2023年军考专升本英语模拟

2023年军考大专生英语模拟考试时长：120分钟；考试分数：100分迅速阅读（共10分，每题1分）Ifitweren'tfornicotine,peoplewouldn'tsmoketobacco.Why?Becauseofthemorethan4000chemicalsintobaccosmoke,nicotineistheprimaryonethatactsonthebrain,alteringpeople'smoods,appetitesandalertnessinwaystheyfindpleasantandbeneficial.Unfortunately,asitiswidelyknown,nicotinehasadarkside:itishighlyaddictive.Oncesmokersbecomehookedonit,theymustgettheirfixofitregularly,sometimesseveraldozentimesaday.Cigarettesmokecontains43knowncarcinogens,whichmeansthatlong-termsmokingcanamounttoadeathsentence.IntheUSalone,420,000Americansdieeveryyearfromtobacco-relatedillnesses.

Breakingnicotineaddictionisnoteasy.Eachyear,nearly35millionpeoplemakeaconcertedefforttoquitsmoking.Sadly,lessthan7percentsucceedinabstainingformorethanayear;moststartsmokingagainwithindays.Sowhatisnicotineandhowdoesitinsinuateitselfintothesmoker'sbrainandverybeing?Thenicotinefoundintobaccoisapotentdrugandsmokers,andevensomescientists,sayitofferscertainbenefits.Oneisenhanceperformance.Onestudyfoundthatnon-smokersgivendosesofnicotinetypedabout5percentfasterthantheydidwithoutit.Togreaterorlesserdegrees,usersalsosaynicotinehelpsthemtomaintainconcentration,reduceanxiety,relievepain,andevendampentheirappetites(thushelpinginweightcontrol).Unfortunately,nicotinecanalsoproducedeleteriouseffectsbeyondaddiction.Athighdoses,asareachievedfromtobaccoproducts,itcancausehighbloodpressure,distressintherespiratoryandgastrointestinalsystemsandanincreaseinsusceptibilitytoseizuresandhypothermia.Firstisolatedasacompoundin1828,initspureformnicotineisaclearliquidthatturnsbrownwhenburnedandsmellsliketobaccowhenexposedtoair.Itisfoundinseveralspeciesofplants,includingtobaccoand,perhapssurprisingly,intomatoes,potatoes,andeggplant(thoughinextremelylowquantitiesthatarepharmacologicallyinsignificantforhumans).Assimpleasitlooks,thecigaretteishighlyengineerednicotinedeliverydevice.Forinstance,whentobaccoresearchersfoundthatmuchofthenicotineinacigarettewasn'treleasedwhenburnedbutratherremainedchemicallyboundwithinthetobaccoleaf,theybeganaddingsubstancessuchasammoniatocigarettetobaccotoreleasemorenicotine.Ammoniahelpskeepnicotineinitsbasicform,whichismorereadilyvaporisedbytheintenseheatoftheburningcigarettethantheacidicform.Mostcigarettesfor

saleintheUStodaycontain10milligramsormoreofnicotine.Byinhalingsmokefromalightedcigarette,theaveragesmokertakes1or2milligramsofvaporisednicotinepercigarette.Todayweknowthatonlyaminisculeamountofnicotineisneededtofueladdiction.Researchshowsthatmanufacturerswouldhavetocutnicotinelevelsinatypicalcigaretteby95%toforestallitspowertoaddict.Whena

smokerpuffsonalightedcigarette,smoke,includingvaporisednicotine,isdrawnintothemouth.Theskinandliningofthemouthimmediatelyabsorbsomenicotine,buttheremainderflowsstraightdownintothelungs,whereiteasilydiffusesintothebloodvesselsliningthelungwalls.Thebloodvesselscarrythenicotinetotheheart,whichthenpumpsitdirectlytothebrain.Whilemostoftheeffectsasmokerseeksoccurinthebrain,thehearttakesahitaswell.Studieshaveshownthatasmoker'sfirstcigaretteofthedaycanincreasehisorherheartrateby10to20beatsaminute.Scientistshavefoundthatasmokedsubstancereachesthebrainmorequicklythanoneswallowed,snorted(suchascocainepowder)oreveninjected.Indeed,anicotinemoleculeinhaledinsmokewillreachthebrainwithin10

seconds.Thenicotinetravelsthroughbloodvessels,whichbranchoutintocapillarieswithinthebrain.

Capillariesnormallycarrynutrientsbuttheyreadilyaccommodatenicotinemoleculesaswell.Onceinsidethebrain,nicotine,likemostaddictivedrugs,triggersthereleaseofchemicalsassociatedwitheuphoriaandpleasure.Justasitmovesrapidlyfromthelungsintothebloodstream,nicotinealsoeasilydiffusesthroughcapillarywalls.Itthenmigratestothespacessurroundingneurons—ganglioncellsthattransmitnerveimpulsesthroughoutthenervoussystem.Theseimpulsesarethebasisforourthoughts,feelings,andmoods.Totransmitnerveimpulsestoitsneighbor,aneuronereleaseschemicalmessengersknownasneurotransmitters.Likenicotinemolecules,theneurotransmittersdriftintotheso-calledsynapticspacebetweenneurones,readytolatchontothereceivingneuroneandthusdeliverachemical“message”thattriggersanelectricalimpulse.Theneurotransmittersbindontoreceptorsonthesurfaceoftherecipientneurone.Thisopenschannelsinthecellsurfacethroughwhichenterions,orchargedatoms,ofsodium.Thisgeneratesacurrentacrossthemembraneofthereceivingcell,whichcompletesdeliveryofthe“message”.Anaccomplishedmimic,nicotinecompeteswiththeneurotransmitterstobindtothereceptors.Itwinsand,likethevanquishedchemical,opensionchannelsthatletsodiumionsintothecell.Butthere'salotmorenicotinearoundthantheoriginaltransmitter,soamuchlargercurrentspreadsacrossthemembrane.Thisbiggercurrentcausesincreasedelectricalimpulsestotravelalongcertainneurones.Withrepeatedsmoking,theneuronesadapttothisincreasedelectricalactivity,andthesmokerbecomesdependentonthenicotine.问题1~7，符合文章内容旳填写Y；不符合文章内容旳填写N；文章未提及旳填写NG。问题8~10，根据文章内容补充句子。1.Althoughnicotineisprobablythewell-knownchemicalincigarettes,itisnotnecessarilytheonethatchangesthepsycheofthesmokerwhencigarettesaresmoked.2.Inspiteofthedifficulties,accordingtothetextmorethanthirty-fivemillionpeopleayeargiveupsmoking.3.Ithasbeenshownthatnicotineincigarettescanimprovepeople'sabilitiestoperformsomeactionsmorequickly.4.Addedammoniaincigarettesallowssmokerstoinhalemorenicotine.5.Snortedsubstancesreachthebrainfasterthaninjectedsubstances.6.Nicotinedilatesthebloodvesselsthatcarryitaroundthebody.7.Nicotinemoleculesallowgreaterelectricalchargestopassbetweenneurones.8.Cigarettecompanieswouldhavetocutthenicotinecontentincigarettesby________________topreventthemfrombeingaddictive.9.Accordingtothepassage,acigarettecanraiseasmoker'sheartrateby______________aminute.10.Inordertotransmitnerveimpulsestoitsneighbour,aneuronesends________________knownasneurotransmitters.选择填空（共20分，每题1分）11.Wemostprefertosayyestothe____ofsomeoneweknowandlike.A.attempts B.requests C.doubts D.promises12.Thereisnoneedtotellmeyouranswernow.Giveitsome____andthenletmeknow.A.thought B.support C.protection D.authority13.Hegavehimselfanewnametohidehis____whenhewenttocarryoutthesecrettask.A.emotion B.talent C.identity D.treasure14.Whenhewasrunningafterhisbrother,theboylosthis____andhadabadfall.A.balance B.chance C.memory D.place15.—GoandsaysorrytoyourMom,Dave.—I’dliketo,butI’mafraidshewon’tbehappywithmy____.A.requests B.excuses C.apologies D.regrets16.Someschoolswillhavetomake____inagreementwiththenationalsoccerreform.A.judgments B.adjustments C.comments D.achievements17.Oneofthemosteffectivewaystoreduce____istotalkaboutfeelingswithsomeoneyoutrust.A.production B.stress C.energy D.power18.Shewasputunderhousearresttwoyearsagobutremainedapowerful____inlastyear’selection.A.symbol B.portrait C.identity D.statue19.Windisnowtheworld’sfastestgrowing____ofpower.A.source B.sense C.result D.root20.—Didyoufinishreadingthatlongnovel?—No,Iranoutof____.It’stoolongandIonlycompletedhalfofit.A.sympathy B.devotion C.patience D.strength21.Themillionsofcalculationsinvolved,hadtheybeendonebyhand,____allpracticalvaluebythetimetheywerefinished.A.couldlose B.wouldhavelostC.mightlose D.oughttohavelost22.Accordingtotherecord,scientistsfoundthattemperaturesofthissummerareabove____.A.ordinary B.common C.average D.usual23.Thediscussiontopicofthisconference____environmentalprotectionproblems.A.focusedon B.puton C.tookon D.carriedon24.It’sherverycleverness_____makesitdifficultforhertoworkwith.A.what B.forthat C.which D.That25.Accordingtotheregulation,manykindsofchemical____willbeforbiddentodumpintotheriverdirectly.A.submissions B.substances C.subjects D.subordinates26.—Didyousleepwelllastnight?—No,theloudnoisefromthestreet____meawakeforhours.A.hadkept B.iskeeping C.haskept D.kept27.—Haveyoutoldyourparentsaboutyourdecision?—Notyet.Icanhardlyimagine____theywillreact.A.what B.that C.how D.when28.IthinkthebiggestproblemIbanningsmokingis____peoplecanbuycigaretteseasily.A.that B.whether C.where D.how29.Theyareknown____vitaminsA,B,Cwhichcanhelpcarry____chemicalchangeswithincells.A.from,on B.to,with C.as,about D.as,out30.Mostpeopledidn'tacceptthetheorywhenitwasfirst____.A.setabout B.setoff C.putforward D.putout阅读理解（共30分，每题2分）Passage1Howmuchdoyouknowaboutnutrition?IfyourknowledgeissimilartothatoffoodshopperswhoansweredthreesurveysfortheU.S.FoodandDrugAdministration,thenyouprobablysharesomewide-spreadmisinformationaboutnutrition.Checkyouranswerstothefollowingstatements.Isittrueorfalse?Statement1:Freshvegetablescookedathomearealwaysmorenutritiousthancannedorfrozenvegetables.False.Thenutritionaldifferencedependsmoreonhowvegetablesarehandledorpreparedthaninwhethertheyareboughtfreshorpackaged.Overcooking,forexample,destroysmanynutrients.Vegetablescookedintoomuchwatercanloseasignificantamountofvitamins.Statement2:Whendieting,avoidstarchy(淀粉类)foods,suchasbreadorpotatoes.False.Ifyoucutoutstarchyfoods,suchaspeas,potatoes,bread,andrice,youcutoutverygoodsourcesofseveralBvitamins,VitaminC,andothernutrients.Moreover,ounceforounce,breadandpotatoeshavefewercaloriesthansirloinsteakandroastbeef.Statement3:Takingextravitaminsbeyondtherecommendeddailyallowanceswon'tgiveyoumoreenergy.True.It'swidelybelievedthatextravitaminsprovidemoreenergy.Buttakingmorethanthebodyneedsdoesn'tmakeitfunctionbetter,justasoverfillingyourgastankdoesn'tmakeyourcarrunfaster.Ifyouansweredthesequestionscorrectly,youcanforthetimebeingconsideryourselfwellinformedaboutfoodandnutritionbytoday'sstandards.Butrememberthatnutritionisacomplexandgrowingscienceandthattoday'sbeliefsmaybechangedasnewinformationbecomesavailable.31.Thefirstparagraphimpliesthatmanypeople____.A.arewellinformedaboutnutritionB.don'tcareaboutnutritionC.havemuchknowledgeofnutritionD.haveincorrectideasaboutnutrition32.Accordingtoparagraph2,whichisNOTtrueaboutnutrition?A.Overcookingdestroysmanynutrients.B.Itmakesnodifferencehowyoupreparevegetables.C.Bothfreshandpackagedvegetablesarenutritious.D.Vitaminsinvegetablecouldbelostduringcooking.33.Whichisacorrectattitudetowardsstarchyfood?A.Starchyfoodsareunnecessaryinabalanceddiet.B.Breadandsteakhavethesameamountofcaloriesperounce.C.Valuablenutrientscouldbefoundinstarchyfoods.D.Starchyfoodsincludeonlypeas,potatoes,breadandrice.34.Thedescriptionof"overfillingyourgastank"showswhy____.A.oneshouldtakeasmuchvitaminsaspossibleB.morethanenoughvitaminsisunnecessaryC.vitaminscostasmuchasgasD.doctorsrecommendallowanceofvitamins35.Agoodtitleforthisarticlewouldbe____.A.TipsofLosingWeightEffectivelyB.TestYourNutritionIQC.Nutrition:AComplexBranchofScienceD.MisleadingNutritionConceptsPassage2Long-timeexposuretoairpollutioncanleadtophysicalchangesinthebrainandcausetroubleinlearningandmemory,andevenanxiety.Thisissuggestedbytheresultsofnewresearchonmice.Whileotherstudieshaveshowntheharmfuleffectsofpollutedairinthelungsandheart,thisisthefirsttoshowthenegativeeffectonthebrain.TheteamofLauraFonken,RandyNelson,fromtheOhioStateUniversity,USA,hasspreadtothebrainapreviouslineofresearchwhichfoundthatfineparticulate(微粒)matterfloatingintheairmainlybecauseofairpollutioncausedbyhumans,causesswellinginmuchofthebody,andmayberelatedtohighbloodpressureproblems,andsomeotherdiseases.IntheresearchFonkenandhiscolleaguesexposedmicetopollutedairforsixhourseachday,fivedaysaweek,overaperiodof10months,almosthalftheaveragelifelengthofmice.Pollutedaircontainsfineparticlescreatedbycars,factoriesandnaturaldust.Fineparticlesofthiskindaretiny,about2.5micrometersindiameter,oraboutone-thirtieththewidthofahumanhair.Theseparticlescangodeepintolungsandotherorgans.Theconcentrationofthisparticulatematerialtowhichtheyexposedmiceisequaltotheconcentrationatwhichpeoplecanbeexposedinsomepollutedurbanareas.Afteraperiodof10months,theresearchersgottheanimalstohaveaseriesofbehavioraltests.Boththebehaviorofmiceandtheresultsofneurological(神经旳)testsdonetothemshowthatthosewithinthepollutedairhadmoreproblemsinlearningandmemory,andhigherlevelsofanxiety.Theresultssuggestthatlong-timeexposuretopollutedaircanhavemeasurablenegativeeffectsonthehumanbrainandcancauseavarietyofmentalhealthproblems.Thiscouldhaveimportantconsequencesforthoselivingandworkinginpollutedurbanareas.36.Theresultsofnewresearchonmicefirstsuggestthatpollutedairmainlydoesharmto.A.normalorgans B.lungsandheart C.mentalhealth D.bloodpressure37.Whatharmfuleffectofpollutedairismentionedinotherstudies?A.Theharmfuleffectonlearning. B.Theharmfuleffectonalltheorgans.C.Theharmfuleffectonlungsandheart D.Theharmfuleffectonimprovingmemory.38.ThebadeffectsoftinyparticlesinpollutedairarethoseExcept.A.highbloodpressureproblems B.makinghumanhairthinnerC.differentkindsofdiseases D.swellinginmuchofthebody39.Fromthelastsentencewecaninferthatpeoplelivinginpollutedurbanareas.A.arelikelytosufferfrommentalproblems B.canmeasurethenegativeeffectonthemC.showlittleconcernforairpollution D.canbeexposedtopollutedairlonger40.Whichofthefollowingisthebesttitleforthepassage?A.Long-timeExposuretoAirPollution B.EvidenceandConcernofAirPollution\C.MeasurableEffectonHumanBrain D.MentalProblemsCausedbyAirPollutionPassage3Earlysystemscienceishighlydependentonnewtools.EarthsystemscienceinvolvesobservationandmeasurementsontheEarthatallscalesfromthelargesttothesmallest.Thehugeamountsofdatathataregatheredcomefrommanydifferentlocationsandrequirespecialtechniquesforhandling.ImportantnewtoolsthatfacilitateEarthsystemscienceincludesatelliteremotesensing（卫星遥感）,smalldeep-seasubmarines（潜艇）,andgeographicinformationsystems.Besidesgatheringevidence,satelliteobservationscontinuallyremindusthateachpartoftheEarthinteractswithandisdependentonallotherparts.Earthsystemsciencewasbornfromtherealizationofthatinterdependence.Satelliteremotesensingmakespossibleobservationsatlargescales,andinmanycases,measurementsoffactorsthatcouldnototherwisebemeasured.Forexample,theozonehole（臭氧洞）overAntarctica--thedecreaseintheconcentrationofozonehighintheatmosphere--ismeasuredbyremotesensing,asarechangesindeserts,forests,andfarmlandsaroundtheworld.SuchmeasurementscanbeusedinmanyareasofspecializationbesidesEarthsystemscience.Archaeology（考古学）,forexample,hasbenefitedfromsatelliteobservationsthatrevealthetracesofancienttraderoutesacrosstheArabianDesert.NewtoolsforexploringpreviouslyinaccessibleareasoftheEarthhavealsoaddedgreatlytoourknowledgeoftheEarthsystem.Smalldeep-seasubmarinesallowscientiststotraveltothedepthsoftheocean.Theretheyhavediscoverednewspeciesandecosystemsthrivingneardeep-seaventsthatemitheat,sasses,andmineral-richwater.NewwaystostoreandanalyzedataabouttheEarthsystemisasimportantasnewmethodsofmeasurementandexploration.Computer-basedsoftwareprogramsknownasgeographicinformationsystems,orGIS,allowalargenumberofdatapointstobestoredalongwiththeirlocations.Thesecanbeusedtoproducemapsandtocomparedifferentsetsofinformationgatheredatdifferenttimes.Forexample,satelliteremotesensingimagesofaforestcanbeconvertedtorepresentstagesintheforest'sgrowth.Twosuchimages,madeatdifferenttimescanbeoverlaidandcompared,andthechangesthathavetakenplacecanberepresentedinanewimage.41.

The

word

"facilitate"

in

Paragraph

I

is

closest

in

meaning

to____.

A.

enable

B.

require

C.

organize

D.

examine

42.

The

author

of

the

passage

mentions

that

satellite

observations

are

especially

effective

in

____.

A.

conducting

scientific

studies

of

life

on

the

ocean

floor

B.predicting

future

climate

changes

C.

providing

data

to

determine

Earth's

age

D.

demonstrating

interactions

among

all

of

Earth's

parts

43.

According

to

the

passage,

satellite

observations

of

the

Arabian

Desert

allow

archaeologists

to

know

____.

A.

indications

of

ancient

routes

B.

evidence

of

former

lakes

C.

traces

of

early

farms

D.

remains

of

ancient

forests

44.Smalldeep-seasubmarinescanbeusedto____.A.fightthewar B.patroltheoceanC.transportmenandgoods D.discoverednewspeciesandecosystemsthrivingneardeep-sea45.What

is

the

main

idea

of

the

passage?

____A.

Special

techniques

are

needed

to

classify

the

huge

amounts

of

data

about

Earth.

B.

New

tools

provide

information

about

Earth

that

was

once

impossible

to

obtain.

C.

Advances

in

Earth

system

science

have

resolved

many

environmental

problems.

D.Satelliteremotesensingcanshowchangesbetweentwoimagestakenyearsapart.完形填空（共15分，每题1分）Inspiration“Mama,whenIgrowup,I’mgoingtobeoneofthose!”IsaidthisafterseeingtheCapitalDancingCompanyperformwhenIwasthree.Itwasthefirsttimethatmy__46__tookonavividformandactedassomethingimportanttostartmytraining.AsIgrewolderandwas__47__tomore,myinterestsintheworldofdance__48__variedbutthatlittlegirl’sdreamofsomedaybecominga__49__inthecompanyneverleftme.Inthesummerof2023whenIwas18,Ireceivedthephonecallwhichmadethatdreama__50__;Ibecameamemberofthecompany__51__backto1925.AsIlookbackonthatdaynow,itsurely__52__anysenseofreality.IbelieveIstayedinastateofpleasantdisbelief__53__Iwashalfwaythroughrehearsals(排练)onmyfirstday.Ineveractually__54__togetthejob.Afterbeingofferedtheposition,Iwascompletely__55__.Iremembershakingwithexcitement.ThoughIwasabsolutelythrilledwiththechange,itdidnotcomewithoutitsfairshareof__56__.Throughthestrictrehearsalperiodofdancingsixdaysaweek,Ifounditvitalto__57__upthematerialfastwitheverylastbitofconcentration.Itisthatextreme__58__todetail(细节)andstressonpracticethatsetus__59__.Tothenfollowthosehigh-energyrehearsals__60__abusyshowscheduleofuptofiveperformancesaday,Idiscoveredanewmeaningofthewords“hardwork.”WhatIthoughtweremyphysicalboundarieswerepushedmuchfurtherthanIthoughtpossible.Ilearnedtomakeeachperformancebetterthanthelast.Today,whenIlookattheunbelievablecompanythatIhavethegreathonorofbeingapartof,notonlyasamember,butasadancecaptain,Iseeatraditionthathasinspirednotonlygenerationsoflittlegirlsbutasplendidcompanythatcontinuestodevelopandgrow-andinspirespeopleeverydaytofollowtheirdreams.46.A.hobby B.plan C.dream D.word47.Aconnected B.expanded C.exposed D.extended48.A.rarely B.certainly C.probably D.consistently49.A.director B.trainer C.leader D.dancer50.A.symbol B.memory C.truth D.reality51.A.bouncing B.dating C.turning D.tracking52.A.lacks B.adds C.makes D.brings53.A.while B.since C.until D.when54.A.Cared B.Expected C.Asked D.Decided55.A.motivated B.relaxed C.convinced D.astonished56.A.challenges B.profitsC.advantages D.adventures57.A.put B.mix C.build D.pick58.A.Attention B.association C.attraction D.adaptation59.A.apart B.aside C.off D.back60.A.over B.by C.with D.beyond五、翻译（共15分，每题3分）61.每当赢得重大比赛，都会问运动员们是怎样获得成功旳。____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________62.假如我是你，我会接受那位年轻人旳提议。________________________________________________________