六级-2010到2019年6月cet66第三套

2019年6月大六级考试（第3套PartI (30minutes)Directions:Forthispart,youareallowed30minutestowriteanessayontheimportanceofteamspiritandcommunicationintheworkplace.Youshouldwriteatleast150wordsbutnomorethan200words.PartⅢReadingComprehension(40minutes)SectionADirections:Inthissection,thereisapassagewithtenblanks.Youarerequiredtoselectonewordforeachblankfromalistofchoicesgiveninawordbankfollowingthepassage.Readthepassagethroughcarefullybeforemakingyourchoices.Eachchoiceinthebankisidentifiedbyaletter.PleasemarkthecorrespondingletterforeachitemonAnswerSheet2withasinglelinethroughthecentre.Youmaynotuseanyofthewordsinthebankmorethanonce.Questions26to35arebasedonthefollowingSteelisvaluedforitsreliability,butnotwhenitgetscold.Mostformsofsteel26 brittle(脆的)attemperaturesbelowabout-25℃unlesstheyaremixedwithothermetals.Now,though,anoveltypeofsteelhasbeendevelopedthatresists27atmuchlowertemperatures,whileretainingitsstrengthandtoughness-withouttheneedforexpensive28.Steel'sfragilityatlowtemperaturesfirstbecameamajorconcernduringtheSecondWorldWar.AfterGermanU-boatstorpedoed(用)numerousBritishships,a2700-strongfleetofcheap-and-cheerful“Libertyships”wasintroducedtoreplacethelostvesselsprovidingalifelineforthe29British.Butthesteelssofhundredsoftheships30intheicynorthAtlantic,and12brokeinhalfandsank.Brittlenessremainsaproblemwhenbuildingsteelstructuresincoldconditions,suchasoilrigsintheArctic.Soscientistshave31tofindasolutionbymixingitwithexpensivemetalssuchasYuujiKimuraandcolleaguesinJapantriedamorephysical32Ratherthanaddingothermetals,theydevelopedacomplexmechanicalprocessinvolvingrepeatedheatingandveryseveremechanicaldeformation,knownastempforming.Theresultingsteelappearstoachieveacombinationofstrengthandtoughnessthatis33tothatofmodemsteelsthatareveryrichinalloycontentand,therefore,veryexpensive.Kimura'steamintendstouseitstempformedsteeltomakeultra-highstrengthparts,suchasbolts.Theyhopetoreduceboththenumberof34neededinaconstructionjobandtheirweight-byreplacingsolidsupportswith35tubes,forexample.Thiscouldreducetheamountofsteelneededtomakeeverythingfromautomobilestobuildingsandbridges. I) J) K) L) M) N) O)SectionDirections:Inthissection,youaregoingtoreadapassagewithtenstatementsattachedtoit.Eachstatementcontainsinformationgiveninoneoftheparagraphs.Identifytheparagraphfromwhichtheinformationisderived.Youmaychooseaparagraphmorethanonce.Eachparagraphismarkedwithaletter.AnswerthequestionsbymarkingthecorrespondingletteronAnswerSheet2.Thefutureofalsalitetechnologyishere-arewereadyforSalitesusedtobetheexclusiveplaythingsofrichernmentsandwealthycorporations.Butincreasingly,asspace esmoredemocratized,theyarecomingwithinreachofordinarypeople.Justlikedrones(无人机)beforethem,miniaturesalitesarebeginningtofundamentallytransformourconceptionsofwhogetstodowhatupaboveourheads.AsarecentreportfromtheNationalAcademyofScienceshighlights,thesesalitesholdtremendouspotentialformakingsalite-basedsciencemoreaccessiblethaneverbefore.However,asthecostofgettingyourownsaliteinorbitdropssharply,therisksofirresponsibleusegrow.Thequestionhereisnolonger“Canwe?”but“Shouldwe?”Whatarethepotentialdownsidesofhavingasliceofspacedenselypopulatedbyequipmentbuiltbypeoplenottraditionallylabeledas“professionals”?Andwhatwouldtheresponsibleandbeneficialdevelopmentanduseofthistechnologyactuallylooklike?Someoftheanswersmaycomefromanonprofitorganizationthathasbeenbuildingandlaunchingamateursalitesfornearly50years.Havingyouralsalitelaunchedintoorbitmightsoundlikeanideastraightoutofsciencefiction.Butoverthepastfewdecadesauniqueclassofsaliteshasbeencreatedthatfitsthebill:CubeSats.The“Cube”heresimplyreferstothesalite'sshape.ThemostcommonCubeSatisa10cmcube,sosmallthatasingleCubeSatcouldeasilybemistakenforapaperweightonyourdesk.Thesemini-salitescanfitinalaunchvehicle'sformerly“wastedspace.”MultiplescanbedeployedincombinationformorecomplexmissionsthancouldbeachievedbyoneCubeSatalone.Withintheircompactbodiestheseminutesalitesareabletohousesensorsandcommunicationsreceivers/transmittersthatenableoperatorstostudyEarthfromspace,aswellasspacearoundEarth.They'reprimarilydesignedforLowEarthOrbit(LEO)-aneasilyaccessibleregionofspacefromaround200to800aboveEarth,wherehuman-tendedmissionsliketheHubbleSpaceescopeandtheInternationalSpaceStation(ISS)hangout.Buttheycanattainmoredistantorbits;NASAplansformostofitsfutureEarth-escapayloads(tothemoonandMarsespecially)tocarryCubeSats.Becausethey'resosmallandlight,itcostsmuchlesstogetaCubeSatintoEarth'sorbitthanatraditionalcommunicationsorGPSsalite.Forinstance,aresearchgrouphereatArizonaStateUniversityrecentlyclaimedtheirdevelopmentalsmallCubeSatscouldcostaslittleas$3,000toputinorbit.Thisdecreaseincosta11owsresearchers,hobbyistsandevenelementaryschoolgroupstoputsimpleinstrumentsintoLEOorevenhavingthemdeployedfromtheISS.ThefirstCubeSatwascreatedintheearly2000s,asawayofenablingStanfordgraduatestudentstodesign,build,testandoperateaspacecraftwithsimilarcapabilitiestotheUSSR'sSputnik(前的人造).Sincethen,NASA,theNationalReconnaissanceOfficeandevenBoeinghavealllaunchedandoperatedCubeSats.Therearcmorethan130currentlyinoperation.TheNASAEducationalLaunchofNanoSaliteprogram,whichoffersfreelaunchesforeducationalgroupsandsciencemissions,isnowopentoU.S.nonprofitcorporationsaswell.Clearly,salitesarenotjustforrocketscientistsanymore.TheNationalAcademyofSciencesreportemphasizesCubeSats'importanceinscientificdiscoveryandthetrainingoffuturespacescientistsandengineers.YetitalsoacknowledgesthatwidespreaddeploymentofLEOCubeSatsisn'trisk-flee.Thegreatestconcerntheauthorsraiseisspacedebris-piecesof“junk”thatorbittheearth,withthepotentialtocauseseriousdamageiftheycollidewithoperationalunits,includingtheISS.Currently,therearen'tmanyCubeSatsandthey'retrackedclosely.YetasLEOopensuptomoreamateursalites,theymayposeanincreasingthreat.Asthereportauthorspointout,evennear-missesmightleadtothe“creationofaburdensomeregulatoryframeworkandaffectthefuturedispositionofscienceCubeSats.”CubeSatresearcherssuggestthatnow'sthetimetoponderunexpectedandunintendedpossibleconsequencesofmorepeoplethaneverhavingaccesstotheirownsmallsliceofspace.InanerawhenyoucansimplybuyaCubeSatkitofftheshelf,howcanwetrustthesalitesoverourheadsweredevelopedwithgoodintentionsbypeoplewhoknewwhattheywereng?Some“expertamateurs”inthesalitegamecouldprovidesomeinspirationforhowtoproceedresponsibly.In1969,theRadioAmateurSa liteCorporation(AMSAT)wascreatedinordertofosterhamradioenthusiasts'(业余无线 好者)participationinspaceresearchandcommunication.Itcontinuedtheefforts,begunin1961,byProjectOSCAR-aU.S.-basedgroupthatbuiltandlaunchedtheveryfirstnonernmentalsalitejustfouryearsafterSputnik.Asanorganizationofvolunteers,AMSATwasputting“amateur”salitesinorbitdecadesbeforethecurrentCubeSatcraze.Andovertime,itsmembershavelearnedathingortwoaboutresponsibility.Here,open.sourcedevelopmenthasbeenacentralprinciple,Withintheorganization,AMSAThasaphilosophyofopensourcingeverythingmakingtechnicaldataonallaspectsoftheirsalitesfullyavailabletoeveryoneintheorganization,andwhenpossible,thepublic.AccordingtoamemberoftheteamresponsibleforFOX1-A,AMSAT'sfirstCubeSat,thismeansthattheresnowaytosneaksomethinglikeexplosivesoranenergyemitterintoanamateursalitewheneveryonehasaccesstothedesignsandimplementation.However,they'remorecautiousaboutsharinginformationwithnonmembers,astheorganizationguardsagainstothersdevelotheabilitytohijackandtakecontroloftheirsalites.Thisformof“self-ernance”ispossiblewithinlong-standingamateurorganizationsthat,overtime,areabletobuildasenseofresponsibilitytocommunitymembers,aswellassocietyingeneral.Butwhathappenswhennewplayersemerge,whodon'thavedeeprootswithintheexistingculture?Hobbyistsandstudentsaregainingaccesstotechnologieswithoutbeingpartofalong-standingamateurestablishment.They'restillconstrainedbyfunders,launchprovidersandaseriesofregulationsallofwhichreininwhatCubeSatdeveloperscanandcannotdo.Butthere'sadangerthey'reill-equippedtothinkthroughpotentialunintendedconsequences.Whattheseunintendedconsequencesmightbeisadmittedlyfarfromclear.Yetweknowinnovatorscanberemarkablycreativewithtakingtechnologiesinunexpecteddirections.Thinkofsomethingasseeminglybenignasthe-wehavemicrofinanceandtext-basedsocialnetworkingatoneendofthespectrum,andimprovised(临时制作的)explosivedevicesattheother.ThisiswhereacultureofsocialresponsibilityaroundCubeSats esimportant-notsimplytoensurethatphysicalrisksareminimized,buttoengagewithamuchlargercommunityinanticipatingandmanaginglessobviousconsequencesofthetechnology.Thisisnotaneasytask.Yetthe'evidencefromAMSATandotherareasoftechnologydevelopmentsuggeststhatresponsibleamateurcommunitiescananddoemergearoundnoveltechnologies.Thechallengehere,ofcourse,isensuringthatwhatanamateurcommunitiesconsiderstoberesponsible,actuallyis.Here'swherethereneedstobeamuchwiderpublicconversationthatextends agenciesandscientificcommunitiestoincludestudents,hobbyists,andanyonewhomaypotentiallystandtobeaffectedbytheuseofCubeSattechnology.Giventheeasieraccessibilitytospace,itistimetothinkabouthowtopreventmisuseofAgroupofmini-salitescanworktogether plishmorecomplexThegreateraccessibilityofmini-salitesincreasestherisksoftheirirresponsibleEvenschoolpupilscanhavetheirCubeSatsputinorbitowingtotheloweredlaunchingAMSATiscarefulaboutsharinginformationwithoutsiderstopreventhijackingoftheirNASAofferstolaunchCubeSatsfreeofchargeforeducationalandresearchEvenwithconstraints,itispossibleforsomecreativedeveloperstotaketheCubeSattechnologyindirectionsthatresultinharmful Whilemakingsignificantcontributionstospacescience,CubeSatsmayposehazardstootherspacevehicles. litesenableoperatorstostudyEarthfromLEOandspacearoundAMSAToperatesontheprincipleofhavingallitstechnicaldataaccessibletoitsmembers,preventingtheabuseofamateursa SectionDirections:Thereare2passagesinthissection.Eachpassageisfollowedbysomequestionsorunfinishedstatements.ForeachofthemtherearefourchoicesmarkedA),B),C)andD).YoushoulddecideonthebestchoiceandmarkthecorrespondingletteronAnswerSheet2withasinglelinethroughthecentre.PassageQuestions46to50arebasedonthefollowingWhenIre-enteredthefull-timeworkforceafewyearsagoafteradecadeofsolitaryself-employment,therewasonethingIwaslookingforwardtothemost:theopportunitytohaveworkfriendsonceagain.Itwasn’tuntilIenteredthecorporateworldthatIrealized,formeatleast,beingfriendswithcolleaguesdidn’temergeasapriorityatall.Thisissurprisingwhenyouconsidertheprevailingemphasisbyscholarsandtrainersandmanagersontheimportanceofcultivatingcloseinteralrelationshipsatwork.Somuchresearchhasexploredthewayinwhichcollegial(同事的)tiescanhelp earangeofworkplaceissuesaffectingproductivityandthequalityofworkoutputsuchasteam-based,jealousy,undermining,anger,andmore.Perhapsmyexpectationsoflunches,water-coolergossipandcaring,deep-and-meaningfulconversationswerealegacyofthelasttimeIwasinthatkindofofficeenvironment.Whereasnow,asIneartheendofmyfourthdecade,Irealizeworkcanbefullyfunctionalandentirelyfulfillingwithoutneedingtobebestmateswiththepeoplesittingnexttoyou.Inanacademicysisjustpublishedintheprofoundly-respectedJournalofManagement,researchershavelookedattheconceptof“indifferentrelationships”.It’sasimpletermthatencapsulates(概括)thefactthatrelationshipsatworkcanreasonablybenon-intimate,inconsequential,unimportantandeven,dareIsayit,disposableorsubstitutable.Indifferentrelationshipsareneitherpositivenornegative.Thelimitedresearchconductedthusfarindicatesthey’reespeciallydominantamongthosewhovalueindependenceovercooperation,andharmonyover .Indifferenceisalsothepreferredoptionamongthosewhoaresociallylazy.Maintainingrelationshipsoverthelongtermtakeseffort.Forsomeofus,toomucheffort.Asnotedabove,indifferentrelationshipsmaynotalwaysbethemosthelpfulapproachinresolvingsomeoftheissuesthatpopupatwork.Buttherearenonethelessseveralempiricallyprovenbenefits.Oneofthoseisefficiency.Lesstimechattingandsocializingmeansmoretimeworkingandchurningisananxiety-inducingphenomenon.Apparently,welookdownonacquaintancesmoresothanfriends.Sincetheformerismostcommonamongthoseinclinedtowardsindifferentrelationships,theirpredominancecanbolsterindividuals’senseofself-worth.Egoaside,athirdadvantageisthattheemotionalneutralityofindifferentrelationshipshasbeenfoundtoenhancecriticalevaluation,tostrengthenone’sfocusontaskresolution,andtogaingreateraccesstovaluableinformation.Noneofthatmightbeasfunasafter-worksocializingbut,hey,I’lltakeitanyway.Whatdidtheauthorrealizewhenhere-enteredthecorporateMakingnewfriendswithhisworkmateswasnotaseasyashehadWorkinginthecorporateworldrequiresmoreinteralskillsthanself-BuildingcloserelationshipswithhiscolleagueswasnotasimportantashehadWhatdowelearnfrommanystudiesaboutcollegialInharmoniousrelationshipshaveanadverseeffectonHarmoniousrelationshipsarewhatmanycompaniesaimtoClosecollegialrelationshipscontributeverylittletoproductingrelationshipsintheworkplaceexistalmostWhatcanbeinferredaboutrelationshipsatworkfromanacademicTheyshouldbeTheyarevirtuallyTheyarevitaltocorporateTheyshouldbereasonablyWhatdoestheauthorsayaboutpeoplewhoaresociallyThey fortablewhenengaginginsocialTheyoftenfindthemselvesinwiththeirTheyareUnwillingtomakeeffortstomaintainWorkplaceTheylackbasiccommunicationskillsindealingwithinteralWhatisoneofthebenefitsofindifferentTheyprovidefunatTheyhelpcontrolTheyhelpresolveTheyimproveWorkPassageQuestions51to55arebasedonthefollowingInafewdecades,artificialinligence(AI)willsurpassmanyoftheabilitiesthatwebelievemakeusspecial.Thisisagrandchallengeforourageanditmayrequirean“irrational”response.OneofthemostsignificantpiecesofnewsfromtheUSinearly2017wastheeffortsoftomakeautonomousdrivingareality.Accordingtoareport,’sself-drivingcarsclocked1,023,330km,andrequiredhumanintervention124times.Thatisoneinterventionaboutevery8,047kmofautonomousdriving.Butevenmoreimpressiveistheprogressinjustasingleyear:humaninterventionsfellfrom0.8timesperthousandto0.2,a400%improvement.Withsuchprogress,’scarswilleasilysurpassmyowndrivingabilitylaterthisyear.Drivingonceseemedtobeaveryhumanskill.Butwesaidthataboutchess,too.Thenacomputerbeatthehumanworldchampion,repeatedly.TheboardgameGo(围棋)tookoverfromchessasanewtestforhumanthinkingin2016,whenacomputerbeatoneoftheworld’sleadingprofessionalGoplayers.Withcomputersconqueringwhatusedtobedeeplyhumantasks,whatwillitmeaninthefuturetobehumanIworryaboutmysix-year-oldson.Whatwillhisplacebeinaworldwheremachinesbeatusinoneareaafteranother?He’llnevercalculatefaster,neverdrivebetter,orevenflymoresafely.Actually,itallcomesdowntoafairlysimplequestion:What’ssospecialaboutus?Itcan’tbeskillslikearithmetic,whichmachinesalreadyexcelin.Sofar,machineshaveaprettyhardtimeemulatingcreativity,arbitraryenoughnottobepredictedbyacomputer,andyetmorethansimplerandomness.Perhaps,ifwecontinuetoimproveinformation-processingmachines,we’llsoonhavehelpfulrationalassistants.Sowemus