! Ina1989internationalstudyof13-year-olds,KoreansfinishedfirstinmathematicsandAmericansfinishedlast.Yetwhenaskedwhethertheythoughttheywere"goodatmathematics,"only23percentofKoreanssaid"yes,"comparedto68percentofAmericans.WhichcriticalthinkingbarrierdotheAmericanstudentsexhibit:Self-interestedthinkingGroupbiasSelf-servingbiasConformism1.6MiniQuiz–Question11.6MiniQuiz–Question2Whichcriticalthinkingbarrier

doesAlidisplayinthispassage?A)Self-interestedthinkingB)GroupbiasC)Self-servingbiasD)ConformismMuhammadAli[speakinginZaire,Africa]:"There'snocountryasgreatasthesmallestcityinAmerica.Imean[hereinZaire]youcan'twatchtelevision.Thewaterwon'tevenrunright.Thetoiletswon'tflush.Theroads,thecars-there'snothingasgreatasAmerica."1.6MiniQuiz–Question3Whichcriticalthinkingbarrier

doesLeeexhibit?A)Self-interestedthinkingB)StereotypingC)GroupbiasD)ConformismAdam:

MyfriendAndyisa1styearstudentatUNITAR.Heis

cool,loveshangingout,andhasaverylaid-back

personality.

Lee:Ibethe’sfromKL.1.6MiniQuiz–Question4Whichcriticalthinkingbarrier

doesSuzieexhibit?A)StereotypingB)Self-interestedthinkingC)WishfulthinkingD)RelativisticthinkingSuzie:Ican'tbelieveIgotaB-onthismarketingpaper.MyfriendSarah

turnedinthissamepaperinadifferentmarketingclasslastsemester,andshegotanA.

Ali:Don'tyourealizeit'swrongtoplagiarizesomeoneelse'swork?

Suzie:That'syouropinion.What'swrongforonepersonisn'tnecessarilywrongforanother,andIsaythere'snothingwrongwithplagiarism-aslongasyoudon'tgetcaught.CharacteristicsofaCriticalThinker1.7CharacteristicsofaCriticalThinkerAreyouOPENMINDEDaboutotherpeople’sview?AreyouHONESTtoyourself(orothers)whenyouarewrong?DoyouhavetheCOURAGE

andPASSION

totakeinitiativeandconfrontproblemsandmeetchallenges?AreyouAWAREofyourownbiasesandpreconceptions?DoyouWELCOMECRITICISM

fromotherpeople?DoyouhaveINDEPENDENTopinionsandarenotafraidtodisagree?TheForce,Isenseiswithyou.1.7CharacteristicsofaCriticalThinkerCriticalThinkers

UncriticalThinkers

Haveapassionate

driveforclarity,precision,accuracy,relevance,consistency,logicalness,completeness,andfairness.

Oftenthinkinwaysthatareunclear,imprecise,inaccurate,etc.Aresensitivetowaysinwhichcriticalthinkingcanbeskewedbyegocentrism,sociocentrism,wishfulthinking,etc.

Oftenfallpreytoegocentrism,sociocentrism,wishfulthinking,etc.Areintellectuallyhonestwiththemselves,acknowledgingwhattheydon’tknowandrecognizingtheirlimitations.

Pretendtheyknowmorethantheydoandignoretheirlimitations.Listenopen-mindedlytoopposingpointsofviewandwelcomecriticismsofbeliefsandassumptions.

Areclose-mindedandresistcriticismsofbeliefsandassumptions.Basetheirbeliefsonfactsandevidenceratherthanonpersonalpreferenceorself-interest.

Oftenbasetheirbeliefsonmerepersonalpreferenceorselfinterest.Areawareofthebiasesandpreconceptionsthatshapethewaytheyperceivetheworld.

Lackawarenessoftheirownbiasesandpreconceptions.Thinkindependentlyandarenotafraidtodisagreewithgroupopinion.

Tendtoengagein‘groupthink’,uncriticallyfollowingthebeliefsandvaluesofthecrowd.Areabletogettotheheartofanissueorproblem,withoutbeingdistractedbydetails.

Areeasilydistractedandlacktheabilitytozeroinontheessenceofaproblemorissue.Havetheintellectualcouragetofaceandassessfairlyideasthatchallengeeventheirmostbasicbeliefs.

Fearandresistideasthatchallengetheirbasicbeliefs.Lovetruthandcurious

aboutawiderangeofissues.

Areoftenrelativelyindifferenttotruthandlackofcuriosity.Havetheintellectualperseverancetopursueinsightsortruths,despiteobstaclesordifficulties.

Tendtopreservewhentheyencounterintellectualobstaclesordifficulties.GroupActivityBreakintogroupsof4-5,andthendiscuss,identifyandranktheTop10characteristics/traits/behavioursofanEXCELLENT:

LECTURERSTUDENTChooseonememberofyourgrouptotakenotesandbethegroupreporter.10minBrainstormtogetherandidentify10characteristicsforeachitemabove.(e.g.trytorememberthebestlecturer(s)youhaveeverhadandthenidentifytheircharacteristics…)..5minPrioritizeandrankthechosencharacteristicsofeachitemaboveaccordingtoimportance(e.g.Top10).15minGrouppresentation&discussion-TheGroupreportermustsubmittheirfindingsinhardcopyformataftertheclass(usetemplate)orsoft-copyformattothelecturerbeforenextclass.Dr.Yodawasanexcellentteacher,becauseheengagedourmind,hadactivities,etc.Summary1.WhatisThinking?Thinkingisapurposeful,organizedcognitiveprocessthatweusetomakesenseofourworld.2.TypesofThinkingCreative&CriticalThinking3.WhatisCriticalThinking?CriticalThinkingisthegeneraltermgiventoawiderangeofcognitiveandintellectualskillsneededto:Effectivelyiden