(最全)用药最佳给药时间演示教学

(最全)用药最佳给药时间同义句转换同义句转换

/同义句转换同义句转换一.同义词互相转换1alone=byoneselfWefinishedtheworkalone./byourselves.2actually=infactActually,thisquestionisveryeasy./Infact,thisquestionisveryeasy.3also=too=aswellHe’salsoamemberofus./He’samemberofus,too./He’samemberofusaswell.4another=onemoreI’mafraidyouhavetowaitforanothertenminutes./I’mafraidyouhavetowaittenmoreminutes.5arrivein(at)/=getto=reachWhenshearrivedin/gotto/reachedAmerica,shesuddenlyfeltlonely.6atonce=rightnowRunhomeatonce=Runhomerightnow.7continue/goonLet’scontinue/goonreadingthepassage.8cost=spend=take=pay(1)Ispenttenyuanof/(in)buyingthisbook../Thisbookcostmetenyuan./Ipaidtenyuanforthisbook.(2)Ittookusthreedaystofulfillthistask./Wespentthreedaysonthistask/infulfillingthistask.9cross=goacrossBeforecrossing/goingacrosstheroad,pleaselookbothsides.10sometimes/=ttimesHeisagoodman,buthecanbereallybad-temperedsometimes./attimes.11die/=loseone’slifeThosepeopledied/losttheirlivesduringtheearthquake.12now/atthemomentSheistalkingabouttheproblemwithherclassmatesnow./atthemoment13else=otherWhatelse/otherthingscanyouseeinthepicture?14then=tthatmoment/atthattimeShewasshoppingthen/atthatmoment/atthattime,sosheknewnothingaboutit.15like/love/enjoy/befondof/beinterestedin/careforShelikes/enjoys/loves/isfondof/isinterestedin/caresforcollectingstampsverymuch.16will/begoingto/beabouttoTheteacherswill/aregoingto/areabouttohaveameetingtomorrowafternoon.17want/wouldlike同义句转换2Doyouwanttogoabroadtostudyfurther?/Wouldyouliketogoabroadtostudyfurther/18can/beableto/havetheabilitytodoCanyoutellmethewaytothelibrary?/Areyouabletotellmethewaytothelibrary?/Doyouhavetheabilitytotellmethewaytothelibrary?19visit/callonLinTaovisited/calledonhisgrandparentslastweek.20favorite/likebestWhat’syourfavoritesport?/Whatsportdoyoulikebest?21happen/takeplaceWhathappened?/Whattookplace?22decide/makeadecision/makeupone’smindShecan’tdecide/makeadecision/makeuphermindwheretogo.23found/establish/setupThestudentsfounded/established/setupagrouptoprotecttheenvironment.24finally/atlast/intheendFinally/Atlast/Intheend,shewontherace.25leave/beawayHeleftyesterday./Hehasbeenawayforaday.26return/givebackHehasn’treturnedthebooktome./Hehasn’tgiventhebookbacktome.return/gobackHewillgoback/returninamonth.27why/whatfor/howcome-Shecriedsobadly.–Howcome?Whatdidshecrysosadlyfor?/Whydidshecrysobadly?28over/morethanOver/Morethanahundredpeopletriedthisnewkindoffood.29whatever/nomatterwhatWhatever/Nomatterwhatyoufindinthebox,theybelongtoAmy.30whenever/nomatterwhenWhenever/Nomatterwhenyoucometoseeme,Iwilltreatyouasmyrelative.31walk/go…onfootDoyouwalktoschooleveryday?/Doyougotoschoolonfooteveryday?32should/oughtto/besupposedtoWeshould/oughtto/aresupposedtousebothsidesofthepapertoreducewastes.33population/peopleWhatisthepopulationofChina?/HowmanypeoplearethereinChina?34quit/stop/drop/giveup同义句转换3Myfatherquitted/stopped/dropped/gaveupsmoking.35maybe/perhaps/maybeMaybe/Perhapsitisnotmypen./Thepenmaynotbemine.二同义词组互相转换1alotof/lotsofAlotof/Lotsofartistswillshowtheirfacesattheparty.2allovertheworld/aroundtheworldEnglishisspokenwidelyallovertheworld./aroundtheworld3notas(so)…as/lessthanThisbookisnotas(so)interestingasthatone./Thatbookismoreinterestingthanthisone.4as…aspossible/as…assbcanRunhomeasfastaspossible/asfastasyoucantotellyourmotherthegoodnews.5atrisk/indanger/introubleThepandasinourcountryareatrisk./introuble/indanger6attheageof…/whensb.+be+…yearsoldHisparentsdiedwhenhewassixyearsold./Hisparentsdiedattheageofsix.7becauseof/dueto/asaresultof/withone’shelp/thankstoBecauseof?/Dueto/Asaresultofhishelp,hepassedthisexam.Withhishelp/Withthehelpofhim,hepassedtheexam./Thankstohishelp,hepassedtheexam.8becareful/lookout/takecareLookout!/Becareful/Takecare!Thefloodiscoming.9beworriedabout/worryaboutLiuMingisworriedabouthisfollowingoraltest./LiuMingcan’tstophisfollowingoraltest.10both…and…/notonly…butalso…Heisnotonlyasingerbutalsoadoctor./Heisbothasingerandadoctor.11begoodat/dowellinHeisgoodatdrawing./Hedoeswellindrawing.12beproudof/takeprideinWeareallproudofourcountry’sastronaut./Hetakesprideinourcountry’sastronaut.13comeupwith/thinkof/haveanideaTomecameupanidea./Tomthoughtofanidea./Tomhadanidea.14rideabike/go…bybikeHeoftenridesabiketowork./Heoftengoestoworkbybike.15comefrom/befromWheredoyoucomefrom?/Whereareyoufrom?16haveagoodtime/enjoyoneself//playhappilyWehadagoodtime/enjoyedourselves/playedhappilyonChristmasDay.17haveapaininhead/haveaheadache同义句转换4Hedidn’tgotoschooltoday,becausehehadapaininhead./hadaheadache18hearfrom/receive(get)aletterfromSheisveryhappytohearfrom/receivealetterfromaCanadianfriend.19hadbetterdo/It’sbesttodoYouhadbetterreadinthesun./It’sbestforyoutoreadinthesun.20howabout/whataboutHowabout/Whataboutgoingskating?21inorderto/inorderthat/todo/sothatHeworkeddayandnighttobeasuccessfulman./Heworkeddayandnightinordertobeasuccessfulman./Heworkeddayandnightinorderthathecouldbeasuccessfulman./Heworkeddayandnightsothathecouldbeasuccessfulman.22keepoff/keepawayfromKeepoff/Keepawayfromthegrass!23in/wearSheisin/wearsawhitedresstoday.24keepsb.fromdoing/stopsb.(from)doing/preventsb.(from)doingTreescanstopthesoilflowingaway./Treescanpreventthesoilflowingaway./Treescankeepthesoilfromflowingaway.25learn…byoneself/teachoneselfNobodytaughthim.Helearntitbyhimself./Hetaughthimself.26like…betterthan/prefer…to…/prefertodo…ratherthando…Johnlikesswimmingbetterthanskating./Johnprefersswimmingtoskating./Johnprefertoswimratherthanskate.27long,longago/onceuponatimeLong,longago/Onceuponatime,therewasabeautifulprincesslivinginanoldcastle.28lookafterwell/takegoodcareofThanksforlookingaftermycat/takinggoodcareofmycatwellwhileIwasaway.29nolonger/not…anylongerSheisnolongeralittlegirl./Sheisnotalittlegirlanylonger.30shallwe/Let’s..Shallwewatchthefilmtogether?/Let’swatchthefilmtogether.31takepartin/joinin/participateinHetookpartin/joinedin/participatedinthematch.32too…to/so…that…/enoughto…Heistoobusytovisitus./Heissobusythathecan’tvisitus./Heisnotfreeenoughtovisitus.三同义句型互相转换1运用两种时态（一般过去时和现在完成时互相转换）(1)Heleftlastyear.同义句转换5(2)Hehasbeenawayforoneyear.(3)Hehasbeenawaysinceayearago.(4)Itisayearsinceheleft.(5)Oneyearhaspassedsinceheleft.2最高级和比较级的互相转换(1)Heisthetalleststudentinhisclass.(2)Heistallerthananyotherstudentinhisclass.(3)Heistallerthantheotherstudentsinhisclass.(4)Nooneelseistallerthanhiminhisclass.3运用两种语态（主动语态和被动语态互相转换）Icleanmyroomeveryday./Myroomiscleanedeveryday.4感叹句的两种句型之间互相转换Whatacarefulgirlsheis!/Howcarefulthegirlis!5运用关联词语合并句子(1)Amycan’tdance.Susancan’t,either.NeitherAmynorSusancandance.(2)Ihaseatenbreakfastandmymotherhaseatenit,too.BothmymotherandIhaveeatenbreakfast.6运用复合句和不定式互相转换(1)IhopethatIcanvisitthemoononeday./Ihopetovisitthemoononeday.(2)Hetoldmehowhecoulduseacomputer./Hetoldmehowtouseacomputer.7运用不同的句式结构互相转换(1)Shewantstogoshoppingandherfriendswanttogoshopping,too./Shewantstogoshopping,andsodoherfriends.(2)Hewenttobedafterhefinishedhishomework./Hewenttobedafterfinishinghishomework./Hedidn’tgotobeduntilhefinishedhishomework.(3)Comeon,orwe’llmisstheearlybus./Ifwedon’thurry,we’llmisstheearlybus.(4)Themangaveusatalklastweek,andhewillgiveusanothertalkthisweek./Themanwhogaveusatalklastweekwillgiveusanothertalkthisweek.8用it做形式主语互相转换(1)Hecanfinishtheworkeasily./Itiseasyforhimtofinishthework.(2)Wefoundithardtoshake./Wefounditwashardtoskate.同义句转换6四实战演练1Peopleeverywheresatandlaughedatthemuntilthetearsrandowntheirfaces.People______and_______satandlaughedatthemuntilthetearsrandowntheirfaces.2Fredwasvisitinghismotheronher95thbirthday.Fredwasvisitinghismother_______shewas______yearsold.3Shelivesalone.Shelives__________________.4Duetothewaytheyeat,theyhaveahighrateofcancerandheartdisease.________________thewaytheyeat,theyhaveahighrateofcancerandheartdisease.5Butittookheralongtimetofindout.Butshe______alongtime_______out.6Tenyearslater,Tombecameastrongboyandbecameagoodswimmer,too.Tenyearslater,Tombecame_______astrongboy________agoodswimmer.7Shypeoplearealsogoodatworkingwithothersbecausetheythinkmoreforotherpeople.Shepeoplealso______________inworkingwithothersbecausetheythinkmoreforotherpeople.8MarkdecidedtogosailinginhisboatwithhisfriendDan.Mark_______a________togosailinginhisboatwithhisfriendDan.9Oncetherewassomethingwrongwithamachineinafactory.Onceamachineinafactory__________________.10Whenparentshavepooreatinghabits,theirchildrenusuallydo,too.Whenparentshavepooreatinghabits,_______________theirchildren.11Inthecomputergamehouses,ittakespeoplealotofmoneycompetingwiththemachines.People___________moneyincompetingwiththemachinesinthecomputergameshouses.12Whenthelocalpolicebegantolookforthepigs,newspaperreportersfromaroundthecountryjoinedthem.Whenthelocalpolicebegantolookforthepigs,newspaperreportersfrom_______________thecountryjoinedthem.13Whenhefirstreachedtheisland,hedidn’tknowwhathecouldfindinthisstrangeplace.Whenhefirst________________theisland,hedidn’tknowwhathecouldfindinthisstrangeplace.14Somedentistssaythatchewingsugarlessgumcanhelptakecareofpeople’steeth.Somedentistssaythatchewingsugarlessgumcanhelp________________people’steeth.15Hewasdifferentfromotherchildren.Hewas_______the______asotherchildren.16BobistwiceasoldasJack,soheisnowthirty.Jackis_______years________thanBob.17Iteachsomethingtoairhostesses.同义句转换7Airhostesses________something_______me.18Theworldisfullofvariety.Theworldis_________________variety.19Tohissurprise,thetastewasnice.Hewas____________thetastewasnice.20Onceinthearea,acarsalmostamust.You_____________takeacarinthearea.21ButwhenyouarejoinedtotheInternet,therearemanythingsyoucando.ButwhenyouarejoinedtotheInternet,thereare________________thingsyoucando.22Beijingwillberainy.Therewillbe_______________Beijing.23MrsSmithandherfriendsworkedhardandtheideawasinterestingtomoreandmorepeopleoverthecountry.MrsSmithandherfriendsworkedhardandmoreandmorepeopleoverthecountrybecame__________________theidea.24ButnowthereisaWinterSwimmingClubandithasover2,000members.ButnowthereisaWinterSwimmingClubandithas_________________2,000members.25Beforecrossingtheroad,stopandlookbothways.Before_____________theroad,stopandlookbothways.26Wecallthismark“watermark”.Thismark________“watermark”.27Theyhopedthegovernmentwouldactquicklytoconservenature.Theyhopedthegovernmentwouldactquickly______________toconservenature.28TheKomodolizardistheworld’slargestlizard.TheKomodolizardislargerthan___________lizardintheworld.29Wehaven’tdoneanythingtoimprovetheexamsystem.Wehave______________toimprovetheexamsystem.30ItismuchhardertodoitwithTVorradioadvertisements.Itismuch______________todoitwithTVorradioadvertisements.31Hewasunabletowalkanymore.He_____________walked.32ThebookshelfwastooheavyforMissGreentocarry.Thebookshelfwas_____heavy______MissGreendidn’tcarryit.33Inordertosolvethispopulationproblem,Chinahasbeguna“one-child’policy.Chinahasbeguna“one-child”policy______________itsolvedthispopulationproblem.34Hescoredmoregoalsthananyoneelseonhisteam.Hescored______________goalsonhisteam.35Hespentverylittletimeatschool,perhapsnomorethanayearinall.同义句转换8It______________verylittletimeatschool,perhapsnomorethanayearinall.36Aschoolinspectorwascomingtovisitaschool.Aschoolinspectorwas_____avisit_____aschool.37Whynotlookatthefunnysideandlaughinstead?_________________youlookatthefunnysideandlaughinstead?38Goodmoviesaretheonesthatyourememberandliketoseeanothertime.Goodmoviesaretheonesthatyourememberandliketosee________than_______.39Manypublicpeopleusewebblogstoexpresstheirthoughts.Manypublicpeopleusewebblogs________________theirthoughts.40Ithinkmaybeitwasleftontheshelfinthebedroom.Ithinkit____________leftontheshelfinthebedroom.41BothmyfatherandmymothercamefromtownsinMexico.Bothof____________camefromtownsinMexico.42WhenBloomwas16,hemovedtoLondon.Atthe____________16,BloommovedtoLondon.43IwasborninAmsterdamandlivedthereformanyyears.I______________inAmsterdam.44Nobodyhadeverseensuchabigorange.Nobodyhadeverseen_____big________orange.45Sometimessheonlysleepsfornomorethanfourhours.________________sheonlysleepsfornomorethanfourhours.46Sheboughtmemanypresents.Sheboughtmanypresents____________.47Thewinterwillbefullofhappinessbyyourownhands.Thewinterwillbe______________happinessbyyourownhands.48Theyallagreedwithme.Theyall______yes________me.49Beautifulflowersneedpollinating.Beautifulflowersneed______________pollinated.50Thegirlsmiledsweetly,sohefeltveryhappy.The_____smileofthegirl______himveryhappy.51Idon’tlikegrowingflowers.Marydoesn’tlikegrowingflowers,either._______I______Marylikesgrowingflowers.52Givingmakespeoplehappy,notonlythosewhoreceive,butalsothosewhogive.Givingmakespeoplehappy,________thosewhoreceive_______thosewhogive.53Yourpromisesaretoobig,andthentheywon’tbeabletowinpeople’strust.Yourpromisesare______big___beabletowinpeople’strust.54Whataseriousthingapromiseis!同义句转换9________________apromiseis!55Theyonlywanttowin.Theywant______________towin.56Thebetteryougetalongwithothers,theeasieritisforyoutosucceed.Getalong_______withothersandthathelpsyousucceed______.57Itwasstuckandhecouldn’ttalkorbreathe.Itwasstuckandhecould_______talk______breathe.58Whatdoyouthinkofthemusic?_______doyou________themusic?59Iam190cmandJennyis190cm,too.Jennyis______tall_____I.60Howaboutplayingbasketballwithus?________________playingbasketballwithus?61MaryandTomdonatedmoneytothepoorchildren.62Therainwasheavyyesterday.It_____________yesterday.63IhopethatIcanvisitthemoonsomeday.Ihope_______________themoonsomeday.64Jenny’sgrandmotherdiedtwoyearsago.Jenny’sgrandmother______been______fortwoweeks.65Hecanfinishtheworkeasily.66Hegotupsolatethathecouldn’tcatchthebus.Hegotup________________________catchthebus.67Walkingaftermealsisveryhelpful._______isveryhelpful_______walkaftermeals.68Actually,wehavebeenfriendsforlong._______________,wehavebeenfriendsforlong.69Mycoatissimilartoyoursinmanyways.Ourcoatshavealot_______________.70Mothertakescareofyouasmuchaspossible.Mother_______________youasmuchaspossible.71However,expertssaythattheteadoesnothaverelationtoTibet.However,expertssaythattheteahas_______to_______withTibet.72I’msupposedtodosomehomeworkthisweekend.I_______________somehomeworkthisweekend.73Shewasgladshekeptherpromise.Shewasglad_________________herpromise.74Theprincesstoldthefrogtoleave.同义句转换10Thefrog______told________leavebytheprincess.75Wehadagreattimegoingonapicnic.We_______________goingonapicnic.76Ishalldowhateveryouplease.Ishalldo______________whatyouplease.77I’mfromChina.My_________is_________.78Howlongistheclassroom?_________isthe_______oftheclassroom?79Iamtheownerofthedictionary.Thedictionary_________________me.80I’mlookingforwardtoseeingheragain.I_______________seeheragain.答案：1here,there2when,953byherself4Because,of5spent,finding6both,and7do,well8made,decision9didn’t,work10so,do11spend,much12all,over13got,to14look,after15not,same16fifteen,younger17learns,from18filled,with19surprised,at20have,to21lots,of22much,rain23interested,in24More,than25goingacross26iscalled27inorder28anyother29done,nothing30more,difficult31no,more32so,that33so,that34the,most35took,him36on,to37Why,don’t38more,once39for,expressing40may,be41my,parents42age,of43grew,up44so,an45At,times46for,me47filled,with48said,to49to,be50sweet,made51Neither,nor52both,and53too,to54How,serious55nothing,but56well,easily57neither,nor58How,like59as,as60What,about61Notonly,butalso62rained,heavily63to,visit64has,dead65easy,to66toolateto67It,to68In,fact69in,common70looks,after71nothing,do72should,do73to,keep74was,to75enjoyed,ourselves76no.matter77nationality,Chinese78What,length79belongs,to80expect,to

小学数学四年级利用运算定律进行简便运算的练习题和答案小学数学四年级利用运算定律进行简便运算的练习题和答案

/小学数学四年级利用运算定律进行简便运算的练习题和答案运算定律练习题（做前必读）要想运用运算定律做好简便运算，要注意以下几点：1、要仔细观察算式，如果算式里只有乘法，一般用到乘法交换和结合律，如果只有加法，一般用到加法交换和结合律，如果既有加又有乘，一般用到乘法分配律。当然要注意一些变式。2、还要观察算式里面的特殊数字，如25和4,125和8,2和5等，有时101可以变成（100+1），想想如何利用好这些特殊数字。3、要熟练掌握运算定律的字母表示形式，并注意多动脑思考。（1）乘法交换律：a×b＝b×a乘法结合律：（a×b）×c＝a×（b×c）38×25×442×125×825×17×4（25×125）×（8×4）49×4×538×125×8×3(125×25)×45×289×2（125×12）×8125×（12×4）(2)乘法交换律和结合律的变化练习125×64125×8844×25125×2425×28（3）加法交换律：a＋b＝b＋a加法结合律：（a＋b）＋c＝a＋（b＋c）357＋288＋143158＋395＋105167＋289＋33129＋235＋171＋165

378＋527＋73169＋78＋2258＋39＋42＋61138＋293＋62＋107（4）乘法分配律：（a＋b）×c＝a×c＋b×c正用练习（80＋4）×25（20＋4）×25（125＋17）×825×（40＋4）15×（20＋3）（5）乘法分配律正用的变化练习：36×325×4139×101125×88201×24（6）乘法分配律反用的练习：34×72＋34×2835×37＋65×3785×82＋85×1825×97＋25×376×25＋25×24（7）乘法分配律反用的变化练习：38×29＋3875×299＋7564×199＋6435×68＋68＋68×64☆思考题：（8）其他的一些简便运算。800÷256000÷1253600÷8÷558×101－5874×9938×25×442×125×825×17×4（25×125）×（8×4）49×4×5=3800=42000=1700=100000=98038×125×8×3(125×25)×45×289×2（125×12）×8125×（12×4）=114000=12500=2890=12000=1000×6=6000(2)乘法交换律和结合律的变化练习125×64125×8844×25125×2425×28=8000=11000=1100=3000=700（3）加法交换律：a＋b＝b＋a加法结合律：（a＋b）＋c＝a＋（b＋c）357＋288＋143158＋395＋105167＋289＋33129＋235＋171＋165=788=658=489=700378＋527＋73169＋78＋2258＋39＋42＋61138＋293＋62＋107=978=269=200=600（4）乘法分配律：（a＋b）×c＝a×c＋b×c正用练习（80＋4）×25（20＋4）×25（125＋17）×825×（40＋4）15×（20＋3）=2100=600=1136=1100=345（5）乘法分配律正用的变化练习：36×325×4139×101125×88201×24=（30＋6）×3=25×（40＋1）=39×（100＋1）=125×（80＋8）=（200＋1）×24=30×3＋6×3=25×40＋25×1=39×100＋39×1=125×80＋125×8=200×24＋1×24=90＋18=1000＋25=3900＋39=10000＋1000=4800＋24=108=1025=3939=11000=4824（6）乘法分配律反用的练习：34×72＋34×2835×37＋65×3785×82＋85×1825×97＋25×376×25＋25×24=3400=3700=8500=2500=2500（7）乘法分配律反用的变化练习：38×29＋3875×299＋7564×199＋6435×68＋68＋68×64=38×29＋38×1=75×299＋75×1=64×199＋64×1=35×68＋68×1＋68×64=38×（29＋1）=75×（299＋1）=64×（199＋1）=68×（35＋1＋64）=38×30=75×300=64×200=68×100=1140=22500=12800=6800☆思考题：（8）其他的一些简便运算。800÷256000÷1253600÷8÷5=（800×4）÷（25×4）=（6000×8）÷（125×8）=3600÷（8×5）=3200÷100=48000÷1000=3600÷40=32=48=9058×101－5874×99=58×101－58×1=74×（100－1）=58×（101－1）=74×100－74×1=58×100=7400－74=5800=7326

我看历史上的朱毛之争我看历史上的朱毛之争

/我看历史上的朱毛之争我看历史上的朱毛之争

朱毛之争的确缘于“军委”的废设，这是千真万确的。朱德和刘安恭都认为毛泽东在废立“军委”问题上实施一言堂的“自上而下的”“家长制”作风。刘安恭还在给中央的信中声称朱、毛已“分成”两派。原题：《我看历史上的朱毛之争》关于朱德和毛泽东在井冈山革命斗争时期的争论及其后来的影响，虽在一些历史书籍中有所记载，但对其争论的由来与实质却语焉不详。有幸的是，2009年7月12－15日，我参加了“文化部文化管理清史办干部井冈山培训班”，其间，中国井冈山干部学院特聘教授余伯流先生给培训班全体学员讲了一堂生动的《井冈山斗争与井冈山精神》的课。他在谈到1929年红四军“七大”前后有关井冈山革命道路的开辟者和奠基人，红四军的主要领导人毛泽东、朱德争论一事时，较为详细地介绍了他如何根据和运用中央档案馆的档案，实事求是地介绍了以往为党史、历史课本讳莫如深的这一段历史，并说“实事求是”是他多年研究中国革命史的最主要的经验。余教授是这样叙述1929年红四军“七大”前后有关毛泽东、朱德之争的：朱毛之争原委要从1929年初朱毛率军离开井冈山谈起。朱毛下山后，一路行军并不顺利。毛泽东感到，在国民党军队穷追不舍的情况下，红四军党内再照过去那样，遇事层层讨论、层层汇报，直至前委最后定夺，太麻烦不说，还会贻误战机。于是做出了“停止军委办公”的决定，取消了以朱德为书记的军委。对此，朱德无意见，陈毅表示同意。2月，中共中央去信，莫名其妙地要红四军分散行动，并令朱毛到上海“学习”。此信在红四军内引起了混乱。毛泽东不愿意去，并劝朱德也不要去，红四军上下也不希望他们去。毛泽东为此写信批评了中央的决定，中央后来也不再提及此事，但却派了刘安恭到红四军任职。刘安恭一来，就引起了轩然大波。刘安恭与朱德同为四川籍，两人又同在德国留过学，关系不错。他受党中央委派，到红四军后，毛泽东出于红四军内部对刘安恭本人资历、经历的尊重，征得朱德、陈毅的同意，决定恢复临时军委，让刘任红四军临时军委书记和政治部主任，位在毛、朱之下，陈毅之上。由此引起了一场朱毛之争。刘安恭一到任，即与毛泽东争权。他召开红四军军委会议，并做出决议，撇开党中央关于军委统辖于前委的指示，由军委统辖红四军，要以毛泽东为书记的前委“只管地方工作”，并提出要反对红四军中存在的“家长制”。毛泽东看了这个决议后，大吃一惊，非常生气，立即召开前委会议，取消了临时军委。刘安恭激

烈反对，认为，“既名四军，就要有军委”，指斥毛泽东和前委“管得太多”，“权力太集中”，毛有“家长制”作风。朱德赞成刘的观点，他提出，“党管一切为最高原则”，但应“通过无产阶级组织，起核心作用”；并批评毛泽东在实行“由上而下的家长制”，说毛“强调党员行动受限制，但他自己的行动是自由的”，“不听中央调动”。而毛泽东则坚持己见，非要废掉临时军委不可。由此朱毛之争持续了半年之久。说到这里，余教授颇带感情地说“这不影响我们对朱老总的热爱”。随后，他接着说，朱毛之争在雷湖和白沙两次会议上依然激烈地进行着：1929年五六月，红四军在雷湖和白沙举行了两次前委扩大会，就设立军委等问题进行讨论。双方依然争执不下。毛泽东见会议无结果，愤然表示要辞去前委书记职务。在白沙会议上，毛的观点得到36票赞成，朱、刘等5票反对。但毛在会议后，还是表示要辞职。陈毅在朱毛之间始终持调和立场，希望两人从党和革命的立场出发团结一致。他说：“你们朱毛两人，一个晋国，一个楚国，你们两个大国天天在吵架，我这个郑国在中间不好办。跟哪个走，站在哪一边？我就是怕红军分裂，怕党分裂。我是希望你们两个团结。”陈毅的调解未能起作用。后来在红四军“七大”上，经全体出席者的表决，毛泽东的前委书记职务被撤，陈毅当选为前委书记。林彪在雷湖会议后却给毛泽东写了一封信，要毛不要辞职。他还在信中说，朱德整天“无所事事”，“有当领袖欲望”，毛看了信后“若有所思”。我们要问：朱毛之争的焦点和性质是什么？著名历史学家金冲及主编的《毛泽东传》指出：朱毛之争”焦点是红四军内是否仍要设立军委”。从余教授的言谈中来看，确乃如是。朱毛之争的确缘于“军委”的废设，这是千真万确的。朱德和刘安恭都认为毛泽东在废立“军委”问题上实施一言堂的“自上而下的”“家长制”作风。刘安恭还在给中央的信中声称朱、毛已“分成”两派。我认为，刘、朱反毛的出发点是不同的。前面已说过，刘是因为毛剥夺了他的权力而恼羞成怒，进而反毛的。而朱德则不同。许多历史事实充分说明，朱德从一上井冈山，就把自己的命运与毛泽东联系在一起了，对“朱毛”一词是十分珍惜的。所以他决不会反毛的。但朱德为什么这次“反”毛呢？先就朱反对“党管一切”言，朱德认为，“党管一切为最高原则”，但应“通过无产阶级组织，起核心作用”，这正如余教授所说，朱德只是“主张党不要包办代替”，并不是反对党的领导作

用。至于说朱德批评毛泽东“不听中央调动”，也是情有可原的。因为朱德长期以来就是一位军人，“军人以服从命令为天职”一直深深地扎在他的脑海中，也是他在旧式军队和革命队伍中始终遵行的原则。谈起毛泽东的“家长制”，朱德批评毛泽东“强调党员行动受限制，但他自己的行动是自由的”，是在实行“由上而下的家长制”。这句话体现了朱毛之争的主要内容。由此，我们也完全可以反过来说，如果朱毛会师一年多的实践中，毛没有“由上而下的家长制”作风，那么忠厚老实的朱德决不会批评他。不是吗？毛在设立红四军军委这一问题上出尔反尔，刘安恭来红四军任职前，毛泽东为加强权力，取消了以朱德为书记的军委；刘安恭到任后，毛泽东违背自己的言论，随心所欲地又设立“临时军委”。等到刘安恭不听他话时，又自作主张地提出和取消了“临时军委”。毛泽东在这里不是实行“由上而下的家长制”又是什么？再有，毛泽东在雷湖会议上声言要辞去前委书记职务，在白沙会议上得到了压倒多数的赞成票后依然还要辞职，这显然是非要朱德向他屈膝下跪不可。难怪红四军“七大”会议上的口号是“闹个人意见的滚出党内”（余教授提醒听讲者注意这句话），矛头所指也是明显的。1930年，中央特派员涂振农来红四军巡查后做了一个“巡视工作情况报告”。他说，“朱德同志很坦白地表示，他对中央的指示（指毛泽东继续任前委书记）无条件地接受。他承认过去的争论，他是错的，毛泽东同志也承认工作方法和态度的不对，并且找出了错误的原因”；朱毛之争“只是同志间个人的争论，而不是形成了那一派和这一派的争论”。（《毛泽东传》第207－208页）在当时战争的特殊情况下，这种和稀泥的态度可以理解。但说朱毛之争“只是同志间个人的争论”，那么，试想如果没有具体内容，个人之间会无缘无故地“争论”半年之久么？由上所述，我认为，朱毛之争的实质，是民主集中制与家长制或称集权制之争。朱毛之争在中共党史上具有重要地位，对后来的党史和我们共和国史也有直接或间接的影响。即就主要当事人或出头者毛泽东、朱德、陈毅、林彪个人来说，影响也颇为巨大。“文化大革命”开始时，朱德、陈毅都受到了严厉的冲击和批判。当时，“打倒三反分子朱德”、“打倒大军阀朱德”、“朱德是黑司令”（朱德在朱毛之争中批评毛的话成了“文革”时他反毛的主要证据）、“打倒三反分子陈毅”（陈毅在红四军“七大”上取代毛成为前委书记，被认为是反毛的主要证据）等标语铺天盖地

而来，陈毅多次被批斗，朱德的批斗大会也在紧锣密鼓地准备进行中，后因毛泽东的干预，陈毅的批斗大会被中止，朱德也幸免于难。林彪却因此次朱毛之争中看准时机写信向毛泽东表忠诚，诋毁朱德（按礼说，林彪是跟朱、陈上井冈山的，朱德非常欣赏林彪这个年青军官的军事才能，遇有军事问题也经常请林来商议，还提议林彪任红四军28团团长。但林却另有打算。他利用朱毛之争的时机，通过给毛泽东写信，讨好毛泽东和诬陷朱德，暴露了自己的丑恶嘴脸），取得了毛泽东的好感。后来的事实证明，林彪以后又多次能抓住机会为毛解难，而被选为接班人，成为被全党、全军和全国人民祝福为“身体永远健康”的“副统帅”。然而，曾几何时，说别人“有领袖欲望”而实则自己有强烈领袖欲望的林彪叛逃摔死；此后，毛泽东的健康每况愈下。记得上世纪50年代我在北京一中念初中时，校长徐楚波一次在全校大会上说：“苏联专家说毛主席能活到148岁。”但毛泽东只活到83岁，这其中原因固然很多，不可否认的是，林彪叛逃是他“早逝”的一个重要原因吧。这也说明长久以来被誉为“洞察一切”的伟大领袖，对有强烈领袖欲望、见机行事的林彪确实看走了眼。不管怎么说，朱毛之争为林彪后来的发迹铺下了一条道路。林彪是朱毛之争最大的赢家。这次朱毛之争后，朱德在党和军队的作用再也没有得到充分发挥。1929年11月底毛泽东回到红四军后，朱德向他赔礼道歉说：“我在思想方法上有片面性，给您在精神上带来了创伤，请您原谅。”（毛秉华主讲：《天下第一山》，江西人民出版社，2008年，第170页）此后，朱德在党内、军队内，能少说则少说，能不说则不说，一心一意维护毛泽东的领袖地位和权威。这次在井冈山参观大井朱毛故居时，听工作人员说，上世纪60年代，朱德上井冈山，有关人员问他在大井住地的具体位置，朱德说：“有毛主席的故居就行了。”我们说，朱毛之争不仅“不影响我们对朱老总的热爱”，相反，朱老总的举动更增加了我们的崇敬心情。我认为，朱老总反对“家长制”，实际上是要从革命一开始，就在党内树立一种“民主集中制”的正确的党风，使党内政治生活能走上正轨。如果毛泽东和当时的党中央（当时的党中央明显地站在毛泽东一边，声称红四军“必须采取比较集权制”，朱毛之争是”极端民主化”要代替“民主集中制”，见《周恩来传》，中央文献出版社，1996年，第236页）能从这次朱毛之争中吸取经验教训，采取一些力所能及的限制“家长制”的措施，并能形成文件，那么建国后党

内许多不正之风（包括专制集权、个人崇拜）也许能够得到一定程度的避免，至少也能在一定程度上有所减轻，党和人民也许不会遭到“文化大革命”那样的灾难。从这一点来说，朱毛之争是朱老总对党的思想建设的一个重大贡献，也是朱老总留给我们的一份宝贵的思想财富。

山西省太原市2019年初三毕业班综合测试化学(二)(解析版)山西省太原市2019年初三毕业班综合测试化学(二)(解析版)

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