心理学专业外语

心理学专业英语EnglishforPsychologyChapterfour

ThehumanisticapproachtopsychologyThehumanisticapproachtopsychologyOriginsandhistoryAssumptionsMethodsofinvestigationAreasofexplanationPracticalapplicationsStrengthsWeaknesses（起源与历史）（理论假设）（调查方法）（阐释内容）（实际应用）（缺点）（优点）心理学的人本主义研究方法‘Humanisticpsychologyhasasitsultimategoalthepreparationofacompletedescriptionofwhatitmeanstobealiveasahumanbeing’.Bugental(1967)卡尔·兰塞姆·罗杰斯(CarlRansomRogers,1902-1987)

‘Humanisticpsychologyhasasitsultimategoalthepreparationofacompletedescriptionofwhatitmeanstobealiveasahumanbeing’.Bugental(1967)“人本主义心理学把对人类活着意义的完整阐述作为其终极目标。”布根塔尔（1967）humanistic:人文主义的；人道主义的ultimate:最终的；极限的；根本的OriginsandhistoryThehumanisticmovementdevelopedinAmericaintheearly1960s,andwastermedthethirdforceinpsychologysinceitaimedtoreplacethetwomainapproachesinthesubjectatthattime,behaviourismandpsychoanalysis.Influencedbygestaltpsychology’sideaofstudyingwholeunits,andexistentialphilosophywithitsbeliefinconsciousfreewill,humanistsarguedthatbehaviourism’sartificialanddehumanisingapproachandpsychoanalysis’sgloomydeterminismwereinsufficienttoprovideacompletepsychology.ThehumanisticmovementdevelopedinAmericaintheearly1960s,andwastermed

thethirdforceinpsychologysinceitaimedtoreplacethetwomainapproachesinthesubjectatthattime,behaviourismandpsychoanalysis.term:把……叫做人本主义运动发展壮大于20世纪60年代初的美国,由于它旨在取代当时这一领域的两大心理学重要研究方法——行为主义和精神分析，而被称为心理学的第三势力。第三势力Influencedbygestaltpsychology’sideaofstudyingwholeunits,andexistentialphilosophywithitsbeliefinconsciousfreewill,humanistsarguedthatbehaviourism’sartificialanddehumanisingapproachandpsychoanalysis’sgloomydeterminismwereinsufficienttoprovideacompletepsychology.受格式塔心理学研究整体的思想，以及存在主义哲学推崇有意识的自由意志的影响,人本主义者认为行为主义人造的和非人化的方法以及精神分析阴郁的决定论不足支撑完整的心理学。gestalt:完形；格式塔existential:存在主义的dehumanising:非人化的gloomy:黑暗的；沮丧的；阴郁的insufficient:不足的，不充足的OriginsandhistoryThehumanisticapproachaimedtoinvestigatealltheuniquelyhumanaspectsofexperiencesuchaslove,hope,creativity,etc.andemphasisedtheimportanceoftheindividual’sinteractionwiththeenvironment.Humanists,suchasMaslow,believedthateveryindividualhastheneedtoself-actualiseorreachtheirpotential,andRogersdevelopedclient-centredtherapytohelpindividualsinthisprocessofself-actualisation.Thehumanisticapproachaimedtoinvestigatealltheuniquelyhumanaspectsofexperiencesuchaslove,hope,creativity,etc.andemphasisedtheimportanceoftheindividual’sinteractionwiththeenvironment.人本主义的研究方法旨在探讨人类独有的经验，例如，爱、希望、创造力等，并且强调个人与环境相互作用的重要性。

uniquely:独特地；珍奇地Humanists,suchasMaslow,believedthateveryindividualhastheneedtoself-actualiseorreachtheirpotential,andRogersdevelopedclient-centredtherapytohelpindividualsinthisprocessofself-actualisation.人本主义者，如马斯洛，相信每个人都有自我实现的或达到自己潜能的需要,罗杰斯创建的来访者中心疗法就是用来帮助个体在此过程中完成自我实现的。actualise:实行；使成现实；发挥出……的潜力自我实现potential:潜能；可能性来访者中心疗法Assumptions

Bugental(1967),thefirstpresidentoftheAmericanAssociationforHumanisticPsychology,describedsomeofitsfundamentalassumptions:Aproperunderstandingofhumannaturecanonlybegainedfromstudyinghumans,nototheranimals.Psychologyshouldresearchareasthataremeaningfulandimportanttohumanexistence,notneglectthembecausetheyaretoodifficult.Psychologyshouldbeappliedtoenrichhumanlife.Psychologyshouldstudyinternalexperienceaswellasexternalbehaviourandconsiderthatindividualscanshowsomedegreeoffreewill.Psychologyshouldstudytheindividualcase(anididographicmethod)ratherthantheaverageperformanceofgroups(anomotheticapproach).Ingeneral,humanisticpsychologistsassumethatthewholepersonshouldbestudiedintheirenvironmentalcontext.Bugental(1967),thefirstpresidentoftheAmericanAssociationforHumanisticPsychology,describedsomeofitsfundamentalassumptions:Aproperunderstandingofhumannaturecanonlybegainedfromstudyinghumans,nototheranimals.fundamental:基本的，根本的美国人本主义心理学会第一届主席布根塔尔（1967）描述了一些基本假设:只有通过研究人类，而绝非其他的动物，才能获取对人性恰当的理解。Psychologyshouldresearchareasthataremeaningfulandimportanttohumanexistence,notneglectthembecausetheyaretoodifficult.Psychologyshouldbeappliedtoenrichhumanlife.心理学应当研究对人类的生存有意义且重要的领域，而不能因为困难而忽视它们。心理学应当被用来丰富人类的生活。Psychologyshouldstudyinternalexperienceaswellasexternalbehaviourandconsiderthatindividualscanshowsomedegreeoffreewill.心理学应当像研究外显行为一样研究内在经验，并且认为个体能够在一定程度上展现自由意志。也；和……一样；不但……而且Psychologyshouldstudytheindividualcase(anidiographicmethod)ratherthantheaverageperformanceofgroups(anomotheticapproach).idiographic:独特的；个人签名的；商标的个案心理学应当研究个案（一种独特的方法）而非团体的平均表现（一种常规的方法）。

Ingeneral,humanisticpsychologistsassumethatthewholepersonshouldbestudiedintheirenvironmentalcontext.总之，人本主义心理学家认为对整个人的研究应当在他们的生活环境中进行。总之；通常；一般而言Methodsofinvestigation

Humaniststakeaphenomenologicalapproach,investigatingtheindividual’sconsciousexperienceoftheworld.Forthisreasontheyemploytheidiographiccasestudymethod,anduseavarietyofindividualistictechniquessuchasflexibleopenendedinterviews.TheQ-sorttechnique,wheretheparticipantisgivenonehundreddifferentstatementsoncards,suchas‘Idon’ttrustmyemotions’or‘Ihaveanattractivepersonality’whichtheyhavetosortintopilesforpersonalrelevanceHumaniststakeaphenomenologicalapproach,investigatingtheindividual’sconsciousexperienceoftheworld.Forthisreasontheyemploytheidiographiccasestudymethod,anduseavarietyofindividualistictechniquessuchas人本主义者运用现象学方法研究个体关于世界的有意识的经验。由于这个原因，他们使用特殊规律个案研究法，并且使用多样的个体化技术，例如：phenomenological:现象的；现象学的employ:使用；采用；雇用；使忙于；使从事于individualistic:个人主义的；利己主义的flexibleopenendedinterviews.TheQ-sorttechnique,wheretheparticipantisgivenonehundreddifferentstatementsoncards,suchas‘Idon’ttrustmyemotions’or‘Ihaveanattractivepersonality’whichtheyhavetosortintopilesforpersonalrelevanceflexible:灵活的；柔韧的；易弯曲的interview:接见，采访；面试，面谈灵活的开放式访谈。Q分类技术，在运用时，给与参与者具有一百个不同语句的卡片，例如：“我不信任我的情绪”，或者“我有一个吸引人的个性”。他们要把这些语句按照与个性的相关进行分类。Q分类技术pile:堆；大量relevance:关联；相关AreasofexplanationThehumanisticapproachhasbeenappliedtorelativelyfewareasofpsychologycomparedtootherapproaches.ThemainareasofexplanationhavebeeninPersonality/selfidentity,e.g.Rogers’sselftheoryMotivation,e.g.Maslow’shierarchyofneedsandself-actualisationAbnormality,e.g.duetoimposedconditionsofworthbyothersortheinabilitytoacceptthetrueself.HumanistsareagainstthenomotheticclassificationofabnormalityThehumanisticapproachhasbeenappliedtorelativelyfewareasofpsychologycomparedtootherapproaches.Themainareasofexplanationhavebeenin与其他方法相比较而言，人本主义的研究方法在心理学领域的应用非常有限。最主要的阐释内容有：relatively:相当地；相对地，比较地personality/selfidentity,e.g.Rogers’sselftheorymotivation,e.g.Maslow’shierarchyofneedsandself-actualisation人格同一性/自我认同，例如，罗杰斯的自我理论动机，例如，马斯洛的需要层次理论和自我实现hierarchy:层级；等级制度abnormality,e.g.duetoimposedconditionsofworthbyothersortheinabilitytoacceptthetrueself.Humanistsareagainstthenomotheticclassificationofabnormality变态,例如,由于被他人强加的价值条件或无法接受真实的自我。人本主义者反对对变态的常规分类。classification:分类；类别；等级PracticalapplicationsThehumanisticapproach’sprimaryapplicationhasbeentotherapeutictreatmentforanybodysuffering’problemswithliving’.Somehumanistictherapiesincludeclient-centredtherapy-wherebytheclientisencouragedtodeveloppositiveself-regardandovercomemismatchbetweentheirperceivedself,trueself,andidealselfgestalttherapy-developedbyFritzPerls,theaimistohelptheclientbecomea‘whole’(gestalt)personbygettingthemtoaccepteveryaspectofthemselvesThehumanisticapproach’sprimaryapplicationhasbeentotherapeutictreatmentforanybodysuffering’problemswithliving’.Somehumanistictherapiesinclude人本主义的研究方法主要用来治疗遭受生活困扰的人。一些人本主义治疗方法包括：therapeutic:治疗的；治疗学的client-centredtherapy-wherebytheclientisencouragedtodeveloppositiveself-regardandovercomemismatchbetweentheirperceived

self,trueself,andidealself来访者中心疗法-鼓励来访者建立积极的自尊以及克服他们的知觉自我、真我（现实我）和理想我之间的不协调。whereby:凭借；通过……；借以；与……一致self-regard:自爱；自尊overcome:克服；胜过perceived:感知到的；感官的gestalttherapy-developedbyFritzPerls,theaimistohelptheclientbecomea‘whole’(gestalt)personbygettingthemtoaccepteveryaspectofthemselves格式塔疗法——由珀尔斯发展而来，它的目标是帮助来访者通过接受他们自己的每一方面从而成为一个“完整的”（格式塔）人。StrengthsThehumanisticapproachhascontributedtopsychologybyre-emphasisingtheneedtostudyconsciousnessandhumanexperienceforacompletestudyofthesubjectservingasavaluableagentofcriticismagainsttheextremesoftheearliermajorapproacheshighlightingthevalueofmoreindividualisticandidiographicmethodsofstudy,particularlyintheareasofpersinalityandabnormalityemphasisingtheimportanceofself-actualisation,responsibility,freedomofchoice,andsocialcontextintherapyThehumanisticapproachhascontributedtopsychologybyre-emphasisingtheneedtostudyconsciousnessandhumanexperienceforacompletestudyofthesubject人本主义的研究方法对心理学的贡献为：再次强调，这个学科的一个完整研究必须包括意识和人类经验。servingasavaluableagentofcriticismagainsttheextremesoftheearliermajorapproaches作为一个有价值的批评依据来反对早期的主要的极端主义方法。valuable:有价值的；贵重的；可估价的agent:代理人，代理商extremes:狂热分子；极端条件highlightingthevalueofmoreindividualisticandidiographicmethodsofstudy,particularlyintheareasofpersonalityandabnormality强调更多个人的和独特的研究方法的重要性，尤其是在人格和变态领域。

highlight:突出；强调；使显著；加亮emphasisingtheimportanceofself-actualisation,responsibility,freedomofchoice,andsocialcontextintherapy强调自我实现、责任、选择自由以及社会背景在治疗中的重要性。WeaknessesHumanisticpsychologyhasnot,however,hadthesignificantimpactonmainstreamacademicpsychologythattheotherapproacheshave.Thisisprobablybecausehumanistsdeliberatelytakealessscientificapproachtostudyinghumanssincetheirbeliefinfreewillisinoppositiontothedeteministicla