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介词、连词及状语从句

Samantha一、介词的分类与用法介词:介词又叫前置词,是虚词的一种。介词不能单独做句子成分,必须和名词、代词等构成介词短语充当定语、状语、表语、补语等成分。Couldyoupleaseshowmewhereistheentrancetothecinema.(定语)

Iprefregoingtoschoolbysubway.(状语)

Thisbookontheshelfisoutofmyreach.(表语)Theyfoundthelostchildinasmallvillage.(补语)

一、介词的分类与用法二、考点解析1.介词辨析(掌握简单介词的一词多义)September30istheday___whichyoumustpayyourbill.A..byB.

forC.withD.inItisunbelievablethatMr.Lucasleadsasimplelife___hisgreatwealth.A.withoutB.

.despiteC.inD.toItwasrealarace____timetosavethoselivesaftertheearthquake.A.overB.byC.forD.againstIt’sreallyhot_____JanuaryinHarbinnow.Bettertakeoffyourcoat.A.inB.during

C.forD.to

2.介词短语辨析(熟悉介词短语含义)Henryalwaysgoesjogginginthemorningandheusuallydoespush-upstootostay____.A.inplaceB.inorderC..inshapeD.infashionFacinguptoyourproblems_____runningawayfromthemisthebestapproachtoworkingthingsout.A.morethanB.ratherthanC.alongwithDorratherOurclubisopentoeveryone_____age,sexoreducationalbackground.A.duetoB.exceptforC.alongwithD.regardlessofThefurniture,withitsmodernstyleandbrightcolors,suitsmodernhousesandtheirgardens,butlooks_____inthegardenofatraditionalhome.A.outofquestionB.outoforderC.outofsightD.outofplace考点解析3.复杂句式中辨析介词用法(注意陷阱,发现句子成分)Sometimesproperanswersarenotfartoseek____foodsafetyproblems.A.inB..toC.onD.afterThetimehehasdevotedinthepast5years___thedisabledisnowconsidered___ofgreatvalue.A.Tohelp;beingB.tohelping;tobeC.Tohelp;tobeD.helping;beingToourdisappointment,thetripwehadbeenlookingfrowardto____inthepouringrain.A.startingB.startC.tostartD..started考点解析考点介词讲解against逆、顶着、靠着、倚着、撞击。反对、违背准备、防备(4)衬托/相应Theinventionofartificalheartsmarkedaturningpointinthebattleagainstheartdisease.Beforeselectingcurtainforyournewly-decoratedhouse,itisimportanttoknowwhatcolorslookgreatagainstthewallpaper.Iamnotsurewhetherheisfororagainsttheproposal.Someanimalsstorefoodagainstthewinter.介词讲解2.At(1)表示处于某种状态。(beatwork/table/war/play/ease/risk/peace/rest/random)(2)与表示时间、地点、时刻、点钟、速度、价格等词连用。(3)与laugh,shout,throw,stare等动词连用表示动作的指向性。(4)表示“应…请求、号召、邀请,以…方式”

等概念(5)表示“一…就…”等涵义。(6)与形容词连用表示某种情绪。(besurprisedat,beshockedat,beastonishedat,bepleasedat,beangryat……)Thepopulationoftheworldisgrowingatasurprisingrate.WecametoBeijingattheinvitationofmyfriend.Thecountrywasatpeacefinallyafterthewar.介词讲解3.Beyond(1)表示超时、过时、迟于等概念。(2)表示位置范围(在…的那边、超出…范围,为…所不及,)Wemustreadnotonlybewteenthelines,butsometimesbeyondthelinessothatwecanfullyunderstandthewriter.Goodhealthisbeyondprice.Herworkisbeyondprasie.Heislivingbeyondhisincome.Thisquestionisbeyondme.(3)除…外(用于否定和疑问句中。)Whatcanwedobeyondwaiting?Heknownothingbeyondhisname.介词讲解4.By(1)表示在…旁边,靠近(同beside)(2)表示借助…方法和手段(3)表示根据、按照(By+the+表示数量、程度、尺寸、重量、时间等单位词)(不可数名词前不加the)(4)表示不迟于,在…之前。(同before)(5)表示程度和差距Peoplecanreservetheticketsbyphonenow.Theworkersarepaidbytheday.Bythetimehecamebackalltheguestshavealreadyleft.Wehadn’tplanedtomeet.Wemeetbychance.JohnandJanearetwins,butJohnistallerbyahead.Theinstallmentofbuyingahousehasfallenby20%.介词讲解5.for(1)表示”为了,替,给”等涵义(2)表示“向、往”等和方向、倾向相关的概念(3)表示“历经”等和时间、距离、长度相关的概念(4)表示因为、由于、至于。(5)表示支持、赞同等概念(6)表示“就…而言”(7)表示适合(8)表示某种感情倾向(beeagerfor,desirefor,begreedyfor,haveanearfor,longfor)(9)表示虽然/尽管(同inspiteof)Chinausedtobefamousforchinaandsilk.ItisreallytoocoldforApril.Childasheis,heiseagerfortravelingaroundtheworld.ThetrainthatisboundforShanghaileavesat11p.m.介词讲解6.On(1)表示在…之上。(2)表示状态。(beonwatch,beonshift,beonduty,beonguard,beonsale,beonholiday,beonleave.beonbusiness,beonstrike)(3)表示关于,涉及。(正式)(4)表示按照、依靠。(5)表示“一…就…”(on+ving)(6)表示站在…一边、支持、在…供职(7)通过…方式(onthephone/internet/television)Themanagerisstillonbusiness.HeisfondofthebooksonAmericanLiterature.Weshouldactonhisadvice.Onarriving,theboysrushedtotheseashore.Sheisonthecommittee.Iamonyourside.介词讲解7.Over(1)表示在…之上(不接触)。(2)表示职位、权利、年龄、数目高于/超过(3)表示遍及、覆盖、越过(4)表示通过…方法、手段(overtheradio、telephone)(5)表示在…期间(as一边…一边/during)(6)表示关于。Let’stalkaboutournegotiationoverdinner.Studentslaughedoverthesillyanswersthattheyputintheirtest.Thereisabridgeovertheriver.ShemadeatriptoEuropeoverthelastsummerholiday.介词讲解8.with(1)与、同、和…一起(2)表示随身携带的含义(3)表示因为、由于(4)表示通过…工具、手段(5)表示随着,与…同时发生(引导时间状语从句)(6)尽管,虽然(引导让步状语从句)(7)用于独立主格结构。Ihavenomoneywithme.Herfaceturnedredwithanger.BeingadmittedtohisdreamuniversitymadeJohnwildwithjoy.Wineimproveswithage,anditisthesamewithfriendship.Theoldmanpreferedtoliveinasmallmountainvillagewithallitsdisadvantages.一.表示时间的介词1)in,on,at,during在……时in表示较长时间,如世纪、朝代、时代、年、季节、月份、周及一般(非特指)的早、中、晚等。on表示具体某一天及其早、中、晚。at表示某一时刻或较短暂的时间,或泛指圣诞节,复活节等。during/over表示在…期间2)in,after在……之后“in+段时间”表示将来的一段时间以后;“after+段时间”表示过去的一段时间以后;“after+将来点时间”表示将来的某一时刻以后。.3)from,since自从……from仅说明什么时候开始,不说明某动作或情况持续多久;since表示某动作或情况持续至说话时刻,通常与完成时连用。易混介词辨析二、表示空间的介词1)at,in,on,toat(1)表示在小地方;(2)表示“在……附近,旁边”。in(1)表示在大地方;(2)表示“在…范围之内”。on表示毗邻,接壤。to表示在……范围外,不强调是否接壤2)above,over,on,beneathabove指在……上方,不强调是否垂直;below表示在……下,不一定在正下方over指垂直的上方(不接触);under表示在…正下方(不接触)on表示在某物体上面并与之接触;beneath表示在某物体下面并与之接触。易混介词辨析三、表运动方向的介词:1.across,over,through,past通过,穿过across表示横穿、穿越,即从物体表面通过。over表示跨过、越过,即从物体的上方穿过。through穿过,即从物体内部穿过。past表示从…旁经过。2.to/towards朝着、朝向Towards表示朝着某个方向移动,不含到达的意思。To不仅表示方向和目的地还表示到达的含义。3.along,down,up(垂直上下运动、南北方向运动)沿着Up表示从下游到上游,从沿海到内地,从南方到北方反之用down.4.off与outOff表示从…下来、离开=awayfrom/downfromOut(of)从…出来5.for长用在leave,sail,setout,bebound等词后表示方向和目的地。易混介词辨析四、表示方式、方法、手段1)by后加表示交通、运输、通讯等工具的名词表示方法、手段、途径等涵义。2)with后加有形的工具或身体的某些器官表示方法手段。(名词前多有冠词、代词等修饰语)3)in后常接语言、材料、方式4)through表示通过方法手段(抽象概念)Pleasefillouttheform__inknot___apencil.用某种方式、方法Inthis/that/thesameway(manner)Bythis/thatmeansbymeansofWith…method易混介词辨析五、表示原因的介词since/as/for/dueto/becauseof/thanksto/owingtoBecauseof通常做状语,位于句首或句中Dueto通常做表语Owingto可作状语,偶做表语Thanksto状语多位于句首。Hisillnessis___smokinganddrinkingheavily.____hercarelessness,thecompanysufferedgreatloss.Theprojectisseveralweeksbehindschedule_____therecentbadweather.易混介词辨析六、表示“除…之外”1)besides表示除了…之外还有的概念,表肯定概念,常与other/another/also/else连用2)except表示除了…之外没有,表示否定概念(同类排除)3)exceptfor后接名词、代词、what引导的从句(=exceptthat…)表示引述一个相反的细节,意为“要不是”(不同类比较)4)but介词等同于except,常用于no或是由no构成的不定代词或词组中。5)apartfrom即可表示除了…之外还有,又可表示除了…之外没有的概念。Ifoundtheislandawonderfulplacefortraveling____thehotweather.Heisagoodstudents____heissometimeslateforschool.____herprettiness,sheisverysmartandeloquent.易混介词辨析常考陷阱介词1.ofBe+of+抽象名词(value,use,ability)=very+valuable,useful,able2.to与情感名词连用意为“令…”To+one’s+delight(surprise,horror,sorrow,joy,regret)=tothe+n+ofsbMuchtohisjoy/tohisgreatjoy,hewonthegame.3.In表示状态、情况Indanger,inorder,inshape,ingoodcondition,infashion,insafe,instock,intears,introuble,inpublic,inprivate,instore.4.介词but的用法HavenochoicebuttodoHavenothingtodobutdoCanbut只能Asthelastbuswasgone,hecouldbutwalkhome.Cannotbut不得不WecannotbutadmirethegrandeurofTheGreatWall.Cannotchoose/helpbutdo只好、必须,不得不Youcannotchoosebutgiveupsmoking.Havenothingbut除了..一无所有5.表示其他意义的介词1)on,about关于on

表示这本书,这篇文章或演说是严肃的,或学术性的,可供专门研究这一问题的人阅读;about表示内容较为普通,不那么正式连词考点解析1.____regularexerciseisveryimportant,it’sneveragoodideatoexercisetoclosetobedtime.A.ItB.AsC.AlthoughD.Unless2.Try____shemight,Suecouldn’tgetthedooropen.ifB.whenC.sineD.as3.Theformcannotbesignedbyanyone______yourself.A.ratherthanB.otherthanC.morethanD.betterthan4.Bringtheflowersintoawarmroom___they'llsoonopen.A.orB.andC.butD.for5.______ourmanageobjectstoTom’sjoiningtheclub,weshallaccepthimasamember.A.UntilB.UnlessC.IfD.After连词考点分析连词:连词是连接单词、短语或句子(包括从句与分句)的词类。连词可分为并列连词和从属连词。并列连词:累积连词(递进和连接关系):and,both…and…,notonly…butalso…,neither…nor…反义连词(转折关系):but,whereas,while,yet,butyet,still…选择连词(选择关系):or,not…but,either…or…,orelse,otherwise…推理连词(因果关系)for,so,thus,therefore,

then…/such…that…(如此…以至于)等。连词考点分析从属连词(从句)时间状语从句:before,after,when,while,as,till,until,since,assoonas…原因状语从句:as,since,because,nowthat,inthat…条件状语从句:if,unless,onconditionthat,solongas,aslongas,provided,supposeing…让步状语从句:although,though,eventhough/if,as,wh+ever,nomatter…目的状语从句:sothat,inorderthat…结果状语从句:so…that,such…that…比较状语从句:as…as,notas/so…as,more…than…地点状语从句:where,wherever方式状语从句:as,asif,asthough其他状语从句连词:incase,forfearthat连词考点分析从属连词(从句)引导名词性从句的连词:名词性从句引导词:从属连词(that,whether,if)连接代词(who,whom,whose,what,which)连接副词(when,where,how,why)Wh+ever特殊从属连词:一…就:directly,immediately,instantly,themoment,theminute,theinstant…既然,鉴于:nowthat,seeing,considering,inthat…假如,如果:suppose,supposing…只有,考虑到:given,considering,provided,providing…状语从句(AdverbialClause)定义:由从句担任的状语,在句子中可修饰谓语(或其他动词)、形容词、副词或是整个句子,它可以用来表示时间、地点、原因、目的、结果、条件、方式、比较、让步等。1.AdverbialClausesofTime:(时间状语从句)

when,while,as,before,after,since,until,assoonas,every

time,eachtime,themoment,bythetime,theminute,

immediately,directly,instantly等。

注意:

when,while与as的辨析。

注意特殊的时间状语从句(由when,before,until,since引导的状语从句。)when:

1)当…时候,

Areyougoingtobeasailorwhenyouleaveschool?

2)正在…忽然

when=atthistime/atthattime

sb.wasdoing…when…

sbwasabouttodo/wasgoingtodo…when…

sbhasjustdone…when

Shewasleavingschoolwhenitbeganraining.

3).还可以表示原因“既然”“考虑到”,相当于since;consideringthat。

Whydoyouwantanewjobwhenyou’vegotsuchagoodonealready?

4).在将来时从句中,常用when,且从句须用一般时代替将来时。

When

the

manager

comes

here

for

a

visit

next

week,I’ll

talk

with

him

about

this.5).when用于表示“一……就……”的句型中(指过去的事情)。

Hardly

/

Scarcely

had

sb.done

sth.when...

Hardly

/

Scarcely

had

I

closed

my

eyes

when

someoneknocked

at

the

doorWhen与while,as的用法区别。1)when从句的谓语动词可以在主句谓语动作之前、之后或同时发生;while和as从句的谓语动作必须是和主句谓语动作同时发生。

从句动作在主句动作前发生,只用

when。

When

he

had

finished

his

homework,he

took

a

short

rest.从句动作和主句动作同时发生,且从句动作为延续性动词时when,while,as都可使用。

When

/While

/As

we

were

dancing,a

stranger

came

in2)当主句、从句动作同时进行,从句动作主要表示主句动作发生的背景或条件时,只能用

as。这时,as常表示“随着……”;“一边……,一边……”之意。As也可以引导让步、原因、方式状语从句。

As

years

go

by,China

is

getting

stronger

and

richer.Shesangassheworked.Smartasheis,hedoesn’tstudyhard.YoumusttrytodoasIdid.Asshewaslateforclass,shehadtosaysorry.3)while表示的时间是一段,while有时还有对比含义,

意思“而”,while也可以表示让步,与although相当,意为“虽然”。

While

I

was

reading,he

was

playing.

WhileIadmitthatthereareproblems,Idon’tagreethattheycannotbesolved.WhileIwaswalkingdownthestreet,Icameacrossanoldfriend.(while=when)Helikespopmusic,whileIamfondoffolkmusic.(while=onthecontrary)WhileIreallydon’tlikeart,Ifindhisworkimpressive.(while=although)Whilethereislifethereishope.(while=aslongas)考点:易混淆句型itis+时间+since/before/when/thatItisfiveyears_since_hefinishedhisresearch.Itwasfiveyears_before_hefinishedhisresearch.Itwasfiveyearslater_that_hefinishedhisresearch.

Itwas5o’clock___when__hegothome.Itwasat5o’clock__that___hegothome.Itwon’tbelong_before_hefinisheshiswriting.

常考时间状从连词1.Before的用法ItwillbehalfayearbeforeIcomeback.itwillbe+一段时间before......多久之后才...Itwon’tbehalfayearbeforewemeetagain.itwon’tbe+一段时间before......不久就....Wesailedfourdaysandnightsbeforewesawtheland.Wehadn’trunamilebeforehefelttired.肯定句“才”否定句“就”2.Assoonas,themoment,theminute,thesecond,theinstant,directly,instantly,immediately,hardly(scarcely_…when,nosooner…than

表示一…就的含义。3.till,until和not…until的比较

1)until/till引导时间状语从句用于肯定句时,主句的动词是延续性动词,表示动作或状态一直持续到until/till所表示的时间,意为“某动作一直延续到某时间点才停止”。

如:Wewaiteduntilhecame.

2)用于否定句时,主句谓语动词是非延续性动词,从句为肯定,意为“某动作直到某时间才开始”。如:

Hewon’tgotobedtill/untilshereturns.

3)till不可以置于句首,而until可以。如:

UntilyoutoldmeIhadnoideaofit.

4)not…until句型中的强调和倒装说法:

ItwasnotuntilyoutoldmethatIhadanyideaofit.

NotuntilyoutoldmedidIhaveanyideaofit.例题分析1.“I'mgoingtothepostoffice.”“_______you'rethere,canyougetmesomestamps?”A.AsB.WhileC.BecauseD.If2.Theykepttrying_____theymusthaveknownitwashopeless.A.ifB.becauseC.whenD.where3.Whydoyouwantanewjob______you'vegotsuchagoodonealready?thatB.whereC.whichD.when4.Hewasabouttotellmethesecret______someonepattedhimontheshoulder.A.asB.untilC.whenD.while5."Whendidheleavetheclassroom?""Heleft_______youturnedbacktowriteontheblackboard."A.thetimeB.themomentC.untilD.since二、原因状语从句原因状语从句是表示原因或理由的,引导这类从句的最常用的连词是because,since,as,for,nowthat,seeingthat,consideringthat等。

Heisdisappointedbecausehedidn'tgettheposition.Asitisraining,youhadbettertakeyourumbrellawithyou.Since/Astheweatherissobad,wehavetodelayourjourney.Hemustbeill,forheisabsenttoday.Nowthatyoumentionit,Idoremember.because—直接原因,非推断.语气最强.回答whysince–通常放句首.译为“既然”as–不谈自明的原因,语气最弱.for–放句中,引导后半句表原因。三、地点状语从句引导地点状语从句的有where,wherever,everywhere等连词.

Where

there

is

a

will,

there

is

a

way.

Everywhere

he

goes

he

makes

new

friends.注意不要和定语从句相混淆。

(注意先行词)

We

shall

go

to

the

place

where

working

conditions

are

difficult.

We

shall

go

where

working

conditions

are

difficult.

例题解析:Afterthewar,anewschoolbuildingwasputup______therehadoncebeenatheatre.A.thatB.whenC.whichD.where【分析】最佳答案选D。where在此引导地点状语从句,其意为"(在)……的地方"。四、目的状语从句引导目的状语从句最常用的词(组)是so,sothat(从句谓语常有情态动词),inorderthat,incase,forfearthat(以防,以免)等。Speakclearly,sothattheymayunderstandyou.ShehasboughtthebookinorderthatshecouldfollowtheTVlessons.Heleftearlyincaseheshouldmissthetrain.例题解析:Motheraskedmetotakemoremoney_______somethingunexpectedshouldhappen.A.incaseB.sothatC.inorderthatD.when【分析】最佳答案选A。incase起连词作用,用以引导状语从句,主要有两种意思:一是表示条件,意为“如果”、“万一”;二是表示“目的”,意为“以防”、“免得”。如以下各题也都选incase:(1)________Iforget,pleaseremindmeaboutit.A.IncaseB.SothatC.InorderthatD.When(2)Takeyourumbrellajust________itrains.A.incaseB.sothatC.inorderthatD.when五、结果状语从句

结果状语从句常由so…that或such…that引导。so…that与such…that之间可以转换。例如:Theboyissoyoungthathecan'tgotoschool.Heissuchayoungboythathecan'tgotoschool六、条件状语从句

条件状语从句分真实性(有可能实现的事情)与非真实性(条件与事实相反或者在说话者看来不大可能实现的事情)条件句。引导条件状语从句的词(组)主要有if,unless,so(as)longas,onconditionthat,so(as)faras,ifonly(=if),once,supposing,suppose,provided,providing。Ifhehadcomeafewminutesearlier,hecouldhaveseenher.Youcangoswimmingif

youdon'tgotoofarawayfromtheriverbank.SofarasIknow,hewillbeawayforthreemonths.注意:条件从句中的if不能用whether替换。例题解析:

"ShallMarycomeandplaycomputergames?""No,_______shehasfinishedherhomework."A.whenB.sinceC.unlessD.assoonas【分析】最佳答案选C。此句为省略句,答句句首的No表明其后省略的是一个否定句,全句补充完整为:Shecan'tplaycomputergamesunlessshehasfinishedherhomework.请做类似试题(答案均选B):"Wouldyoumindmysittingherewithyou?""No,______youaren'ttoonoisy."A.whenB.ifC.unlessD.assoonas(2)"Willheagreetocometojoinusinthework?""No,_______wepromisehimmoremoney."A.whenB.unlessC.unlessD.assoonas七、让步状语从句让步状语从句可由although,though,as,evenif(though),however

whatever,whether……or,nomatterwho(when,what,……)等引导。1.

由although,though引导,意为“虽然”。

____

journalism

seems

like

a

good

profession,I

would

prefer

to

be

a

teacher.

A.Although

B.Even

C.No

matter

D.Now

that

2.由even

if,even

though引导,意为“即使;尽管”。

We

won't

give

up

____

we

should

fail

ten

times.A..even

if

B.since

C.whether

D.until

A

。even

if,even

though所接的句子常用虚拟语气。

3.由as引导,表示“尽管”。注意:as引导的让步状语从句一般是倒装的。

____,I

have

never

seen

anyone

who‘s

as

capable

as

John.

A.As

long

as

I

have

traveled

B.Now

that

I

have

traveled

so

much

C.Much

as

I

have

traveled

D.As

I

have

traveled

so

much

简析:C。as引导让步状语从句,从句中的表语、状语或主要动词应移到句首。4.由no

matter引导,表示“不管;无论”。no

matter与what,which,who,how,when,

where等疑问代词或副词连用。

Nobody

believed

him

____

what

he

said.

A.even

though

B.in

spite

C.no

matter

D.contrary

to

简析:C。no

matter引导让步状语从句,不能与but,so,and等并列连词同时使用。

5.由疑问词+ever引导,表示“不管,不论”。如whatever,whichever,whoever,however,

whenever,wherever等。

____,Mother

will

wait

for

him

to

have

dinner

together.

A.However

late

is

he

B.However

he

is

late

C.However

is

he

late

D.However

late

he

is

简析:D。however应与其修饰的形容词或副词放在一起,句子主谓不倒装。

八、方式状语从句方式状态语从句常由as,

just

as,

as

if/as

though等。1.as引导的方式状语从句通常位于主句后,但在(just)as…so…结构中位于句首,这时as从句带有比喻的含义,意思是“正如…”,“就像”,多用于正式文体,You

may

do

as

you

please.

Aswateristofish,soairistoman.2.asif,asthough两者的意义和用法相同,引出的状语从句谓语多用虚拟语气,表示与事实相反,有时也用陈述语气,表示所说情况是事实或实现的可能性较大。汉译常作“仿佛……似的”,“好像……似的”.

It

lo

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