英国概况总复习复习课程

英国概况总复习TheUnionJackTheNationalEmblem《天佑女王》TheNationalflowerthecapitalLanguagesusedinBritainThecommonwealth:CommonwealthofNations

BritishEmpire:ThegeographicandpoliticalunitsformerlyunderBritishcontrol,includingdominions,colonies,dependencies,trustterritories,andprotectorates.Attheheightofitspowerinthelate19thandearly20thcenturies,itencompassedterritoriesonallcontinents,comprisingaboutonequarteroftheworld'slandareaandpopulation.英联邦成员共54个

53个

安提瓜和巴布达、澳大利亚、巴哈马、孟加拉国、巴巴多斯、伯利兹、博茨瓦纳、文莱、喀麦隆、加拿大、塞浦路斯、多米尼加联邦、冈比亚、加纳、格林纳达、圭亚那、印度、牙买加、肯尼亚、基里巴斯、南非、莱索托、马拉维、马来西亚、马尔代夫、马耳他、毛里求斯、莫桑比克、纳米比亚、瑙鲁、新西兰、尼日利亚、巴布亚新几内亚、圣基茨与尼维斯、圣卢西亚、圣文森特和格林纳丁斯、萨摩亚、塞舌尔、塞拉利昂、新加坡、所罗门群岛、斯里兰卡、斯威士兰、坦桑尼亚、汤加、特立尼达和多巴哥、图瓦卢、乌干达、英国、瓦努阿图、赞比亚、巴基斯坦、卢旺达。BenNevisthePennineChainThePennineChainBackboneofEnglandImportantriversclimateMid-latitudeoceanicclimatePlentifulprecipitationthroughouttheyearTemperaturevariationsthroughouttheyeararerelativelysmall.LondonFamoussightspotsinLondon:英国历史

1、封建时代以前1)Earlysettlers:Iberians6000B.C.BellicoseCeltictribes2000B.C.ThreewavesofinvasionfromtheCeltsGaels700B.C.Britons500B.C.Belgae100B.C.2)TheRomanperiod(55B.C.410A.D.)

Realconquestbeganin43A.D.Majorinfluence:Itssystemofroads,ChurchLanguageandculturenotsuccessfulInfluenceurbanareas+aristocracyVastmajorityuntouched3)

Anglo-SaxonperiodInthemiddleofthe5thcentury,Anglo-Saxonssettledhere.Englishpeopleowemuchoftheirtradition,language,physicalheritagetothem(tall,fair-haired).Vikinginvasion:bythe8th,theDanishbegantoinvadeEnglandinasuccessfulwayuntilAlfredtheGreatdefeatedthem.

4)TheNormanConquestAfterEdwarddied,DukeofNormandyWilliamI,wascrownedinLondon,onChristmasDay1066.Significance:A.Anewdynasty,anewaristocracyB.AstrongNormangovernment,feudalsystemC.TheupperranksoftheclergywereNormanizedandfeudalized.2、封建时代1)William’srule(1066-1087)

A.strongmonarchywasestablishedB.FrenchlanguagewasusedinthecourtandupperclassesC.DomesdayBook:greatsurveyoftherealmin1089

2)HenryⅡ’sreform(1154-1189)

A.EstablishedthePlantagenetDynasty(1154-1485)B.replacedthefeudallawwithroyalorcommonlaw,thejuryof12swornmen3)MagnaCarta(theGreatCharter)in1215

A.signedbykingJohnB.thebasisofmodernEnglishconstitutionC.theupholdingofindividualrightsagainstarbitrarygovernment

4)theparliamentin1265

A.duringHenryⅢ,SimondeMontfortcalledthefirstparliamentB.commonerssatforthefirsttime

5)theHundredYears’War(1337-1453)

A.betweenFranceandEngland,FrenchwonB.introducedthefirststandingarmiesinWesternEuropeC.bourgeoisiewaspushedonahigherrangofsocialladderD.fallofFrenchlanguageinEnglandE.EnglandandFrancewasseparatefromeachotherentirelyforever

6)Thebackdeathin1348

A.spreadbyratfleasB.killed1.5millionoutofthetotal4millionpeopleC.grainfarmingturnedtosheepfarming

7)WatTyler’sUprisingin1381

A.infightingagainstthePollTaxin1380B.markedthebeginningoftheendofserfdominmedievalEngland8)ThewaroftheRoses

A.betweenHouseofYork(whiterose)andHouseofLancaster(redrose)B.Markedtheendofmiddleagesandbeginningofmodernworld3.走向现代英国

1）HenryⅧ（1509-1547）

A.theChurchofEngland

separatedfromRomanCatholicismB.kingofEnglandbecameboththesecularandreligiousworldC.kingbecametherealheadofEnglandasanationstate

2)ElizabethⅠ(1558-1603)

A.thelastTudormonarch,nevergotmarriedforthegoodofthenationB.securethechurchofEngland,compromisebetweenRCandPC.destructionofSpanishArmadashowedEngland’ssuperiorityasanavalpower3)TheEnglishRenaissance

A.fromthebeginningof16thcenturytothe17thcenturyB.thegreatestEnglishhumanist:ThegreatestEnglishhumanistThomasMore(Utopia)finestdramatistsChristopherMarlowe,BenJohnson,WilliamShakespearenon-dramaticpoetsEdmundSpenser,PhilipSidney,ShakespeareandJohnDonne,JohnMilton(ParadiseLost)progenitorofEnglishmaterialismFrancisBacon4)Thecivilwars(1642-1651)A.parliamentaryvictory1651B.executionofCharlesI1649C.Protectorate(1653-1659)OliverCromwellandhisson5)Restoration(1660)CharlesreturnswithabigwelcomeandwascrownedinApril1660,astherestorationofStewartDynasty

6)GloriousRevolution(1688)A.JamesⅡwasoverthrownbyparliamentarianswithaninvadingarmyledbytheDutchstadtholderWilliamofOrangeB.BillofRights,autocraticmonarchyconstitutionalmonarchyC.markedtheendoffeudalismandthebeginningofcapitalism★Britaincameintobeingin1707withtheActofUnionwhichunitedEnglandandScotland.7)WhigsandToriesWhigsfavoredreformandToriesaremonarchists.8)Enclosure

A.asignificantriseduringtheTudorperiodB.during18-19thcentury,theEnclosureActsbytheparliamentC.harms:PeasantDispossessedoftheirland

D.significance:betterfarmingmethodsaccumulationofcapitalabundantfoodcheapandmobilelabor9)Industrilization:FactorsfavorabletoEnglandGeographicalsituationFavorablefortradeanditsowneconomicdevelopmentPoliticalstability，laissez-fairepolicyAparliamentcomposedlargelyofcapitalisticlandownersandsomemerchantsEconomicfactorsPurchasingpowergrowing;considerablemarketsAgricultureGrowingagriculturalproductionandalargerworkforceNaturalresourcesLocalsuppliesofcoaliron,lead,copper,tin,limestoneandwaterpower;damp,mildweatherconditionintheNorthWestRawMaterialsAbundantandcheapfuelandrawmaterials,mainlyathomebutalsoinhercoloniesSoundmonetarysystemandcheapcapitalThesuccessesintradingoperations,largescaleagricultureandextensivenetworkofbanksSocialfactorsLessrigidstructure;earlyBritishindustrialistswithenterpriseandmanagerialskillTechnologicalfactorsAlongaccumulationofscientificknowledge;therisingdemandnecessitatednewtechniquesandinventionValuesystemProtestantworkethicSomebiginnovationJohnKayFlyingshuttle(1733)飞梭JamesWattSteamengine(1765)高效蒸汽机JamesHargreavesSpinningJenny(1766)珍妮纺纱机SamuelCromptonSpinningMule(1769)走锭纺纱机Significance:

A.Thenewindustrialistsappearedandindustrialproductionprospered;B.Townsgrewup,bigcitiessprangupincentralandnorthernEngland,becamethesourceofthenation’swealth;C.Theclassstructurewassimplified,middleclassbecametherulingelementinsociety;D.Aclassofproletariatappearedandrelationsbetweencapitalandlaborwereaggravated,tradeunioncameintobeing.19thcentury:1)TheChartistMovement(1836—1848)Chartism:amovementforpoliticalandsocialreformduringthemid-19thcentury.ThesixmainaimsinthePeople’sCharterof1838werelargelyrealizedlater.Givingbirthtothefirstmassworkingclasspoliticalparty,theNationalCharterAssociationandpavingthewayforthesuccessinauniversalrighttovote.2)Parliamentaryreforms:(1832-1885)A.TheReformBillof1832B.TheGreatReformBillin1867C.TheThirdReformActin1884andRedistributionActin1885:votingwasbecomingarightratherthanprivileged.3)ColonialexpansionMotivation:A.economicalmotivation;B.industrialrevolutionandsearchfornewmarkets;C.Struggleformastery;D.Maintainingorderinprofitableareas;E.Themoralguardian.“Thesunneversets”20thcentury:

1.TheLaborparty2.Firstworldwar3.betweenthewars4.Secondworldwar5.postwarBritain6.joiningtheEEC(1973)7.ThatcherandhereraThatcherandherera“TheIronLady”(tightcontrolofBritain’smonetarypolicy)thefirstfemalePrimeMinisterinthenation’shistoryin1979.Thereturntoprivateownershipofstate-ownedindustriesTheuseofmonetaristpoliciestocontrolinflationTheweakeningoftradeunionsThestrengtheningoftheroleofmarketforcesintheeconomyAemphasisonlawandorder21thcentury:

1.IraqwarandawaragainstTerrorism2.BlairandBrown3.BritainandEUPoliticsandlaw:1)themonarchyTheheadofthestateThecommander-in–chiefofthearmedforcesTheheadofthejudiciaryThetemporalheadoftheestablishedchurchofEnglandThequeenpersonifiesthecountryTheformalexerciseofpoliticalfunctionsprovidessignificantsenseofcontinuity:governmentsmaycomeandgovernmentsmaygo,buttheQueencontinuestoreign.TheQueenreignsbutshedoesnotrule;thevitalpowerliesinthePrimeMinisterandhisCabinet.

2)Parliament

3)thePrimeMinisterandtheCabinet…4)thePrivyCouncil5)Cantralandlocalgovernment6)theJudiciary…

FourcategoriesofcabinetmembersSecretariesofstateCabinetministerswhoheadaparticulargovernmentdepartment(e.g.MinistryofDefense)ThePrimeMinisterservesasthefirstlordofthetreasuryandministerforthecivilservice.TheministerswhoholdtraditionalofficesForexample:theLordPresidentoftheCouncil,thePaymasterGeneralandtheLordPrivySealTheministerswithoutportfolioThosewhodonothavespecificresponsibilitiesbutareassignedtospecifictasksasneeded.TheLordChancellor

Heholdsauniqueposition.HisdutiesincludebeingresponsibleforlegalaffairsintheU.K.;heisalsoheadofthejudiciary.Since2007itwasreplacedwithMinisterofJustice(司法大臣）.ThejudiciaryTwolevelsCentralandlocalIntermsofthenatureofcasesTheCivilCourtsTheCriminalCourtsThesystemtakescasesofdebts,contracts,divorce,questionsarisingoutofwills,individualpropertiesandothers.Punishmentsmainlytaketheformoffines.Thesystemdealswithcasesinvolvingvariouscrimes.Thepunishmentsarechieflyimprisonments,butfine