《新编MBA英语综合教程》课件Unit 6 Leadership

Unit

SixLeadershipLead-in

Lead-in

A.Readthefollowingpassageforinformationaboutleadership,payingattentiontothewordsandexpressionsinbold.Itisacommonbeliefthatmanagementandleadershiparethesamerole.Whileitiscommonthatamanageralsoplaysthepartoftheleader,thesetworolesaretrulyseparateinfunctionandinthewaytheyaddtothesuccessofanorganization.Byunderstandingthedifferencebetweenmanagementandleadershipyouwillbecomemoreeffectiveinhelpingothersseetheroadahead.leadership

[ˑliːdəʃɪp]n.领导力management

[ˑmænɪdʒmənt]n.经营，管理

Lead-inTounderstandthedifferencebetweenmanagementandleadership,considertheconstructionofanewroad.Tobuildthatroadthereareworkers,machineryandtoolswhichareallvitalintheroad’sconstruction.Managershelpensurethoseworkers,machineryandtoolsworktogetherinthemostefficientwaypossible.Amanagermakessurethoseworkersarewell-trained,motivated,restedandthattheyknowwhatthey’resupposedtodonext.construction[kənˑstrʌkʃən]n.建造leadership

[ˑliːdəʃɪp]n.领导力management

[ˑmænɪdʒmənt]n.经营，管理

Lead-inThemanagerdoesthesamethingwiththetoolsandthemachinerytomakesurethatthey’reworkingcorrectlyandthattheworkersareabletousethemefficientlyandsafely.Thisistheroleofmanagement.Ontheotherhand,aleadermakessurethattheroadisgoingintherightdirectionbeforetheconstructionbegins.Thatleaderalsomonitorsconditionsinnewsituationstoensurethattheroadunderconstructionisstillthecorrectoneandisstillgoingintherightdirection.construction[kənˑstrʌkʃən]n.建造management

[ˑmænɪdʒmənt]n.经营，管理monitor[ˑmɔnitə]v.监控

Lead-inHowdoesthisaffectyouasaleader?Areyouspendingyourtimemanagingpeoplewhenyoushouldbemakingsurethattheroadaheadistheonethatyouwanttobeon?Toexpecttobeaneffectiveleaderyoumustpresentaclearvisionandatrailyouarewillingtowalkonfirst.vision[ˑvɪʒən]n.远见，洞察力

Lead-inWhiletherearetimeswhenitisappropriateforaleadertofillamanagementrole,itisvitaltounderstandthedifferencebetweenleadershipandmanagementsoyoucanbeeffectivenomatterwhichroleyouhappentobefillingatagiventime.Ifyouarealeaderoverseeingmanagers,itisimportantthatyouprovidethemwiththecorrectperspectivesotheymaybeeffectiveintheirmanagementrole.Don’tmanagethemanagers.Leadthem.leadership

[ˑliːdəʃɪp]n.领导力management

[ˑmænɪdʒmənt]n.经营，管理oversee[ˌəʊvəˑsiː]v.看管，监督perspective[pəˑspektɪv]n.观点，看法

Lead-inIfyouarenotinaformalleadershiprole,itisalsoimportantthatyouunderstandthatwhenaleadershipopportunityarisesthereisadifferencebetweenbeingaleaderandmanagingtheeffort.Evenifyouendupfillingbothsetsofshoesit’simportanttounderstandthedifferenceinrolesinordertofillthemeffectively.If,ontheotherhand,youlearnhowtoleadbyshowingpeoplethatyouarewalkingdowntherightroad,youwillbecomeanaturalleaderandwillbeabletohelpmanyothersfindsuccessasyouachieveyourown.leadership

[ˑliːdəʃɪp]n.领导力B.Trytoanswerthefollowingquestionsaboutleadershipbriefly.1.Inwhichtwowaysaretherolesofaleaderandamanagertrulyseparate?Key:Thetworolesaretrulyseparateinfunctionandinthewaytheyaddtothesuccessofanorganization.2.Whatmustyoupresentifyouexpecttobeaneffectiveleader?3.Whatistheroleofaleaderwhentheconstructionofanewroadistakenasanexample?Key:Aleadermakessurethattheroadisgoingintherightdirectionbeforetheconstructionbegins.Thatleaderalsomonitorsconditionsinnewsituationstoensurethattheroadunderconstructionisstillthecorrectoneandisstillgoingintherightdirection.Key:Tobeaneffectiveleaderyoumustpresentaclearvisionandatrailyouarewillingtowalkonfirst.4.Whatshouldyouprovideifyouarealeaderoverseeingmanagers?

5.Howcanyoubecomeanaturalleaderwhoisabletohelpmanyothersfindsuccessasyouachieveyourown?Key:Ifyouarealeaderoverseeingmanagers,itisimportantthatyouprovidethemwiththecorrectperspectivesotheymaybeeffectiveintheirmanagementrole.Key:Ifyoulearnhowtoleadbyshowingpeoplethatyouarewalkingdowntherightroad,youwillbecomeanaturalleaderandwillbeabletohelpmanyothersfindsuccessasyouachieveyourown.C.Workinpairsanddescribetoeachotherthebestleaderyouhaveknownorhavebeenadmiring.Howhasthisleaderdemonstratedhis/herleadership?Givesomeexamples.

IntensiveReading

TransformationalLeadershipStart-upquestionTransformationalleadershipisconcernedaboutfollowerstoimprovetheirmotivation,moraleandperformance.Whatdoyouthinkofthiskindofleadership?Paragraph1-1

Transformationalleadershipisdefinedasaleadershipapproachthatcauseschangeinindividualsandsocialsystems.Initsidealform,itcreatesvaluableandpositivechangeinthefollowerswiththeendgoalofdevelopingleadersfromfollowers.Enactedinitsauthenticform,transformationalleadershipenhancesthemotivation,moraleandperformanceoffollowersthroughavarietyofmechanisms.

Paragraph1-2

Theseincludeconnectingthefollower'ssenseofidentityandselftothemissionandthecollectiveidentityoftheorganization;beingarolemodelforfollowersthatinspiresthem;challengingfollowerstotakegreaterownershipfortheirwork,andunderstandingthestrengthsandweaknessesoffollowers,sotheleadercanalignfollowerswithtasksthatoptimizetheirperformance....transformational

[ˌtrænsfəˑmeiʃənəl]a.转换的，变革的Itcanbeharnessed,gatheredandusedasanincrediblytransformationaltool.我们可以控制，收集和使用它。它是一个神奇的转换工具。enact[iˑnækt]

v.颁布，制定SuccessivegovernmentsinIndiahavepromisedtoenactananti-corruptionlawbutfailedtodoso.历届印度政府都保证要制定一项反腐败法律，可是都没有做到。authentic[ɔ:ˑθentik]a.真正的，真实的Itnowappearsthatpeopleinthesenations,likepeopleinallnations,havemultipleauthenticselves.现在看来，与所有国家的人民一样，这些国家的人民具有多元化的真实的自我。morale

[mɔˑrɑ:l]

n.斗志，士气Manypilotsaresufferingfromlowmorale.很多飞行员现在士气低落。align

[əˑlain]

v.使结盟Whenwarbrokeout,theyalignedthemselveswiththerebelforces.战争爆发以后，他们与叛军结了盟。optimize

[ˑɔptimaiz]v.优化ThenewsystemshavebeenoptimizedforrunningMicrosoftWindows.新系统已经被优化，以便运行微软视窗系统。Answerthefollowingquestionsaccordingtothearticle.Accordingtothefirstparagraph,whatistransformationalleadership?Key：Transformationalleadershipisdefinedasaleadershipapproachthatcauseschangeinindividualsandsocialsystems.Enactedinitsauthenticform,transformationalleadershipenhancesthemotivation,moraleandperformanceoffollowersthroughavarietyofmechanisms.CompletethefollowingpassagebyfillingeachofthemarkedblankswithoneortwocontentwordsusingChineseequivalentsinthebracketsasthereference._________________a________________(变革型领导)isdefinedasaleadershipapproachthatcauses____b_____(变化)inindividualsandsocialsystems.key:a.Transformationalleadershipb.changeCompletethefollowingsentenceswithonefunctionword.Enacted______itsauthenticform,transformationalleadershipenhancesthemotivation,moraleandperformanceoffollowersthroughavarietyofmechanisms.key:inCompletethefollowingsentencesbytranslatingtheChinesegiveninthebrackets.Transformationalleadershipisdefinedasaleadershipapproachthatcauses_________________________________________（在个体和社会体制中引起变化）Key：

changeinindividualsandsocialsystemsEnactedinitsauthenticform,transformationalleadership_________________________________________________（提升下属的动机、斗志和表现力）throughavarietyofmechanisms.key：enhancesthemotivation,moraleandperformanceoffollowers

TranslatethefollowingpassageintoChinese.

Transformationalleadershipisdefinedasaleadershipapproachthatcauseschangeinindividualsandsocialsystems.Initsidealform,itcreatesvaluableandpositivechangeinthefollowerswiththeendgoalofdevelopingleadersfromfollowers.Enactedinitsauthenticform,transformationalleadershipenhancesthemotivation,moraleandperformanceoffollowersthroughavarietyofmechanisms.变革型领导模式会转换组织成员的观念和态度。理想地说，变革型领导理论把领导者和下属的角色相互联系起来，试图促使下属产生有价值的积极的转变，最终目标是从下属成为领导者。在实际情况中，变革型领导会通过一系列体制，提高下属的动力、志气和表现力。

TranslatethefollowingpassageintoChinese.

Theseincludeconnectingthefollower'ssenseofidentityandselftothemissionandthecollectiveidentityoftheorganization;beingarolemodelforfollowersthatinspiresthem;challengingfollowerstotakegreaterownershipfortheirwork,andunderstandingthestrengthsandweaknessesoffollowers,sotheleadercanalignfollowerswithtasksthatoptimizetheirperformance....它包括下属身份感、使命感以及集体认同感的结合，领导者通过自身的行为表率激励下属，使他们对工作有更强的使命感，他们了解下属的优点和缺点，对下属分配不同的任务，优化他们的表现。

Paragraph2-1BackgroundJamesMacGregorBurns(1978)firstintroducedtheconceptof‘transformingleadership’inhisdescriptiveresearchonpoliticalleaders,butthistermisnowusedinorganizationalpsychologyaswell.AccordingtoBurns,transformingleadershipisaprocessinwhich"leadersandfollowershelpeachothertoadvancetoahigherlevelofmoraleandmotivation".Burnsrelatedtothedifficultyindifferentiationbetweenmanagementandleadershipandclaimedthatthedifferencesareincharacteristicsandbehaviors.

Paragraph2-2Heestablishedtwoconcepts:"transformingleadership"and"transactionalleadership".AccordingtoBurns,thetransformingapproachcreatessignificantchangeinthelifeofpeopleandorganizations.Itredesignsperceptionsandvalues,andchangesexpectationsandaspirationsofemployees.Unlikeinthetransactionalapproach,itisnotbasedona"giveandtake"relationship,butontheleader'spersonality,traitsandabilitytomakeachangethroughexample,articulationofanenergizingvisionandchallenginggoals.

Paragraph2-3Transformingleadersareidealizedinthesensethattheyareamoralexemplarofworkingtowardsthebenefitoftheteam,organizationand/orcommunity.Burnstheorizedthattransformingandtransactionalleadershipweremutuallyexclusivestyles.Transactionalleadersusuallydonotstriveforculturalchangeintheorganizationbuttheyworkintheexistingculturewhiletransformationalleaderscantrytochangeorganizationalculture.differentiation[ˌdifərenʃiˑeiʃən]n.区别，区分Thedifferentiationbetweenthetwoproductrangeswillincrease.这两个产品系列之间的差别将会加大。transactional[trænˑzækʃnəl]a.交易型的，事务型的Transactionalkiosks,asarule,requirenospecialenticementstoattractusers.交易型信息亭无须特别地吸引使用者,这是一条原则。aspiration

[ˌæspəˑreiʃən]n.志气，抱负Heisunlikelytosendinthearmytoquellnationalistaspirations.他不可能派兵去扼杀民族主义理想。trait

[treit]

n.

特性，特征Thestudyfoundthatsomealcoholicshadclearpersonalitytraitsshowingupearlyinchildhood.这项研究发现一些酗酒者早在孩童时就表现出明显的个性特征。idealized

[aɪˑdɪəlˌaɪzd]

a.理想化的Menwanttolookliketheidealizedmendepictedinadvertisements.男人们希望自己看上去像广告中描绘的那种理想化男人。mutually[ˑmju:tʃuəli]

ad.

相互地Notethatdifferentusersofthesystemhavedifferentgoals,andthatthesegoalsareoftenmutuallyexclusive.请注意系统的不同用户有不同的目标，而且这些目标经常是相互排斥的。exclusive

[ikˑsklu:siv]

a.独有的，排外的ManyoftheircheesesareexclusivetoourstoresinBritain.在英国，他们生产的奶酪很多只在我们商店出售。Answerthefollowingquestionsaccordingtothearticle.Whatistheoriginoftransformingleadership?Key：In1978,JamesMacGregorBurnsfirstintroducedtheconceptof‘transformingleadership’inhisdescriptiveresearchonpoliticalleaders,butthistermisnowusedinorganizationalpsychologyaswell.CompletethefollowingpassagebyfillingeachofthemarkedblankswithoneortwocontentwordsusingChineseequivalentsinthebracketsasthereference.Burnsrelatedtothedifficultyin_________a___________(区别)between__________b__________(管理)andleadershipandclaimedthatthedifferencesareincharacteristicsandbehaviors.key:a.differentiationb.managementUnlikeinthe_____a______(交易的)approach,itisnotbasedona"giveandtake"relationship,butontheleader'spersonality,_____b____(特性)andabilitytomakeachangethroughexample,articulationofanenergizingvisionandchallenginggoals.key:a.transactionalb.traitsCompletethefollowingsentenceswithonefunctionword.JamesMacGregorBurnsfirstintroducedtheconceptof‘transformingleadership’inhisdescriptiveresearch______politicalleaders,butthistermisnowusedinorganizationalpsychologyaswell.Transformingleadersareidealized______thesensethattheyareamoralexemplarofworkingtowardsthebenefitoftheteam,organizationand/orcommunity.key:onkey:inTranslatethefollowingsentencesintoEnglish.交易型领导者通常不会改变组织的文化模式，他们有既定的文化。相反，变革型领导者尝试去改变既定的文化模式。

Key：Transactionalleadersusuallydonotstriveforculturalchangeintheorganizationbuttheyworkintheexistingculturewhiletransformationalleaderscantrytochangeorganizationalculture.

Paragraph3-1Developmentofconcept

Anotherresearcher,BernardM.Bass(1985),extendedtheworkofBurns(1978)byexplainingthepsychologicalmechanismsthatunderlietransformingandtransactionalleadership;Bassalsousedtheterm"transformational"insteadof"transforming."BassaddedtotheinitialconceptsofBurns(1978)tohelpexplainhowtransformationalleadershipcouldbemeasured,aswellashowitimpactsfollowermotivationandperformance.

Paragraph3-2Theextenttowhichaleaderistransformational,ismeasuredfirst,intermsofhisinfluenceonthefollowers.Thefollowersofsuchleadersfeeladmiration,loyalty,trustandrespectfortheleaderandthesequalitiesinspirefollowerstoworkharderthanoriginallyexpected.Theseoutcomesoccurbecausethetransformationalleaderoffersfollowerssomethingmorethanjustworkingforpersonalgain;theyprovidefollowerswithaninspiringmissionandvisionandgivethemanidentity.

Paragraph3-3Theleadertransformsandmotivatesfollowersthroughhisorheridealizedinfluence(earlierreferredtoascharisma),intellectualstimulationandindividualconsideration.Inaddition,thisleaderencouragesfollowerstocomeupwithnewanduniquewaystochallengethestatusquoandtoaltertheenvironmenttosupportbeingsuccessful.Finally,incontrasttoBurns,Basssuggestedthatleadershipcansimultaneouslydisplaybothtransformationalandtransactionalleadership.admiration

[ˌædməˑreiʃən]

n.钦佩，赞美Theteamfeltgreatadmirationforthecoach.队员们都非常钦佩教练。loyalty

[ˑlɔiəlti]

n.忠诚，忠实Ihaveswornanoathofloyaltytothemonarchy.我已经发誓效忠君主制。idealized

[aɪˑdɪəlˌaɪzd]

a.理想化的Menwanttolookliketheidealizedmendepictedinadvertisements.男人们希望自己看上去像广告中描绘的那种理想化男人。charisma

[kəˑrizmə]

n.魅力，非凡的领导力Hehasneitherthepoliciesnorthepersonalcharismatoinspirepeople.他既没有谋略也没有个人魅力去鼓舞人。statusquo现状Wemustnotreturntothestatusquo.

我们决不能恢复原状。simultaneously

[ˌsɪmlˑteɪnɪəslɪ]

ad.同时地ThetheatrewillprovidesimultaneoustranslationinbothEnglishandChinese.剧院将提供英语和汉语的同声翻译。Answerthefollowingquestionsaccordingtothearticle.WhatisBass’sdevelopmentfortheconceptoftransformationalleadership?Key：BassaddedtotheinitialconceptsofBurns(1978)tohelpexplainhowtransformationalleadershipcouldbemeasured,aswellashowitimpactsfollowermotivationandperformance.Inaddition,thisleaderencouragesfollowerstocomeupwithnewanduniquewaystochallengethestatusquoandtoaltertheenvironmenttosupportbeingsuccessful.Finally,Basssuggestedthatleadershipcansimultaneouslydisplaybothtransformationalandtransactionalleadership.CompletethefollowingpassagebyfillingeachofthemarkedblankswithoneortwocontentwordsusingChineseequivalentsinthebracketsasthereference.Thefollowersofsuchleadersfeel_______a_____(钦佩),_____b_____(忠诚)trustandrespectfortheleaderandthesequalitiesinspirefollowerstoworkharderthanoriginallyexpected.key:a.admirationb.loyaltyTheleadertransformsand_____a______(激起)followersthroughhisorheridealizedinfluence(earlierreferredtoascharisma),______b______(智力的)stimulationandindividualconsideration.key:

ellectualCompletethefollowingsentenceswithonefunctionword.Theextent_____whichaleaderistransformational,ismeasuredfirst,intermsofhisinfluenceonthefollowers.key:toCompletethefollowingsentencesbytranslatingtheChinesegiveninthebrackets.

Theseoutcomesoccurbecausethetransformationalleaderoffersfollowerssomethingmorethanjustworkingforpersonalgain;_______________________________（他们给下属鼓舞人心的任务和视野）andgivethemanidentity.key:theyprovidefollowerswithaninspiringmissionandvisionInaddition,___________________________________（领导鼓励其下属想一些新颖和独特的方法）tochallengethestatusquoandtoaltertheenvironmenttosupportbeingsuccessful.key:thisleaderencouragesfollowerstocomeupwithnewanduniquewaysTranslatethefollowingsentencesintoEnglish.领导者通过其理想化的影响力（之前被叫做魅力），智力激发以及个性化关怀，转变下属的想法并且激励他们。

Key：Theleadertransformsandmotivatesfollowersthroughhisorheridealizedinfluence(earlierreferredtoascharisma),intellectualstimulationandindividualconsideration.

Paragraph4

Now30yearsofresearchandanumberofmeta-analyseshaveshownthattransformationalandtransactionalleadershippositivelypredictsawidevarietyofperformanceoutcomesincludingindividual,groupandorganizationallevelvariables(seeBass&Bass2008,TheBassHandbookofLeadership:Theory,Research,andManagerialApplications,4theditionFreePress).managerial

[ˌmæniˑdʒiəriəl]

a.管理的Webelievethatthisisageneralmodelofmanagerialactivity.我们认为这可以作为管理活动的普遍范例。

Paragraph5-1

Thefullrangeofleadershipintroducesfourelementsoftransformationalleadership:1)IndividualizedConsideration–thedegreetowhichtheleaderattendstoeachfollower'sneeds,actsasamentororcoachtothefollowerandlistenstothefollower'sconcernsandneeds.Theleadergivesempathyandsupport,keepscommunicationopenandplaceschallengesbeforethefollowers.Thisalsoencompassestheneedforrespectandcelebratestheindividualcontributionthateachfollowercanmaketotheteam.Thefollowershaveaspirationsforself-development,demonstratepersonalwillpower,andhaveintrinsicmotivationfortheirtasks.

Paragraph5-22)IntellectualStimulation–thedegree,towhichtheleaderchallengesassumptions,takesrisksandsolicitsfollowers'ideas.Leaderswiththisstylestimulateandencouragecreativityintheirfollowers.Theynurtureanddeveloppeoplewhothinkindependently.Forsuchaleader,learningisavalueandunexpectedsituationsareseenasopportunitiestolearn.Thefollowersaskquestions,thinkdeeplyaboutthingsandfigureoutbetterwaystoexecutetheirtasks.

Paragraph5-33)InspirationalMotivation–thedegreetowhichtheleaderarticulatesavisionthatisappealingandinspiringtofollowers.Leaderswithinspirationalmotivationchallengefollowerswithhighstandards,communicateoptimismaboutfuturegoals,andprovidemeaningforthetaskathand.Followersneedastrongsenseofpurposeiftheyaretobemotivatedtoact.Purposeandmeaningprovidetheenergythatdrivesagroupforward.

Paragraph5-4Thevisionaryaspectsofleadershiparesupportedbycommunicationskillsthatmakethevisionunderstandable,precise,powerfulandengaging.Thefollowersareencouragedandoptimisticaboutthefutureandbelieveintheirabilities,andthereforearewillingtoinvestmoreeffortintheirtasks.4)IdealizedInfluence–Providesarolemodelforhighlyethicalbehavior,instillspride,gainsrespectandtrust.mentor

[ˑmentɔ:]

n.指导者，良师益友LeonSullivanwasmymentorandmyfriend.利昂·沙利文既是我的导师，也是我的朋友。empathy

[ˑempəθi]

n.同情，同感Havingbegunmylifeinachildren'shome,Ihavegreatempathywiththelittleones.由于从小生活在儿童福利院，我对小家伙们产生了强烈的共鸣。encompass

[inˑkʌmpəs]

v.包含，包括HisrepertoireencompassedeverythingfromBachtoSchoenberg.他的表演曲目从巴赫到勋伯格，样样俱全。aspiration

[ˌæspəˑreiʃən]n.志气，抱负Heisunlikelytosendinthearmytoquellnationalistaspirations.他不可能派兵去扼杀民族主义理想。intrinsic

[inˑtrinsik]

a.本质的，固有的Diamondshavelittleintrinsicvalueandtheirpricedependsalmostentirelyontheirscarcity.钻石没有多少内在价值，它们的价格几乎完全取决于其稀有程度。solicit

[səˑlisit]

v.请求，征求He'salreadysolicitedtheirsupportonhealthcarereform.他已经请求他们给予医疗保健改革方面的支持。nurture

[ˑnə:tʃə]

v.养育，培养Parentswanttoknowthebestwaytonurtureandraisetheirchildtoadulthood.父母们想了解把他们的孩子养育成人的最好方法。inspirational

[ɪnspɪˑreɪʃ(ə)n(ə)l]

a.鼓舞人心的，带有灵感的Gandhiwasaninspirationalfigure.甘地是一位有感召力的人物。visionary

[ˑviʒənəri]

a.幻想的，不实际的Whathethoughtisvisionary.他所想的是不切实际的。idealized

[aɪˑdɪəlˌaɪzd]

a.理想化的Menwanttolookliketheidealizedmendepictedinadvertisements.男人们希望自己看上去像广告中描绘的那种理想化男人。ethical

[ˑeθikəl]

a.伦理的，道德的Herbehaviorisalientoourethicalvalues.她的行为和我们的伦理标准格格不入。instill

[inˑstil]

v.逐渐灌输Theytriedtoinstillsuchnewideasintostudents’minds.他们努力将这些新观念灌输到学生的头脑中去。Answerthefollowingquestionsaccordingtothearticle.Illustratethefourelementsoftransformationalleadershipbriefly.Key：Thefourelementsareindividualizedconsideration,intellectualstimulation,inspirationalmotivationandidealizedinfluence.Completethefollowingsentenceswithonefunctionword.Thefollowersaskquestions,thinkdeeplyaboutthingsandfigure_____betterwaystoexecutetheirtasks.key:outCompletethefollowingsentencesbytranslatingtheChinesegiveninthebrackets._________________________________________________________________________,andthereforearewillingtoinvestmoreeffortintheirtasks.（下属被鼓励，对未来乐观并且相信他们的能力）Key：

Thefollowersareencouragedandoptimisticaboutthefutureandbelieveintheirabilities.TranslatethefollowingsentencesintoEnglish.领导者会设身处地为下属考虑，给他们支持和帮助，双方可以开放地交流，并且鼓励他们挑战自己。

Key：Theleadergivesempathyandsupport,keepscommunicationopenandplaceschallengesbeforethefollowers.下属被鼓励，他们对未来乐观，也相信他们自己的能力，因此愿意付出更多的精力完成任务。Key：Thefollowersareencouragedandoptimisticaboutthefutureandbelieveintheirabilities,andthereforearewillingtoinvestmoreeffortintheirtasks.

Paragraph6

Asadevelopmenttool,transformationalleadershiphasspreadalreadyinallsectorsofwesternsocieties,includinggovernmentalorganizations.Asanexample,theFinnishDefenceForcesisusingwidelyDeepLead©Modelasbasicsolutionofitsleadershiptraininganddevelopment.TheDeepLead©Modelisbasedonthetheoryoftransformationalleadership.

Paragraph7Researchinthearea

Whenresearchingtransformationalandtransactionalleadershipthemostfrequentlyusedsurveyiscalled"theMultifactorLeadershipQuestionnaire"(MLQForm5X).Thisisaquestionnairethatmeasureseachofthecomponentsofthefullrangeofleadership,initiallystartingwithBass'(1985)factorsandanalysis.Theoriginalscalesinthequestionnairearebasedonainitialfactoranalysisandearlierversions.multifactor

[ˑmʌltɪˌfæktə]

a.多种因素的Inmultifactorauthentication,theauthenticityofanidentityisverifiedandvalidatedusingmorethanonevalidationmechanism.在多因素身份验证中，使用多种检验机制检查身份的真实性。MultifactorLeadershipQuestionnaire多因素领导行为问卷ThispaperreportsastudyinvestigatingthepsychometricpropertiesoftheMultifactorLeadershipQuestionnaireamongnurses.这篇论文报道了在护士群体中，多因素领导行为问卷的心理测量学特性的研究。

Paragraph8-1Earlierresearchontransformationalleadershipwaslimited,becausetheknowledgeinthisareawastooprimitiveforfindinggoodexamplesfortheitemsinthequestionnaire.AnotherweaknessinthefirstversionoftheMLQrelatedtothewordingofitems.Mostitemsinthescaleofcharismaticleadershipdescribedtheresultofleadership,insteadofspecificactionsoftheleaderthatcanbeobservedandthat,inturn,leadtotheresults.

Paragraph8-2Inresponsetothecritics,BassandAvolio(1990)includedintherevisedandnowsubsequentversionsmanymoreitemsthatdescribeleadershipactionsthatareobserveddirectly.TheyalsosplitoutattributionsofleadershipassociatedwithIdealizedInfluenceandbehaviorsandactionsintotwoseparatescales..primitive

[ˑprimitiv]

a.原始的，简单的Primitivemanhuntedwildanimalswithcrudestoneimplements.原始社会的人用粗糙的石器猎取野兽。charismatic

[ˌkærɪzˑmætɪk]

a.超凡魅力的，神赐能力的Withherstrikinglooksandcharismaticpersonality,shewasnoticedfarandwide.她以出众的相貌和富有魅力的个性而闻名遐迩。subsequent

[ˑsʌbsɪkw(ə)nt]

a.后来的，随后的Thoseconcernswereovershadowedbysubsequentevents.随后发生的事使之前所关注的那些问题显得无足轻重。attribution

[ˌætriˑbju:ʃən]

n.性能，属性Crueltyisanormalattributeofhumanbehaviour.残忍是人的天性之一。idealized

[aɪˑdɪəlˌaɪzd]

a.理想化的Menwanttolookliketheidealizedmendepictedinadvertisements.男人们希望自己看上去像广告中描绘的那种理想化男人。Completethefollowingsentenceswithonefunctionword.TheyalsosplitoutattributionsofleadershipassociatedwithIdealizedInfluenceandbehaviorsandactions______twoseparatescales.key:intoCompletethefollowingsentencesbytranslatingtheChinesegiveninthebrackets._______________________________________________（早期关于变革型领导模式的研究是有限的）,becausetheknowledgeinthisareawastooprimitiveforfindinggoodexamplesfortheitemsinthequestionnaire.Key：

Earlierresearchontransformationalleadershipwaslimited

Paragraph9ThecurrentversionoftheMLQForm5Xincludes36itemsthatarebrokendowninto9scaleswith4itemsmeasuringeachscale.SubsequentvalidationworkbyJohnAntonakisandhiscolleaguesprovidedstrongevidencesupportingthevalidityandreliability